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Poverty/ Working class- Secondary source

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Poverty/ Working class- Secondary source

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Her mother Celia was born in the United States to immigrant parents newly arrived from Austria; her father Nathan immigrated to the United States from Russia at age 13.
In addition, Celia taught Ruth Bader Ginsburg the value of independence and a good education.

("History.com Editors", 2023)

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Pells, Richard H. and Romer, Christina D.. "Great Depression". Encyclopedia Britannica, 5 Dec. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/event/Great-Depression. Accessed

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The Great Depression is known to be the longest and the most severe economic crash in modern history, as steep declines in industrial production, deflation, mass unemployment, and increases in poverty struck throughout the United States.

Causes of the Great Depression ::
1. The Wallstreet Crash of 1929
2. Banking panics in 1930
3. Increased interest rates
4. The Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act

Recovery from the Great Depression ::
1. Desertion of the gold standard and currency devaluation
2. Fiscal expansion through increased government spending
3. Reduced unemployment rates through increased military spending

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01 The Great Depression - Downfall of the U.S Economy - Secondary

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01 The Great Depression - Downfall of the U.S Economy - Secondary

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Downfall of the U.S. Economy

The Wallstreet Crash of 1929
The Wallstreet Crash of 1929, otherwise known as the Great Crash or the Crash of '29, is one of the four main factors into the Great Depression that had heavily affected the United States. The Wallstreet Crash of 1929 is the sudden decline in the U.S. stock market values due to the rapid expansion during the mid to late 1920s as the prices of stocks soared in the "Hoover bull market." The public rushed to brokers, investing everything they had to sell at a certain profit; some going as far as to motgaging their houses simply to pour their money into the stock market.

Everything seemingly went well until Black Thursday had hit. Prices had already started declining from September to early October, leading the market to October 24th, also known as Black Thursday. Black Thursday had recorded roughly 12.9 million shares being traded whilst investors struggled to salvage the losses.

Black Thursday led into Black Monday (October 28th), and Black Monday led to Black Tuesday (October 29th). 12.9% of the market closed down on Black Monday, as over 16 million shares were traded on Black Tuesday.

The Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act
The United States Tariff Act of 1930, moreso commonly known as the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act, is an U.S legislation that raised import duties to protect American businesses and farmers passed on June 17 of 1930. Named after it's chief sponsors, Senator Reed Smoot and Chairman Willis Hawley, the act raised the tariff rates, raising the average import tax by 20% to roughly 40%. Such increase in the already high tariff rates contributed to the market crash in 1929 and isolationism (the policy of isolation from affairs or interests of other groups.)

Retaliation from foreign governments led to the failure of oversea banks, as it determines the precise percentage increase in the tariff levels are too difficult and had become a subject of debate amongst economists. Eventually leading to a troubled world economy and a reduced rate in global trade.

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01 The Great Depression - Rise from Povery - Secondary

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01 The Great Depression - Rise from Povery - Secondary

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Rise from Poverty

Desertion of the Gold Standard
A monetary system is the standard economic unit of account based on a fixed quantity of gold according to Wikipedia, had been deserted on June 5th, 1933 as the Congress nullified the right of creditors to demand payment in gold. Due to the heavy dependency on gold, the tendency to hoard gold during the Roaring Twenties had
caused an inflation in the interest rates in 1928, later on contributing to the Great Depression,

Eventually, the abandonment of the gold standard had allowed the Federal Reserve to increase the money supply as the government raised the prices of gold to $35 per once.

Abandonment of Currency Devaluation
Despite abandoning currency devaluation had not affected the recovery directly, it allowed countries to expand their monetary supplies without the gold movements and exchange rates getting in their way, as those countries that managed to take advantage of such system found recovery. The monetary supply in the United States increased by roughly 42% between 1933 and 1937 alone, although it had rose political tensions in Europe that would eventually preceed World War II.

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Ruth Bader Ginsburg born in March 15th, 1933

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Ruth Bader Ginsburg born in March 15th, 1933

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Older sister died when she was only 14 months old

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Older sister died when she was only 14 months old

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01 The Great Depression - Tin City - Secondary

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01 The Great Depression - Tin City - Secondary

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As a city, New York has overcome many struggles. As they are a crucial military bastion throughout the American Revolutionary War, experiencing multiple fires that severely damaged its infrastructure, rioting, and even terrorist attacks were some of the challenges the city had to deal with. The Great Depression was one of the most trying times for New York and the United States as a whole in the 20th century. From 1929 to the middle of the 1930s, there was a period known as the Great Depression. Following a massive crash of the New York Stock Exchange, the Depression saw millions of Americans lose their jobs, homes, and entire savings.

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This is a picture of a synagogue in the 1930s. It was in Brooklyn, New York. (Buildings are now gone.) Brooklyn, New York is where Ruth Bader Ginsburg lived in her childhood. The name of the building is the Congregation Eliezer of East New York. The Address: 133 Hinsdale Street Block: 3716 Lot: 12. It was founded in 1906. It was constructed in 1910. It was Sold in around 1967 to First Born Temple of the Living God Congregation.

The book " The Lost Synagogues" was published in 2009. This book is full of many synagogues in Brooklyn.

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In the 1930s, the US was not able to anything towards the Nazis damaging the Jews because the US was already suffering from the Great Depression and did not want anymore conflicts after World War I. In the US, there was many American newspapers nationwide that reported about the Nazis persecution towards Jews. The Boston Globe, for example, reported on February 1 that the Nazis were already warning that “Jews who got out early would be wise.” American Jewish organizations and labor unions drew tens of thousands of people to demonstrations and marches in major US cities.

(United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC, 2022)

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1930 newspaper for Jews. This newspaper contains information about the Nazi and many reports about the world.

("December 26, 1930 - Image 1", 2023)

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Ruth Bader Ginsburg’s childhood home in the 1940s. Photo courtesy Municipal Archives, City of New York. Beginning in the early 1900s, Jewish immigrants inhabited Brooklyn, New York, which today resembles the vibrant Lower East Side. It is now strongly linked to the Hasidic or Orthodox Jewish communities, a change that only happened in the 1980s.

(Young, N.D)

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“Ruth Bader Ginsburg | Academy of Achievement.” Academy of Achievement, Academy of Achievement, 9 May 2022, achievement.org/achiever/ruth-bader-ginsburg/#biogra

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Raised in Brooklyn, New York, Ruth Joan Bader was born on March 15, 1933. This picture shows Ruth Joan Bader when she was two-year-old. While the Great Depression was at its height, her father worked as a furrier and had trouble finding clients. The day before Ruth's high school graduation, her mother, who had been diagnosed with cancer when Ruth was a young girl, passed away. (U.S. Supreme Court)

("Ruth Bader Ginsburg", 2022)

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During this period, many Jews lived in Brooklyn Jewish neighborhoods. However, most Jews were poor and lived in small areas. In the early 1900s, Jews started to move into Bensonhurst. Around the end of 1950s and 1960s, many Jews moved into/ or closer to Ocean Parkway and Gravesend. During this half century, many Jewish institutions were built. In the beginning, many children attended public schools, but after many Jewish programs started after school and eventually schools, many children changed their schools to get a Jewish education (usually).

In 1910 - 1950, Brownsville, a neighborhood in Brooklyn, was where most Jews lived. (One of the largest population of Jews). There was not much racism towards Jews in this period.

All Jewish Brooklyn neighbourhoods include (Where Jews usually lived around the 1930s): Bensonhurst, Brighton Beach, Coney Island, Canarsie, Brownsville, Borough Park, Flatbush/Midwood, Kensington, Crown Heights, Williamsburg, Greenpoint

(“Brooklyn Jews”, N.D.)

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Poverty/ Working class- Secondary source 

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Poverty/ Working class- Secondary source 

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The second child of Nathan and Cecelia Bader, Ruth Joan, was raised in a working-class, low-income area of Brooklyn, New York. Ginsburg came from a Jewish household. Ginsburg learned the value of independence and a strong education from her mother, who had a significant impact on her life.

Ginsburg was deeply moved by Cecelia's noble decision to work in a garment factory rather than attend college in order to support her brother's college education. Ginsburg actively pursued her education at Brooklyn's James Madison High School, where she was a standout student.

(Weaver, 2020)

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 Celia Bader, Collection of the Supreme Court of the United States (Reproduction)

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Relationship with Mother - Advice (Primary Source)

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Relationship with Mother - Advice (Primary Source)

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Ruth Bader Ginsburg revealed in an interview that her mother had taught her many valuable life lessons about independence, the importance of studying, and persistence or never giving up.

Specifically, she said "She gave me strength and advised me to persist even if if I am not successful and never to give up, to keep trying. She was unusual for her time because she stressed the importance of being independent (...) In the 50s parents would like their daughters to meet Prince Charming marry and live happily ever after. My mother, I suppose she thought it would be fine if I met Prince Charming, but then for yourself was her message be independent and then her other message was be a lady (...) She meant don't give way to emotions that just sap your energy." This quote from her interview shows that her mother taught her many important life lessons, including being independent and mature.

In connection to the present moment, Ruth Bader Ginsburg  said she passed on her mothers advice to her own children, grandchildren, and the whole world; showing the impact of her mothers words on Ginsburg and how they always stuck with her throughout her whole life.

Citations:

“RBG: Mother 'Armed Me with Strength to Persist'.” CNN, Cable News Network, 12 Feb. 2018, https://edition.cnn.com/videos/us/2018/02/11/rbg-on-her-mother.cnn.

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Relationship with Mother - Death (Secondary Source)

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Relationship with Mother - Death (Secondary Source)

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Ruth lost her mother to cancer was she was just a teenager. Her mother was diagnosed with cervical cancer. Ginsburg's mother underwent radiation treatments and procedures during Ruth's high school years. The day before her daughter's high school graduation, Celia Amster Bader passed away, aged 48. She was buried next to her daughter Marilyn.

It is evident that the death of her mother motivated her to “work harder” since it was Celia’s mission to ensure Ruth had a bright future and did anything she could to help her succeed. Not only did RBG’s mother read to her and motivate her to study, but also created a secret college fund and raised $8,000 (equivalent to $86,000 today). Ruth said in an interview,“She wanted me to do well in school. So I would sit in her bedroom and do my homework, concentrating on that work. Later in college, “there could be a dorm room full of young women talking or playing bridge or whatever. I could sit there with my notes and wasn’t distracted.” The information shows that her mother motivated her to do her very best and succeed.

Citations:
Brockell, Gillian. “Ruth Bader Ginsburg Lost Her Mother to Cancer as a Teen. It Made Her Work Harder.” The Washington Post, WP Company, 20 Sept. 2020, https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2020/09/21/ruth-bader-ginsburg-mother-cancer/.

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Relationship with Mother - Role Model (Primary)

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Relationship with Mother - Role Model (Primary)

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Ruth Bader Ginsberg has mentioned that her mother was one of her biggest role models growing up numerous times.

RBG mentioned one of her mother’s biggest accomplishments and how that influenced her in an article from CNN. She says, “One of her proudest memories was of marching in the suffrage parades to get the vote for women''. This shows that her mother’s beliefs and actions impacted Ruth and inspired her, considering what she accomplished in her lifetime. By watching her mother stand up for women and fight for women's rights, she was influenced to do the same.

Her mother also gave Ruth unconditional love, and read to her often. Ruth recalls, "She was a voracious reader and she communicated a love of reading to me I can still remember as a child sitting in her lap while she was reading a book to me." This shows how her mother taught Ruth the importance of education.

“RBG: Mother 'Armed Me with Strength to Persist'.” CNN, Cable News Network, 12 Feb. 2018, https://edition.cnn.com/videos/us/2018/02/11/rbg-on-her-mother.cnn.

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Ruth grew up during a time when women weren't accepted and able to show their potential/talents in society. She watched how her mother and other women were treated, which inspired her to make a change. She said in an interview, "My own life bears witness, comparing the opportunities open to my mother and those open to me. The change is exhilarating, and it’s permanent. We are never going to go back to the days when women were not seen in decision-making arenas." This demonstrates that her own personal experience allowed her to truly understand what feminism is and why it's important to give everyone equal chances.

Additionally, her mother and sister died when Ruth was young and affected her greatly. When asked about her empathy and extraordinary sympathy towards people, Ruth responded, "So I knew what it was like to grieve. If I had to point to any one thing, I’d say it was growing up with an understanding of what it means to have a devastating loss in one’s life." This means that the losses she had as a child allowed her to gain a new perspective about others and what they might be going through. This experience undoubtably shaped her future career as a feminist icon and supreme judge.

Rosen, Jeffrey. “RBG's Life, in Her Own Words.” The Atlantic, Atlantic Media Company, 20 Sept. 2020, https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/09/rbgs-life-her-own-words/616414/.

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History.com Editors. “Ruth Bader Ginsburg.” HISTORY, HISTORY, 9 Nov. 2009, www.history.com/topics/womens-history/ruth-bader-ginsburg. Accessed 3 Feb. 2023.

“Ruth Bader Ginsburg | Academy of Achievement.” Academy of Achievement, Academy of Achievement, 9 May 2022, achievement.org/achiever/ruth-bader-ginsburg/#biogra

“Ruth Bader Ginsburg Working Class Brooklyn - Google Search.” Google.com, 2013, www.google.com/search?q=ruth+bader+ginsburg+working+class+brooklyn&tbm=isch&ved=

Konkel, Lindsey. “How Did the Gold Standard Contribute to the Great Depression?” HISTORY, HISTORY, 8 May 2018, www.history.com/news/how-did-the-gold-standard-contribute-to-the-great-depression. Accessed 3 Feb. 2023.

‌“Great Depression Facts | Britannica.” Encyclopædia Britannica, 2023, www.britannica.com/facts/Great-Depression. Accessed 3 Feb. 2023.
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“Stock Market Crash of 1929 | Summary, Causes, & Facts | Britannica.” Encyclopædia Britannica, 2023, www.britannica.com/event/stock-market-crash-of-1929. Accessed 3 Feb. 2023.

“Great Depression - Recovering from the Great Depression | Britannica.” Encyclopædia Britannica, 2023, www.britannica.com/event/Great-Depression/Sources-of-recovery. Accessed 3 Feb. 2023.

United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC. “THE UNITED STATES AND THE NAZI THREAT: 1933–37.” United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 9 Sept. 2022, https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/the-united-states-and-the-nazi-threat-1933-37. Accessed 27 Jan. 2023.

Levitt, Ellen. “The Lost Synagogues.” Tapeshare.com, The East New York Project, 1 Jan. 2009, http://www.tapeshare.com/Synagogues.html. Accessed 28 Jan. 2023.
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N.A. “December 26, 1930 - Image 1.” The Detroit Jewish News Digital Archives, 2023, https://digital.bentley.umich.edu/djnews/djc.1930.12.26.001/1.Accessed 2 Feb. 2023.

N.A. “Brooklyn Jews.” The Peopling of New York, N.D. https://eportfolios.macaulay.cuny.edu/napoli13/brooklyn-jews/#Pop. Accessed 25 Jan. 2023.

Brockell, Gillian. “Ruth Bader Ginsburg Lost Her Mother to Cancer as a Teen. It Made Her Work Harder.” The Washington Post, WP Company, 20 Sept. 2020, https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2020/09/21/ruth-bader-ginsburg-mother-cancer/.

N.A. “RBG: Mother 'Armed Me with Strength to Persist'.” CNN, Cable News Network, 12 Feb. 2018, https://edition.cnn.com/videos/us/2018/02/11/rbg-on-her-mother.cnn.

Rosen, Jeffrey. “RBG's Life, in Her Own Words.” The Atlantic, Atlantic Media Company, 20 Sept. 2020, https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/09/rbgs-life-her-own-words/616414/.