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сша конституция

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History of the Articles of Condeferation

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History of the Articles of Condeferation

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The movement for the independence of the North American colonies from the British Empire began to gain strength in the middle of the XVIII century. In 1775, the American War of Independence began, after which it became obvious that the colonies could achieve independence only by uniting. The Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union were an agreement between 13 U.S. states that served as their first constitution. After much debate, it was approved by the Second Continental Congress on November 15, 1777 and sent to the states for ratification. The Articles of Confederation came into force on March 1, 1781 after ratification by all 13 states. The guiding principle of the Articles was the preservation of the independence and sovereignty of States.

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In May of 1787, a group of America's early leaders met in the city of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. They planned to amend the Articles of Confederation. That document established a loose union of the 13 states. Instead, they wrote a completely new constitution. It created America's system of government and recognized the rights of its citizens.
That Constitution, with other amendments added over the years, is still the law of the land.
The delegates agreed to start the convention as soon as seven states were represented. On May 25th, they finally began. They gathered in the same room where America's Declaration of Independence was signed in 1776.
For more than three months, delegates would debate each part, vote on it, then debate it again. The Virginia Plan formed the basis of discussion at the convention in Philadelphia. In the end, it formed the basis of the United States Constitution.

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The Virginia Plan, also known as the Big State Plan or the Randolph Plan.It was held from May 25, 1787 to September 17, 1787 at the Pennsylvania State House in Philadelphia. The Virginia Plan was presented in the form of fifteen resolutions detailing the reasons why the Articles of Confederation should be radically changed, and plans for a strong national government that could collect taxes, issue and enforce laws. The Virginia Plan was based on a national system of government and a system of state government with a separation of powers, consisting of legislative, executive and judicial branches. A bicameral legislature (two chambers) consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate will have proportional representation.

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The Constitution has three main parts. First is an
introduction called the Preamble. It states the
goals and purposes of the government. Next are seven
articles, or main parts. They describe the way the government
is set up. Third are 27 amendments. These are additions and
changes to the Constitution.
The Preamble sounds like this:“We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.”

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 The Founding Fathers of the US Constitution

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 The Founding Fathers of the US Constitution

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The Founding Fathers of the United States  were a group of late-18th century American revolutionary leaders who united the Thirteen Colonies, oversaw the war for independence from Great Britain, established the United States of America, and crafted a framework of government for the new nation.
Historians generally recognize prominent leaders of the revolutionary era, such as George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, John Jay, and Alexander Hamilton, as Founding Fathers.

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The Supreme Court of the United States has interpreted the Case or Controversy Clause of Article III of the United States Constitution  as embodying two distinct limitations on exercise of judicial review: a bar on the issuance of advisory opinions, and a requirement that parties must have standing.
First, the Court has held that the clause identifies the scope of matters which a federal court can and cannot consider as a case, and limits federal judicial power only to such lawsuits as the court is competent to hear.
Secondly, the Court has interpreted the Clause as limiting Congress's ability to confer federal courts jurisdiction. It establishes an outer limit of the types of matters within which Congress may constitutionally confer jurisdiction. Historically, the Court has not interpreted this Clause to limit Congressional power to restrict the jurisdiction of the federal courts.

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A Constitution is the aggregate of fundamental principles or established precedents that constitute the legal basis of a polity, organisation or other type of entity and commonly determine how that entity is to be governed.

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A Constitution is the aggregate of fundamental principles or established precedents that constitute the legal basis of a polity, organisation or other type of entity and commonly determine how that entity is to be governed.