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-Name: Anne Conway

-Born: December 14, 1631

-Died: February 23, 1679

-English philosopher

-Influenced the work of German mathematician and philosopher Gottfried Leibniz

-Daughter of Sir Heneage Finch and Elizabeth Cradock

-Born in London, England and raised in Kensington Palace as the youngest child

-Taught philosophy by Henry More, who went to Christ’s College, University of Cambridge

-Not allowed to enter university because she was a women, so learned from her brother who taught her from sending letters

-1651 married Edward Conway

-Had one child, Heneage, but he died in infancy

-Had one of the best private libraries in time period

-Struggled with constant headaches most of her life

-Introduced to Kabbalistic thought and Quakerism by Van Helmont, a man who lived with her and sought to find an end to her headaches

-These impacted her prior beliefs and changed her way of thinking

-her headaches also started serving as inspiration for philosophical ideas

-she claimed mind and matter don’t function as one, yet body and spirit must be

-Argued against many other thinkers, like Hobbes and claimed her philosophy was best

-Believed people like Hobbes thought everything in the world was because of god

-Wrote a book to argue against these people anonymously, published in Amsterdam 1690, called “Principia philosophiae antiquissimae et recentissimae”

-G.W. Leibniz, creator of calculus, read these works and took much inspiration

Sources:
https://www.newscientist.com/people/anne-conway/

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwi2tK-fjtuBAxUomIkEHWkzCnEQFnoECBwQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fconway%2F&usg=AOvVaw0iiHnYifBb0O9yOKvXfpZE&opi=89978449

https://projectvox.org/conway-1631-1679/

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Harshith G, Arjun S, Praneeth K, Vinesh K

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Harshith G, Arjun S, Praneeth K, Vinesh K

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Background

- Name of women: Sophie Germain

- Place of Birth: Rue Saint-Denis, Paris, France

- Date of Birth: April 1, 1716

- Date of Death: June 27, 1831

Education/achievement

- She pretended to be man to study and get an education

- first women to win a prize from France Royale Academy

- wanted to study in math

Barriers

- She was banned from entering the Paris revolutionary Ecole
Polytechnique.

- had to disguise as man to enter

- Proffessor found out that she was a man

- She as forced to work at home from books.

- She wrote philosophical work

Social status

- Financially dependent on her family till the end of her life

- came from liberal educated class.

Life

- Had no children nor family

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Emilie Du Chalet - Vaishnavi Arcot, Siya Desai, Aditi Amarnath

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Emilie Du Chalet - Vaishnavi Arcot, Siya Desai, Aditi Amarnath

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BACKGROUND (SOCIAL STATUS, EDUCATION, OCCUPATION):

Emilie came from an aristocratic background

She was born in Paris, France

Birth:December 17, 1706

Death: September 10, 1749

Received education and specialized education in the all areas, including Italian, English, and Latin

She was most passionate about mathematics

Her mind always went a mile a minute which made it extremely difficult for even her tutors to keep up

Had the best known tutors in order to help pursue her work

One of her significant tutors was Pierre Louis de Maupertuis (mathematician and astronomer)

She had support from her renowned tutors as well as from the Academy of Sciences

Emilie was one of the most famous female mathematicians

OBSTACLES/OPPORTUNITIES:

Being a woman, Emilie had to earn respect to be able to participate in scientific discussions.

Had connections with important people such as Voltaire, helping her to pursue scientific and philosophical discussions.

She was the mother of two children, and had to take care of them because she was the woman of the house.

When Emilie Du Chalet was pregnant with her third child, she faced a major problem: TIME. Chalet knew that she was not going to make it through her pregnancy, and rushed to complete the manuscript of the translation of Newton’s Principia. She died shortly after completing the manuscript.

ACHIEVEMENTS

Translated Isaac Newton’s book Principia, a book on gravity and mechanics into a more understandable text. She believed strongly in his findings.

She translated the book during her pregnancy and signed it on the day she died.

Started translating in 1745 and finished it in 1749.

Part of it was published 7 years after her death in 1756.

She conducted research which stated that fire isn’t a materialistic substance. She was one of the top three winners of the Grand Prix Contest in Paris about fire’s nature.

Enjoyed debating mathematical concepts with Maupertuis and Clairaut

Better at math than a lot of mathematicians

Sources:

https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Chatelet/

https://mathwomen.agnesscott.org/women/chatelet.htm

https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/emilie-du-chatelet

https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg23030751-000-emilie-du-chatelet-the-woman-who-popularised-newtonian-physics/

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Gabrielle-Emilie-Le-Tonnelier-de-Breteuil-Marquise-du-Chatelet

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Ojas Karvekar, Aditya Jagavkar, Vihaan Menon, Ritik Thukral

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Ojas Karvekar, Aditya Jagavkar, Vihaan Menon, Ritik Thukral

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Anne Conway (1631-1679)

She influenced german philosopher and mathematician Gottfried Leibniz

She was born in London, England in December 14th, 1631 and died at the age of 47 years old in February 23rd, 1679

She was born to serve Heneage Finch and his second wife, Elizabeth, while also being good friends with Henry More, who was one her brother’s tutors, which allowed her to have good access to knowledge

Due to her wealth, she had significant influence, but was limited by her gender

She was a viscountess, and her husband was an earl

Conway suffered from excruciating headaches all her life, which she bore patiently and without complaint, often in seclusion

Conway dressed extravagantly and wrote popular witty poems and plays

She created philosophical treaties and influenced G.W. Leibniz who discovered calculus

The German mathematician and philosopher G.W. Leibniz, co-discoverer of calculus with Isaac Newton, read Conway’s philosophy and praised her for her intellectual abilities in his correspondence

https://projectvox.org/conway-1631-1679

https://www.newscientist.com/people/anne-conway/

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwiSj4jqiNqBAxWTrokEHSZdB1sQFnoECA0QAw&url=https%3A%2F%2Fndpr.nd.edu%2Freviews%2Fanne-conway-a-woman-philosopher%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DAnne%2520Conway%2520(1631%252D1679)%2Cwas%2520published%2520posthumously%252C%2520in%25201690.&usg=AOvVaw3vh6PwmBTUsGTnP9WbaVRc&opi=89978449

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Srinethra Chilukuri, Megha Sikka, Aashi Chandarana, Aadya Khera

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Srinethra Chilukuri, Megha Sikka, Aashi Chandarana, Aadya Khera

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Caroline Herschel

lived from Mar 16, 1750 - Jan 9, 1848

Born in Hanover, Germany

Background:

Born into working class family

Father encouraged her to study and not just be a maid (against mother’s decision)

Got typhus which made her short

Lived in Bath, England with her brother in 1772

Became brother’s apprentice at 32 which formed her passion for astronomy

Learned to read and write but did not attend school

Tutored by father.

Achievements:

first women to discover a comet

Helped bring Britain’s major star catalog  up to date.

Detected 3 nebulae in 1783 using a telescope

Became the world’s first professional female astronomer in 1787

Cataloged 2,500 nebulae and many star clusters

Won a gold medal for an unpublished revision and reorganization of their work.

At 22, became most prominent soprano in Bath, England

Obstacles:

Her family opposed her education, and because of this, she was stuck at home for a while.

The time period named her as an assistant to her brother, and not a full discovery.

There was not good tool to aid their research

She was treated unfairly by other scientists in the field because of her lack of education and her gender.

OUTSIDE SOURCES:

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Caroline-Lucretia-Herschel

https://mathwomen.agnesscott.org/women/herschel.htm

https://www.schoolsobservatory.org/learn/history/biographies/hers

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Ishaan Thadani, Aryan Bhatt, Sid Bidari, Prakul Balaji

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Ishaan Thadani, Aryan Bhatt, Sid Bidari, Prakul Balaji

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NAME
- Maria Sybilla Merian

PLACE OF BIRTH AND DATES
- Born in Frankfurt, Germany April 2nd 1647
- Died January 13th 1717

SOCIAL STATUS, EDUCATION, AND OCCUPATION
- Merian was a naturalist and a scientific illustrator

- An upper class women

IMPORTANT ACCOMPLISHMENTS
-  She created a classification system for insects

- Documented life cycles of around 200 insect species

OBSTACLES
- People were unwilling to help her collect insects

-  She was a women, so she was highly discriminated because she was a scientists.

- Abandoned her husband

OPPURTUNITES
- Ran the only all women scientific illustration workshop in her lifetime

- Also because she was a women who lived in Amsterdam, she could own property and business

LINKS
https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwiq1YeEiNqBAxXGkYkEHXKrBsoQFnoECBEQAw&url=https%3A%2F%2Fecoevocommunity.nature.com%2Fposts%2F14366-maria-sibylla-merian-1647-1717%23%3A~%3Atext%3DAmong%2520Merian%27s%2520achievements%2520are%2520the%2Cher%2520scientific%2520illustration%2520to%2520fund&usg=AOvVaw3xBiVNlNn_8BZLPv0cTKKy&opi=89978449

Https://www.Wikipedia.org

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Keira Clerkin, Nishi Kurian, Akshara Vruddula

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Keira Clerkin, Nishi Kurian, Akshara Vruddula

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Marie Paulze Lavoisier
-Born on Jan 20, 1758
-Died on Feb 10, 1863
-Born in Montbrison, France
IMPORTANT ACHIEVEMENTS:
-Worked with the painter Jacques Louis David, and make sketches of the the Lavoisier laboratory
-Most important achievement: assistance to Antoine, with the plates for his epoch-making book, Elementary treatise on chemistry
https://www.encyclopedia.com/women/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/lavoisier-marie-1758-1836#:~:text=She%20also%20studied%20drawing%20with,Treatise%20on%20Chemistry%20(1789)
OBSTACLES/OPPURTUNITIES:
-Married at age of 13
-Husband died during the Revolutionary War
https://www.encyclopedia.com/women/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/lavoisier-marie-1758-1836
BACKGROUND INFORMATION:
-French chemist & Nobel women
-Married Antoine Lavoisier at age 13
-Grew up in Paris, France as the daughter of scholar and nobleman, Jacques Paulze
-Studied chemistry and languages on her own
https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/marie-paulze-lavoisier

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Advaith Coonathur, Neev Kadari, Aaryan Patnaik, Akul Bajpai

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Advaith Coonathur, Neev Kadari, Aaryan Patnaik, Akul Bajpai

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MARGARET CAVENDISH

BIRTH AND DEATH
- Lived from 1623 - December 15, 1673
- Born in Colchester, Essex, England

https://www.bl.uk/people/margaret-cavendish

https://www.newscientist.com/people/margaret-cavendish/

BACKGROUND
- Was a poet, philosopher, scientist, playwright, novelist, and biographer
- Married the Duke of Newcastle named William Cavendish who paid for her work to be published
- Privately educated about topics reserved for male scholars

https://www.bl.uk/people/margaret-cavendish

IMPORTANT ACHIEVEMENTS
- First feminist scientist
- Wrote many books against constraints on womens’ lives during this time period
- Wrote many plays that weren’t performed during her lifetime
- Spread Enlightenment ideas in her books

https://www.newscientist.com/people/margaret-cavendish/

https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/historians-and-chronicles/historians-miscellaneous-biographies/margaret-lucas-cavendish

BARRIERS OR OBSTACLES/OPPORTUNITIES
- Society disapproved of her work because she was a woman
- Society’s disapproval of women distracted her from her actual point of work

https://womenineuropeanhistory.wordpress.com/2017/01/31/margaret-cavendish/#:~:text=Society's%20disapproval%20of%20women%20in,painstaking%20and%20overwhelming%20self%2Dcriticism.

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Aadi, Manav, James, Aiden: Mary Somerville

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Aadi, Manav, James, Aiden: Mary Somerville

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Birth and Death
- She was born on December 26, 1780, in Jedburgh, Scotland
- She died on November 29, 1872, in Naples, Italy
Background
- Her family became more relevant when Mary’s father was knighted and promoted to colonial marine
-Mary was the first woman members of the Royal Astronomical Society
- She had a ship named after her
- She was taught to read by her mother, when she turned 10, she started attending a boarding school
- At 7, she learned how to take care of livestock and vegetables
- She taught herself Latin
- She translated Algebra
Important Achievements
- She wrote multiple books advanced math and science
- She solved a Diophantus math equation which earned her a silver medal in 1811
- Her face is on the 10 Euro bill
- She won the Victoria Gold Medal for her book ‘Physical Geography”
- She translated the Mécanique Céleste
- Elected to the American Geographical, Statistical Society in 1857, and the Italian Geographic Society in 1870
Barriers or Obstacles
- She struggled to gain acceptance for her work
- Belief that women were not intelligent enough to study science
- Getting an education was hard

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Somerville#Marriage_and_studies