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What is NGOs?

Voluntary organizations formed and organized by private individuals, operating at the local, national, or international level, pursuing common purposes and policy positions.

Characteristics

Fuctions without profits

voluntarily

limited budget or funding

How they function

accept donation from private individual, for-profit companies, charitable foundation, and government

Role

to support and join help with state actor to tackle the situation that concerns the world.

Example of NGOs

Non state actor: NGOs, IGO, multinational corporation, Individual, non-profit organization, terrorist groups, private business, media outlets, ethnic groups, academic institution, criminal organization, labor Unions, scientist

Contribution

Although they can be small or big, they still provides changes to the world. For example, in the past, people smoked alot, but nowadays NGOs try to make changes because it affects their health.

Note:

Unlike the states, they have ministry and taxes and everything

Unlike government, that can run due to many reason

Besides lack of resources, they relied much on the soft power and their willingness

The effective of NGO and IGOs, it depends on the size and field of the organization, how well they educate people,
Lobbied or democracy:

ENGO: an environmental NGO, which is called world wildlife fund
It is a non-governmental org founded in 1961 that works in the field of wilderness preservation and reduction of the human impact on environment, animal and natural world
Headquarter: Switzerland
Fund: the majority of the income come from public donation in the form of membership, adoption, and legacies. From government sources too such as world bank, and USAID
Criticism: it has been accused of creating conservation refugee by forcing native tribe out of their land to protect wildlife residing nearby
Purpose: WWF works to help local communities conserve the natural resources they depend upon; transform markets and policies toward sustainability; and protect and restore species and their habitats.
How it works: it focus on the Collaboration
The organization works on a number of global issues driving biodiversity loss and unsustainable use of natural resources, including species conservation, finance, business practices, laws, and consumption choices. Local offices also work on national or regional issues.WWF works with a large number of different groups to achieve its goals, including other NGOs, governments, business, investment banks, scientists, fishermen, farmers and local communities

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In this lesson, I gain a deeper insight into different types of NGOs, their characteristics, and most importantly their contribution to the world. I understand that there are different kinds of NGOs, not all of them have the purpose to make the world a better place but to achieve own interest; however, it is important to noted that there are alot of NGOs  created with the good purpose, and there are also plenty of them in the process of achieving their goals. Besides what make them admireable is how they voluntarily built up with little or no fund accordingly. NGOs are also significant because they offer populations affected by disasters essential relief. Similar to efforts to reduce poverty, poor nations frequently lack the resources necessary to aid those affected by catastrophes. When the government is unable to assist the populace in recovering from a disaster, both national and local NGOs step in. Aiming to reduce the number of fatalities, property damage, and disruptions brought on by future crises, NGOs also play a significant role in assisting communities in disaster preparedness.

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How does the UN work for peace?
• Direct: the conflicts is about to happen, so Un employ tools ranging from mediation to the dispatch of peace keeping forces. When there is deadlock, requires 3rd party, maintaining conflicts, make it minimal
• Indirect: in order to prevent, UN has to do something that are the roots of the problem,
- To provide jobs to keep them busy-> have food-> happy-> no war
- To heal the country's economic from within
- To provide framework for peaceful settlement of disputes: advise from the Un envoy to the party to solve the issues
- To serve as a focal point for easing tensions and to begin negotiation: when they become a good party. For example, what they want to have for the negotiation
- To promote peace through its development of a growing of inter-law, as well as through development
What is the UN doing to prevent conflict?

Un prevent conflicts in various aspects:

▪ Early warning
▪ Diplomacy
▪ Disarmaments
▪ Preventive deployment:
▪ And the use of sanction when necessary : last resort, even sanction agreed, no valid action is taken

The UN is helping to make the world a safer place through

▪ Promote human security
▪ Good governance
▪ Equitable development
And respect for human rights: must be done spiritually, not just to show off
What is the role of UN-peacebuilding?
· The peacebuilding commission (PBC)
· An intergovernmental advisory body that support peace efforts in conflict-affected countries
· A key addition to the capacity of the international community in the broad peace agenda
· The PBC is composed of 31 member states, elected from the general assembly, the security council, ECOSOC
Sustainable peace
▪ The UN system does this through its efforts to support
▪ Good governance
▪ Civil law and order
▪ Human rights and democratization

UN peace-building post conflict

collection and destruction of hundreds of thousands of weapon

Facilitating the reintegration: soldiers return to their counties

Help coordinating organization and rebuild the war-torn country.

What is UN doing
▪ To fight terrorism
September 11:
it happens long time ago until

1979: conventions against the taking hostage

1997: convention for the suppression of terrorists bombing

1999: the suppression of the financing of terrorism

2005: act of nuclear terrorism

It continues to strengthen norms against world mass destruction (WMD)
28 September: adopted resolution under the enforcement provision of UN charter

Establish a counter-terrorism committee

Many members of UN have increased their anti-terrorist attack activities such as IAEA, OPCW,   IMO, ICAO, WHO, UNODC

To stop the spread of arms

Set norms to strengthen multilateral principle for disarmaments

Establish treaties and conventions

Active effort to get rid the world of the deadly weapon,

Ottawa convention 1997- ban on production, export and use of landmines

What is  UN peacekeeping operation?

UN peacekeeping operation designated by UNSC, where decision is subjected to veto

The council determines the

▪ Mandate,
▪ Size
▪ Scope and
▪ Duration of an operation based on recommendations, including financial information, provided by the secretary general.
▪ Help former opponents carry out peace agreement
▪ Set up mine-clearance programs
▪ Protect the delivery of humanitarian aids
▪ Supervise or conduct election
▪ Train civilian police, and monitor respect for human rights
How are peacekeeping operations funded?

Have their own budget

Financing of UN peace keeping operations is the collective responsibility of all UN member states

Fiscal year( whenever it starts doesn’t matter

What is the UN doing to make peacekeeping more efficient?

They are working to improve overall preparedness, standby capacity, logistical support and training.

Enhance the capacity of their troops to serve together in a peacekeeping context

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From this lesson, I learned that UN has done so much for the worl regardless of the critism of its flaws lately. It brought peace to the world in a way that it prevents issues from being escalated, not only that, but it has also make people work together espeicially the conflicts countries by getting them to negotiate in a peaceful terms to seek for common ground. Besides that, UN has also supports and aids the country that is weak to be able to have a thriving economic in some ways in order to avoid having issues coming its way because a poor country tends to be the one that has the most problem. United Nations also plays an important role in conflict prevention, using diplomacy, good offices and mediation. Among the tools the Organization uses to bring peace are special envoys and political missions in the field. Morover, activities by the United Nations to build peace are intended to help nations that are in war, lessen the chance that they may relapse into conflict, and lay the groundwork for lasting peace and development.

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What is development?
Development: the process of changing
• Economic globalization: open up of the world activities. EX: free trade area, non-tariff barriers
Advantage: access to what you don’t have, comparative advantage

The world becomes smaller and closer

Disadvantage: increase of crime

Unequal economic growth

Lost jobs

Dependency theory: where the north (the rich) get advantages from (the south)

Exploitation

South Africa: poverty, rich in resources, Africa union, China starts investing in Africa

Reason they are poor

Genocide

Crisis

Diversity: ethnic crisis

Economic crisis, political crisis -> war>conflict

Slavery

Colonization

→ they arent reunite
How?

They have to unite, be tgt

Washington consensus

capitalism, openness to trade

market liberalization

break the barrier

FDI

Used skill: technology

Capital investment: money

Create jobs

Market

Beijing consensus

State intervention

State ownership

Non-interference

Note: Theory is just a raw material
According to mercantilism

Strategies to development is for state to actively support key industries through subsidies to enhance their international competitiveness and that internationally strong industries will bring economic wealth to the state.

Beijing consensus

In this perspective, key to development is state-owned or state managed corporations. It may be used to invest capital in their own markets and abroad. At the same time, private companies are permitted to function.

Economist and political scientists

States can escape from poverty when there are institutions protecting private property and competition as well as ensuring the rule of law to prevent corruption and extractive rents

Liberalists

Liberalist thinks that Economic globalization through expanding of trade through eliminating trade barriers is the key to country development.
• Free trade has long been seen as an effective means of achieving growth and development through what is commonly called an outward-looking approach.
• Free trade means trade without any barriers or restrictions and requires countries to specialise in goods and services for which they have a comparative cost advantage.
• Removing barriers, such as tariffs, can help ‘create trade’, which can help create employment and output.

''Washington Consensus’

is that free trade must be promoted in countries wishing to develop because protectionism is a significant impediment to growth and development.
• New agencies or ministries to solve new domestic challenges, and regional or global organizations have been developed to address new areas of global governance. Because issues don't always fall into one category >> some IGOs lack resources and actors >> and new governance models have emerged.
• development players increasingly understand the need to pool resources and expertise, manage risk, and collaborate to achieve results.

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In this chapter, there are so many things cover but the main thing that it focuses on is the importance of economic. Economic determines almost everything within the country and international system. The world has change so much based on its history, there are many strategies to improve the economic within the powerful contries that we have to learn about to understand what shaped their economic, and espeicially their foreign policy. This would suggest that economic expansion is a key contributor to wellbeing in the early phases of the development cycle . In other words, this result suggests that sustainable growth will yield increasing marginal gains in terms of improved human well-being. it also reveals the numerous actors in the global system that affect both domestic and international economic progress. For instance, the World Bank, the International Monetary System, and Multinational Corporation firms. They all establish links about the operation of the international system and the extent to which it has influenced international relations. Overall, this chapter is very helpful in bringing IR students a better grasp of the relationship between politics and economics, the actors who play essential roles in the evolution of the international system, and the history that molded today's economic systems and connections.

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• Human trafficking: recruiting, transporting people from 1 place to the other by whtever means, force, coercion abuse through exploitation
• Exploitation: sexual, labor, removal orgasm
• Consequences: Lose their rights, rights to live
• Society:
• Human rights abuse
• Due to Finance
• UNODC
Cambodia is one of the lowest country which participate least in fighting against human trafficking
They were lured by a good job
Broker: the person who facilitates
• Human smuggling: bring people across border without tax, passport, visa / crime against state
• Human trafficking: bring ppl with legal documents ( exploitation) / crime against individual
From the discussion
⁃ WHO: special agency for health, protect the world, keep the world safe, to ensure everyone can get access to affordable health
⁃ Health crisis:
⁃ To work and support the people, it’s about the community that we are serving
⁃ We have to look at the people who face the children
⁃ Poorer countries, children
⁃ 2019 was not the first pandemic, 1980 je en of the first world war H1N1, the Spanish flu, more than 5 hundred million people get infected, there are also various diseases,
⁃ 2003, the SARS pandemic
⁃ Natural disaster, war,
⁃ Working and preparing not just the moment
⁃ Work closely with ministry of health using the right approach to strengthen
⁃ Health services need to continue,
⁃ There are lots of challenges that needed to be known
⁃ Buy new equipment, build more hospital, advance the healthcare system, technology, we need to ensure the healthcare system throughout the years.
⁃ Physical and mental health of the people
⁃ We addresses this in the more vulnerable

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From this chapter, I learned about the human rights. The fact that around this world, human rights are violated in different ways every day ranging from exploitation, sexual harrasement, and labour abuse. It is essential that we understand that our rights have been violated and what is needed to address this issues. From the team discussion, I also learned more about the rights in term of crisis. There were various topics being discussed such as the origin, function of WHO, and the crisis that the world is dealing with such as COVID 19, natural disaster, war and conflicts. The impacts it brings is significant and we are trying to recover from it bit and bit although it has violated our rights as a human, some of it is implement to protect us and others around us in some way. I personally feel that my rights were violated when I was in quarantined, restricted from going anywhere but at the same time, I want it to be that way, because I think it’s for my own sake and also for my family and everybody around me too. Overall, I have learned so much from the panel discussion, and very honored to join and listen to the valuable guests and expert lecturers based on the topic. I believed the discussion is much necessary for students in college as they will pass down this knowledge to others students about the actual definition of human rights, and how to practice it in a right way.

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Dilemmas of Governance:
Why We Need Institutions

The principal-agent problem.

﻿﻿﻿Politics is hard work and direct democracy is impractical

﻿﻿﻿So we (principals) need to appoint others to represent our interests (agents)

﻿﻿﻿Dilemma: The agent is motivated by his/her own interests, not those of the principal

﻿﻿﻿Worse dilemma: The agent knows more than the principal

B. The Problem of Collective Action
Sometimes we desire public goods.
a.Jointness - One individual's enjoyment doesn't reduce that of others'
b.Nonexcludability - If any person can enjoy the good, every person can enjoy the good
Examples: Clean air, low crime rates, economic growth, national security, etc.
What Can Global Governance Actors Do?
Actors in global governance can perform many tasks quite well. We identify six areas where these actors have made significant contributions to global governance

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Regarding this chapter, I learned that also global governance is crucial and as of currently it has brought the world closer and make things less costly, yet it still has its own challenges and the future of it is unpredictable. The question on to know make global governance legitimate, and make it effective is still skeptical. There is yet to be a global government, there is no single entity that can facilitate everything. The failure lies far more with national politics than with international institutions. Good global governance needs to be effective, actually addressing and sometimes resolving global governance problems. Has human security been enhanced? Has human development been improved? Has extreme poverty been alleviated? Are more human rights being respected for more people? Has environmental degradation been curbed and steps been taken that will slow climate change? The central issue, directly, or indirectly, is inequality: between peoples as well as between nations. The relevant inequalities include disparities in affluence, but also gross asymmetries in political, social, and economic power
Against those forces, international organizations are virtually powerless. Differences in political values, interests, standards of living and environmental constraints all make reaching agreements voluntarily more difficult. Most countries now recognize the gains to themselves from predictably liberal trade policies and are willing, therefore, to make the international commitments that are the source of the WTO's effectiveness. Still more important, however, is the willingness of countries to undertake commitments. This is particularly obvious in the cases of global trade and the environment. If this is to happen, however, domestic political discussion needs to change.