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Early Modern art flourished between the periods of the 18th century and 19th century. The Art style was heavily influenced by the massive technological advancements in transportation, manufacturing art, materials and other technologies. This allowed for more artistic freedom as artists no longer needed financial backers to survive due to paints/materials being readily available and cheap (largely because of the advancement in painting materials and how easy it was to source such materials globally due to new transport). Many different styles are encompassed by the term early modern art, however, its certain underlying principles are A rejection of history and conservative values (such as the realistic depiction of objects), innovation and experimentation with form(shapes, lines colours that make up the work). A prime example of this is the Scream painting by Edvard Munch. The artwork distorts the form with a warped appearance as seen in the figure of the scream his face elongated to cause an unsettling effect and his body warped to contrast the character against the normal human postures in the background. Another famous artist within this period was Pablo Picasso whose works completely defied the normal rules of perspective form and traditional values. This is shown in his work below Minotaure aveugle guide par use Fillette, III, 1934, Pablo Picasso. The piece depicts a scene of warped characters one a minotaur with an out-of-perspective head much too big for its body and another a girl with an out of proportion head with the eyes pushed back. The outright defying of traditional artistic rules and rough style of this work embodies the themes of defiance within the early modern era.

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The Bauhaus movement (1910) covered a large variety of disciplines, mediums and materials. The style of design/ art aimed to bring art back into contact with everyday life drawing from concepts of combining the fine arts with arts and crafts. The movement started from German Architect Walter Gropius establishing a school intent on uniting all the various art forms under one roof the school was named Staatliches Bahaus. Generally the art form focused on balanced forms and abstract shapes  ranging from paintings and graphics to interior design and architecture. One of the most notable Architects from the Bahaus movement was Walter Gropius who's designs focused on minimalist buildings implementing abstract shapes and colours to emphasise certain areas. An example of this is seen in the image below where the building is generally minimalistic however important elements such as the doors and windows are emphasised through colour and form. Further more the artist Wassily Kandinsky was a key part of the Bauhaus movement. His paintings combined Abstractionism with fine art in a way that resembles Picasso in a whole new style. His piece below (on white 2) represents this through the warped shapes/outlines combined with the emphasised colour palette and Uneven balance within the work.

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Art Nouveau was largely inspired by nature and humanity's connection with nature. It was an ornamental style that thrived between 1890 -1910 throughout mainly the united states and Europe. The movement was largely characterised by the use of organic shapes/ lines that overlapped one another. The main components of these paintings were flowers, vines, leaves and hues of green, gold and occasionally red. This limited colour palette was due to the use of vegetable dyes at the time as modern dyes/paints had not been invented yet. Art Nouveau was also heavily implemented in architecture, glass design, jewellery and illustrations/posters. Another major concept was the combination of the female form/curvature paired with the complementary curvature of these nature-based design e.g flowers. One of the most important designers of the period was William Morris who focused on modernising design and abandoning the older styles of art. Louis Tiffany was another major influence within the art Nouveau period. His works were primarily stained glass pieces as he had become fascinated with the emerging glass technologies of the period. This technological advancement had a huge impact on the style of architecture and Art nouveau at the time.  To conclude art Nouveau is characterised by humanity's connection with nature often portraying imagery of flora and the combination of the female physique. The art style has been used in almost all forms of decoration including architecture, stained glass windows, paintings posters etc with most of the works using natural dyes adding to the accurate colouration of the art style.

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Constructivism was an influential art movement that grew out of the Bolshevik suppression of Russia in 1920. It initially acted as a beacon for the hopes and ideas of many high level Russian creatives who supported the initiatives of the revolution. The movement combined concepts from suprematism, futurism and Cubism however at the centre of the art form was a completely new approach to making forms.An approach that sought to get rid of traditional artistic concepts such as composition and replace them with industrialist notions of construction. Major artists within this movement include Vladimir Tatlin and El Lissitzky. Vladimir Tatlin's works focused on notions of cubist releifs and Russian futurism creating objects that blurred the line between sculpture and architecture. The example of his piece the sailor self portrait (1911) combining textures of paint with thin strokes and often portraying religious notions. El Lissitzky's(1920) works focus on Cubist notions using industrialist objects that combine to form an entire composition. This is seen within his piece 'sentry' where he has used a variety of minimalist shapes/ tones combining to make an object that appears to be a telescope.

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Futurists aimed to sweep away traditional art replacing it with urbanised/machine-inspired art. The works combined themes such as the contrasting dull colours and bright contrasts of urban landscapes and new technologies. Their work mainly focused on portraying movement in this new industrial age including blurring repetition and using lines of force (partly inspired by cubism). One of the interesting things about futurism was its global adoption yet each country's style of futurism was completely different. This is seen within my first example by Gia come Balla( an Italian futurist) The street light -study of light (1999). Italy was one of the focus points for the futurist movement however their style is completely different when compared to Russian futurist works due to their cubist influence and architectural/ urban difference. This difference is captured in the work of David Burliuk. The example of his below demonstrates the Russian emphasis on combining traditional portraiture of faces with warped landscapes as a backdrop (a recurring theme in Russian futurism that is rarely found in Italian futurist works).  Another interesting aspect of futurism is the international promotion of violence within the art style. This is seen widely throughout many Italian art styles yet this transition to violence in a global art sense in one art period had not been seen before. Another exciting aspect of futurism was the artist's vast knowledge of the latest developments in new technologies (often informed by close associates who were working with these scientists) such as aeroplanes, trains cars etc.

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Dada is an artistic movement and literature based movement that uses notions of Cubism, futurism, expressionism and construcitivsm to mock materialistic and nationalistic attitudes. The movement ranged between poetry to photography, painting and sculpting. The focus of this movement was on creating works that upended bourgeois sensibilities using everyday objects as works in some cases. Famous artists from the movement include Marcel Duchamp and Franics Picabia. Francis Picabia's works contained mainly concepts of comic- erotic imagery of machine parts also shifting between abstraction and textual pieces. This is demonstrated effectively in his work below titled 'Very rare picture of earth'. The picture is an obvious mock to the materialistic sentiments of the bourgeois. Marcel Duchamp's works often used ready mades (everyday objects) and transformed them into abstract pieces of art that mocked the upperclass of the period. A prime example of this is the piece 'fountain' which took a urinal and framed it as an exquisite object. Artists were furious over this basic relabelling of something into art sparking a world wide debate on what should be considered art and what shouldn't.

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the Surrealism movement was based of the unconscious stream of creativity produced by various stages of waking/consciousness. Surrealist art seeked to suppress rationalism and was powerfully influenced by concepts such as psycho analysis, human emotion and desires, complex and repressed inner thoughts of sexuality, and the unconscious urge of violence. Surrealists believed the conscious mind repressed powerful creative abilities and always searched for ways to exploit consciousness to enhance their creativity. A prime example of this is Salvador Dali who believed that if you sat on a comfortable Italian leather chair holding a spoon over a plate and slowly fell to sleep that when you reached unconsciousness the spoon would drop awakening you and creating a brief yet profound creative vision. Dali's works explored notions such as planes of reality and time distortion as seen in his piece below 'elephants(1948). This piece warps the notion of planes of reality depicting creatures with in-proportional bodies wandering through a vast plane.

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Space age design emerged towards the end of the 1950's due to new technical perspectives and an exploding interest in futurist abstract architecture/ furniture. The new developments in materials destined for space began to influence furniture designers as they noticed the newly developed polymers unlocked infinite shape possibilities. The movement was characterised by clean curvature, new materials, new shapes that have never been seen before and an aesthetic similar to that of the interior of a space ship. A prime example of this is the Panton chair (pictured below) by futuristic interior designer Verner Panton. The chair utilises clean warping curves that wrap around the frame with a metallic finish to appeal to the sterile yet industrial feel of space ship interiors. Another extremely prevalent designer from this period was Joe Columbo responsible for the creation of the KD29 Lamp (pictured below) using a rounded lampshade mounted between a plastic ring looking as if it's floating in an anti gravitational field. This pushed the notions of typical furniture design as it wasn't obvious as to what its purpose was until turned on.

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Kitsch is a low-brow style of art that was mass-produced often referencing popular cultural icons during 1940s-1960s. The art style covers numerous different themes generally it is characterised by clashing colour palettes that don't compliment one another. Kitsch is a german word translating to bad taste or in terms of design tasteless and pretentious. Examples of this can be seen below as shown in the artwork Chinese girl by Vladimir Tretchikoff. This coincided with the late modern art movement. Late Modernism covers almost all art created between the aftermath of world war two and the 21st century. The characteristics of Late modernist art are hard to define as it is such a broad art movement however there are some, including philosophies of minimalism, abstract expressionism, and spontaneous improvisation. Notable late modernist artists include Jackson Pollock who revolutionised modern art through his abstract expressionist paintings, his beliefs were that the journey towards making a piece of art was as important as the art itself (a very rebellious ideology for the conservative artists of at the time).This coincided with the late modern art movement. Late Modernism covers almost all art created between the aftermath of world war two and the 21st century. The characteristics of Late modernist art are hard to define as it is such a broad art movement however there are some. Including philosophies of minimalism, abstract expressionism, and spontaneous improvisation. Notable late modernist artists include Jackson Pollock who revolutionised modern art through his abstract expressionist paintings, his beliefs were that the journey towards making a piece of art was as important as the art itself (a very rebellious ideology for the conservative artists of at the time).

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psychedelic art thrived from the mid-1960s until the 1980s. The movement was informed by the notion that altered states of consciousness can be used for artistic inspiration. The movement coincided with the rock/ psychedelic music movement adding deep layers of culture and a large following to the art style. This is seen within the artwork for bands like the grateful dead and their merchandise. The main characteristics of this movement were the use of abstract colours often in high contrast to one another, distorted/ warped imagery paired with text that created a sense of being sucked into an image, use of negative and positive space creating contrast and using particular formations of shapes/ lines to create illusions. Notable artists in this movement include Wes Wilson, one of the most well-known designers of psychedelic posters. He's responsible for creating the first psychedelic font that appears as if it's melting/ warped and was a large influence on the style of future psychedelic art. Another key artist within the era was Victor Moscoso who was formally trained in graphic design taking inspiration from comic book styles, victorian images, pop art and art nouveau. He would take these inspirations and create pieces focusing on vibrating colours that are highly contrasting often combining imagery as seen in the face that has been impregnated into the butterfly in the artwork below. Concepts such as including faces within outlines of objects such as butterflies etc can be seen in many different art styles today and are often seen in contemporary tattoo design due to the artistic inspiration from this psychedelic wave of artwork.