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Reference:

Passport Index. (2024). SUDAN PASSPORT DASHBOARD. https://www.passportindex.org/passport/sudan/

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Are Zar practises considered witchcraft in Sudanese culture currently in the 21st century ?

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The Zar ritual, an ancient healing practise, is linked to spirit possession and its effects on health. The ritual, performed by a competent Sheikh, uses music, incense, and dancing to interact with ethereal entities. Physical, psychological and social healing is provided through this practise. Zar is a “cultural concept of distress” where people employ rituals to relieve their spiritual suffering and cope with life's challenges, according to Mianji and Semnani (2015). In Sudan, the practice is highly significant, especially when it comes to women's health.

Reference:

Iddi, B. (2023). Zar Ceremony in Hormozgan. Eavar. https://www.eavartravel.com/blog/2023/12/5/140751/zar-ceremony/

Mianji, F., & Semnani, Y. (2015). Zār spirit possession in Iran and African countries: Group distress, culture-bound syndrome or cultural concept of distress? Iranian Journal of Psychiatry, 10 (4), 225-232.

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Culturally Responsive Clinical Practise: Working with People from Migrant and Refugee Backgrounds 

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Culturally Responsive Clinical Practise: Working with People from Migrant and Refugee Backgrounds 

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In my nursing practice, I will endeavour to respect and accommodate Sudanese patients' cultural requirements by incorporating their health beliefs into treatment plans. I will consider Sudanese patients' preference for traditional medicine when discussing treatments. The competency framework highlights the significance of physicians recognising “the person’s ability to inform the clinician of how they choose to interact, and how their personal cultural and health needs intersect” (Australian Government, 2021, p. 13). My goal is to foster stronger patient relationships and improve health outcomes by thoroughly knowing and seamlessly integrating Sudanese cultural traditions. This method indicates a thorough understanding of competency standard 1.2, which ensures that care is both respectful and effective.

Reference:

Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency. (2019). Culturally responsive clinical practice: Working with people from migrant and refugee backgrounds (Competency framework for clinicians). Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency.

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Empowering Sudanese Refugees in Australia

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Empowering Sudanese Refugees in Australia

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Social inclusion and non-discrimination are vital determinants of health for Sudanese refugees settling in Australia. When refugees are embraced, integrated, and treated equitably within their new communities, their mental and physical well-being can experience remarkable improvements. The World Health Organisation (2023) emphasises the significance of creating an inclusive environment, as social exclusion can heighten the likelihood of negative health outcomes. By experiencing a sense of community and minimal discrimination, Sudanese refugees can better find solace from the psychological stressors and trauma associated with displacement (Doma et al., 2022). This, in turn, contributes to their overall improved health and well-being in their new lives.

Reference:

Doma, H., Tran, T., Rioseco. P & Fisher, J. (2022). Understanding the relationship between social support and mental health of humanitarian migrants resettled in Australia. BMC Public Health, 22(1). doi:10.1186/s12889-022-14082-z.

World Health Organisation. (2023). Social determinants of health. https://www.who.int/health-topics/social-determinants-of-health

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The Australian Refugee Health Practice Guide recognises the high occurrence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among refugees. A consequence of prolonged exposure to conflict, bloodshed, and persecution in Sudan, leading to significant psychological distress (Singleton et al., 2024). Effective treatment for PTSD in this demographic involves trauma-informed therapy with culturally appropriate counselling. Grasser (2022) found that this strategy has been effective in boosting self- and community efficacy, promoting connection, and instilling hope (p. 913). This approach prioritises creating a secure and nurturing space for refugees to navigate their emotions and cultivate resilience (Tilbury et al., 2004). Narrative exposure therapy is an effective technique that provides clients with a secure and nurturing space to process their trauma. Grasser (2022) emphasises the value of utilising community resources to enhance the therapeutic process and foster lasting healing. This method effectively addresses PTSD symptoms whilst supporting refugees in rebuilding their lives through instilling hope and encouraging social interactions in their new communities.

Reference:

Grasser L. R. (2022). Addressing Mental Health Concerns in Refugees and Displaced Populations: Is Enough Being Done?. Risk management and healthcare policy, 15, 909–922. https://doi.org/10.2147/RMHP.S270233

Singleton, G., Hocking, D., Gardiner, J., & Paxton, G. (2024). Mental Health. Australian Refugee Health Practice Guide. Refugee Health Network Victoria. https://refugeehealthguide.org.au/mental-health/

Tilbury, F., Clarke, S., Slee, R., & O’Ferrall, I. (2004). Eritrean, Ethiopian, Somali and Sudanese Communities in Western Australia. Centre for Social and Community Research, Murdoch University.

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Created on 4/8/2024 using DALL-E 3 model

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The Sudanese traditional attire, which comprises the toob for ladies and the jalabiya for men, is a powerful symbol of cultural identity. African textiles, particularly those from Sudan, are "mirrors of local cultures expressing social status, political authority, and economic worth" (Lemi, 2024, p. 1). These garments are more than just clothing; they have deep cultural value and serve an important role in preserving cultural knowledge and cultivating a sense of connection among groups. Sudanese refugees in Australia frequently wear traditional clothes to cultural events, helping them to stay connected to their background.

Reference:

Easy-Peasy.AI. (2024). Experience the Richness of Sudanese Traditional Clothes. https://easy-peasy.ai/ai-image-generator/images/sudanese-traditional-clothing-tobe-jalabiya

Lemi, L. D. M. (2024). Commemorative textiles: an African narrative of identity and power. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 11(537), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-024-03051-z.

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Reference:

Shroff, R.K.V. (2024). The Colorful World of Sudanese Thobes / ToubThe Colorful World of Sudanese Thobes / Toub. Regal Fabrics. https://regalfabricgallery.com/blogs/article/the-colorful-world-of-sudanese-thobes-toub

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Reference:

Galaledin, A. (2023). Women's and Men's Clothing in Sudan. , Afrika Koordinasyon ve Eğitim Merkezi (AKEM). https://www.akem.org.tr/post/women-s-and-men-s-clothing-in-sudan

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The word Sudan is the plural of the word "black". Arabs used it to refer to black people in general, all areas where black people live, and the inhabitants of the region. Thus, the Arab geographers' definition in the seventh century AH applies to areas stretching from the Red Sea in the east to the Atlantic Ocean in the west. After the frequent Arab migrations to North and East Africa in the 8th century AH, the meaning of Sudan changed and was limited to the Middle Nile Basin and its major tributaries and the surrounding lands. The lands south of Egypt, which took the name Sudan at the beginning of the 20th century, include the banks of the Nile River. At the same time, the Ottomans (Ms. 1821) and the British (Ms. 1899) began to come to these lands, which are now under the sovereignty of the Republic of Sudan. Sudan has attracted attention with its fertile lands, abundant water and animal husbandry, as well as mineral resources such as gold.

The State of Sudan is located in the northeastern part of the African continent. Its territory extends from the Wadi Halfa region on both sides of the Nile to the city of Namli at latitude 22°N, latitude 40_3°S. Sudan is the largest country in Africa in terms of area, before being divided into two countries as South and North, with a total area of about 1,400 miles with its northern and southern borders, as well as an area of about 1000 miles between east and west and in some areas about one million square miles. . As for neighboring countries; Egypt in the north of Sudan; Libya, Chad and Central Africa to the west; Uganda, Congo and Kenya in the south; In the east, it borders Ethiopia and Eritrea and has a coast on the Red Sea. These borders are before the separation of South Sudan in 2011. In terms of size, geographic diversity and population, Sudan represents a microcosm of the entire African continent. To the north and east inhabit the Nubian and Arabian tribes and the Beja tribes; there are African tribes and a few Arab tribes to the south and west. Most of the Sudanese people follow the religion of Islam, the official religion of the state; therefore Sudan is considered as the link between Africa and Arab countries.

Men wear a dress known as galabias, worn by all Sudanese people. In order to move comfortably, methods such as widening the collar of the dress and adding a pocket on the upper left side of the back are used. A similar style is applied with the Baggara group belonging to the Mahdi sect. There is also a large sleeved jalabiya for men's clothing and a caftan with side holes for riding convenience. Another dress is the light-colored "عراقي", which is worn directly on the body, named with this name because it absorbs sweat. Baggara men also wrap a turban around the head, usually white and directly covering the head, with the end of the turban hanging down to part of the shoulders or chest (العذبة). There is also a local shoe called (المركُوب) made of various types of leather, including cowhide, tiger skin, snakeskin. Baggars like to use walking sticks, especially for decoration, they carry a wide-bladed knife (سكين الضُراع) made of bamboo stick, which is called "short blade" when spear hunting or decorating (الرمح/ الحربه) inside the sheath at the left waist. They also wear an amulet (الحجاب/ التميمه الحجاب/ التميمه) wrapped in animal skin and wrapped around the arm or attached to the neck, during battle or for protection against injury and jealousy.

Words denoting folk costumes for any of the peoples of the world are an important component of historical and cultural heritage. Sudanese women's dresses; many designs benefit from the reflections of motifs and attachments that produce accessories. However, it reflects a certain cultural identity. Sudanese women's clothing is not limited to Sudanese cities, as these clothing are very popular in many countries in the region. But of course; There are slight differences in various aspects such as wearing, material and colour. Sudanese women's clothing is worn around the woman's body and some of it covers her head. Moreover, Sudanese women can choose a dress or skirt and blouse that match the color of the dress, shoes and handbag to complement the elegance with other accessories. Working women sometimes wear a pure white dress with colorful stripes and patterns. In the event of her husband's death, instead of wearing black as a symbol of sadness and mourning, a woman continues to wear a white dress made of natural cotton as a mourning dress during all days of mourning.

As a result, clothing is a tool that still maintains its social importance today. No matter what kind of society it is, clothing is an indispensable cultural element. clothes; It should be protected because it is a part of national culture and reflects the character of the country. In addition, the style of clothing and clothing varies from country to country depending on the climate, religion, customs and traditions and environment in which the society is located. Today, tendency to nudity or wannabe behavior is observed from time to time in industrial societies. Rather than being influenced by Western societies, we must adhere to the traditions of our religion and our full Islamic identity valid for all times and places.

The word Sudan is the plural of the word "black". Arabs used it to refer to black people in general, all areas where black people live, and the inhabitants of the region. Thus, the Arab geographers' definition in the seventh century AH applies to areas stretching from the Red Sea in the east to the Atlantic Ocean in the west. After the frequent Arab migrations to North and East Africa in the 8th century AH, the meaning of Sudan changed and was limited to the Middle Nile Basin and its major tributaries and the surrounding lands. The lands south of Egypt, which took the name Sudan at the beginning of the 20th century, include the banks of the Nile River. At the same time, the Ottomans (Ms. 1821) and the British (Ms. 1899) began to come to these lands, which are now under the sovereignty of the Republic of Sudan. Sudan has attracted attention with its fertile lands, abundant water and animal husbandry, as well as mineral resources such as gold.

The State of Sudan is located in the northeastern part of the African continent. Its territory extends from the Wadi Halfa region on both sides of the Nile to the city of Namli at latitude 22°N, latitude 40_3°S. Sudan is the largest country in Africa in terms of area, before being divided into two countries as South and North, with a total area of about 1,400 miles with its northern and southern borders, as well as an area of about 1000 miles between east and west and in some areas about one million square miles. . As for neighboring countries; Egypt in the north of Sudan; Libya, Chad and Central Africa to the west; Uganda, Congo and Kenya in the south; In the east, it borders Ethiopia and Eritrea and has a coast on the Red Sea. These borders are before the separation of South Sudan in 2011. In terms of size, geographic diversity and population, Sudan represents a microcosm of the entire African continent. To the north and east inhabit the Nubian and Arabian tribes and the Beja tribes; there are African tribes and a few Arab tribes to the south and west. Most of the Sudanese people follow the religion of Islam, the official religion of the state; therefore Sudan is considered as the link between Africa and Arab countries.

Men wear a dress known as galabias, worn by all Sudanese people. In order to move comfortably, methods such as widening the collar of the dress and adding a pocket on the upper left side of the back are used. A similar style is applied with the Baggara group belonging to the Mahdi sect. There is also a large sleeved jalabiya for men's clothing and a caftan with side holes for riding convenience. Another dress is the light-colored "عراقي", which is worn directly on the body, named with this name because it absorbs sweat. Baggara men also wrap a turban around the head, usually white and directly covering the head, with the end of the turban hanging down to part of the shoulders or chest (العذبة). There is also a local shoe called (المركُوب) made of various types of leather, including cowhide, tiger skin, snakeskin. Baggars like to use walking sticks, especially for decoration, they carry a wide-bladed knife (سكين الضُراع) made of bamboo stick, which is called "short blade" when spear hunting or decorating (الرمح/ الحربه) inside the sheath at the left waist. They also wear an amulet (الحجاب/ التميمه الحجاب/ التميمه) wrapped in animal skin and wrapped around the arm or attached to the neck, during battle or for protection against injury and jealousy.

Words denoting folk costumes for any of the peoples of the world are an important component of historical and cultural heritage. Sudanese women's dresses; many designs benefit from the reflections of motifs and attachments that produce accessories. However, it reflects a certain cultural identity. Sudanese women's clothing is not limited to Sudanese cities, as these clothing are very popular in many countries in the region. But of course; There are slight differences in various aspects such as wearing, material and colour. Sudanese women's clothing is worn around the woman's body and some of it covers her head. Moreover, Sudanese women can choose a dress or skirt and blouse that match the color of the dress, shoes and handbag to complement the elegance with other accessories. Working women sometimes wear a pure white dress with colorful stripes and patterns. In the event of her husband's death, instead of wearing black as a symbol of sadness and mourning, a woman continues to wear a white dress made of natural cotton as a mourning dress during all days of mourning.

As a result, clothing is a tool that still maintains its social importance today. No matter what kind of society it is, clothing is an indispensable cultural element. clothes; It should be protected because it is a part of national culture and reflects the character of the country. In addition, the style of clothing and clothing varies from country to country depending on the climate, religion, customs and traditions and environment in which the society is located. Today, tendency to nudity or wannabe behavior is observed from time to time in industrial societies. Rather than being influenced by Western societies, we must adhere to the traditions of our religion and our full Islamic identity valid for all times and places.

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What is the Origin of the Word Sudan?The word Sudan is the plural of the word "black". Arabs used it to refer to black people in general, all areas where black people live, and the inhabitants of the region.

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Which language is widely spoken in Sudan ?

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'They Think I Am a King: Yes, I Am the King' - Al-Saddiq Al-Raddi 

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'They Think I Am a King: Yes, I Am the King' - Al-Saddiq Al-Raddi 

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Al-Saddiq Al-Raddi · Poem: ‘Poem of the Nile’ (2006)

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The official language of Sudan is Arabic, but Dinka, Nuer, and Acholi are also spoken (Sikainga et al., 2024). Colloquial and formal Sudanese Arabic are utilised in daily life and formal proceedings. Oral traditions like stories and proverbs are utilised to preserve culture. These practices are deeply established in Sudanese culture and help preserve their identity, especially among Sudanese diasporas in Australia. Language and oral traditions are crucial to community building and cultural preservation, especially in unfamiliar contexts. Thus, language is vital for sustaining cultural identity and linking younger generations to their roots through storytelling and daily interactions.

Reference:

Sikainga, A. A., Sabr, M. E. D., Economist Intelligence Unit, Collins, R. O., Al-Shahi, A. S., & Spaulding, J. L. (2024, September 1). Sudan. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/place/Sudan

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Al-Saddiq Al-Raddi · Poem: ‘Poem of the Nile’

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Walls climb the ivy And Khartoum, poised on its unamputated foot Singing Will the Nile ever escape into sleep? We were the most loving of lovers, children trickling from us – What name do you give me? – I call you Presence of Earth. Come closer then. – What will be the taste of grief? – …………. And we parted!

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Travelandmunchies by Nadia Boachie (n.d.)

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Sudanese cuisine is diverse, featuring classic dishes like kisra and aseeda. According to Essien and Falola (2008), Sudanese cuisine is more than just nutrition, it is important to one's identity. Furthermore, cultural practices help preserve and pass down cultural legacy to future generations (Essien & Falola, 2008, p.113). Traditional diets include a variety of vegetables, meats, and bread, although pork and shellfish are forbidden due to religious dietary constraints (Essien & Falola, 2008, p.116). Foreign influences, migration patterns, cultural, regional, and religious aspects influence Sudanese cuisine. Australian Sudanese refugees demonstrate their culinary skills by adapting classic dishes to incorporate local ingredients, thereby preserving their culinary legacy. This adaptation exhibits a strong commitment to preserving cultural history and emphasises the value of traditional practices in unfamiliar settings.

Reference:

Essien, K & Falola, T. (2009) Culture and customs of Sudan. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press.

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Sudanese people are very generous and hospitable and welcome everyone to join them for food. The Sudanese cuisine and dietary habits are diverse, differing across the regions.

Sudan's unique geographical location makes it a bridge between the North African Arab and Sub-Saharan African nations. Therefore, Sudanese cuisine is a unique mix of East African and Middle Eastern cuisines. Sudanese cuisine is also exposed to other external influences such as South Asia, West Africa, and has been influenced by both British and Turkish colonialism.

Ingredients such as apricots, cardamom, garlic, pepper, and other spices and dishes such as meatballs and pastries were brought to Sudan by Arab traders and settlers from the Mediterranean during the Ottoman Empire. The various aromas, colors, flavors, tastes, and textures that pervade Sudanese kitchens result from this mix of cuisines and contribute to the glory of Sudanese cooking.

Sudanese cuisine contains bread, desserts, gravies, fresh and cooked salads, lime, peanut, rice dishes, sweet and savoury pastries, and stews. The most common type of meats eaten in Sudan are beef, camel, fish, chicken, and lamb according to the Muslim halal laws.

Most foods are eaten with the hands. Sudanese food culture is very rich with many delicious dishes. The top 10 most popular Sudanese food dishes are:

1. Foul Medames

Foul medames is one of the most common breakfast dishes in all areas of Sudan, served in restaurants and homes throughout the country.

So delicious and yummy is this breakfast that it is often eaten at all times during the day - morning, afternoon, and evening - and throughout the seasons. It is usually eaten by hand. Very common in Arab countries as well such as Egypt, Jordan, Palestine, Lebanon, and Syria, foul medames arrived in Sudan through Egypt.

Foul medames consists of a stew of fava beans mixed with spices, garlic, lemon juice, a small amount of chili pepper, vegetable oil (olive, sesame, foul Sudani), tomatoes, arugula, feta, and a hot sauce called shata, and is topped with onions, spring onion, and slices of boiled egg. It is often served with tomato salad and accompanied by flatbreads.

It is rich in fiber and protein and when served without feta and egg, is perfect for vegans.

2. Asseeda with Mullah

The origin of asseeda is Northwest Africa (the Maghreb). It is similar in texture to the fufu of Central and West African countries.

It is also very popular in the Middle East and East African countries such as Libya, Algeria, Tunisia, Ethiopia, and Eritrea. This popular and traditional dish is a doughy dumpling made with three simple ingredients. Wheat flour is stirred into boiling water, and it is topped with salt and melted butter or honey. It is usually eaten by hand.

Asseeda is often served at weekends, religious holidays such as Eid Ramadan, Eid Al Mawlid Alnabawi, and other traditional ceremonies such as marriages and births. Traditionally served for breakfast throughout the country, it is paired with vegetables and meat stew such as mullah. It is often eaten with various types of mullahat such as mafrokat bamia, mullah khudra, mullah dama'a, mullah roube, mullah mirris, mullah kawal, mullah raas, and mullah tagaliah.

3. Kissra

Kissra is very popular in Sudan and the neighboring countries of Chad and South Sudan. Made with either durra (sorghum) flour, wheat flour or dukhun flour, it is cooked on a large flat metal tray placed directly over the heat. It is also known as kissra rhaheeefa, which is similar to injera in Ethiopia and Eritrea. It is made daily at home in all regions of the country.

Kissra is often eaten with a meat stew called mullah, which is flavored with plenty of coriander, potato, black pepper, oil, onion and garlic, peanut butter, and tomato. It can be accompanied by various types of mullahat such as mafrokat bamia, mullah khudra, mullah dama'a, mullah raas, and mullah tagaliah.

4. Gourrassa

Gourrassa is an alternative to Kissra. It is a Sudanese flatbread made with wheat flour, baking powder, salt, and yeast and baked in a circular shape. It is exquisitely soft and fluffy and is very popular in all regions of Sudan.

It is often eaten with a Sudanese beef stew known as dama'a, which is flavored with plenty of tomatoes, oil, onion, garlic, cardamom, and cinnamon. It is also eaten with various types of mullahat such as mafrokat bamia, mullah khudra, mullah, mullah raas, and mullah tagaliah. It is usually eaten by hand.

5. Kamounia

Kamounia is very popular in Sudan and North African countries such as Tunisia and Egypt. It is prepared with beef or lamb, liver, cumin, lime juice, parsley, oil, rich peanut butter dressing, and garlic. It is often served with tomato salad, bread, or gourrassa or rice, either on top or on the side.

6. Shaiyah (Sudanese-style Grilled Beef or Lamb)

Shaiyah is one of the most popular dishes in Sudan. It is pan fried beef, lamb, or goat, which needs to include bony and fatty pieces for the extra flavor. It's made for special occasions, but it is so popular you can find it made daily in some homes.

It is served with a homemade Sudanese hot sauce known as shata, onion, and lemon. It is also served with Sudanese tomato salad and bread.

7. Kajaik

Kajaik is a very famous Sudanese fish stew that is also very popular in South Sudan, where it originates. Made with dried fish and freshwater that is cooked into a soup. Kajaik is often served with vegetables, porridge, and margarine and is eaten by hand. It is originally from South Sudan.

8. Kawaari

Kawari is one of the best and the most popular soups throughout Sudan. It is also popular in many African and Arab countries and other parts of the world.

Its main ingredients are sheep or cattle hooves that are cooked until tender and mixed with black pepper, cardamoms, green chili, cinnamon, cloves, coriander, garlic, oil, onion, powder, salt, and vinegar. It is often served with Sudanese tomato salad and bread.

9. Kofta

Kofta is delicious and very popular in all regions of the country. It combines Middle Eastern with East African flavors and it made with minced beef, rolled into balls, black pepper, grated garlic, coriander powder, cumin powder, dried mint, grated onion, freshly-chopped tomatoes, plenty of chopped fennel leaves, oil, salt, and tomato paste.

Kofta is served in a rich and spicy tomato-based sauce with bread and eaten by hand. It is also served with Sudanese tomato salad.

10. Moukhbaza

Photo credit: rydonskitchen

Moukhbaza is a very famous dish that originates from the Eastern region of Sudan. It is a unique dish that combines sweet and spicy flavors, a combination popular in Sudanese cuisine.

This dish is made with mashed ripe bananas, lemon juice, and hot peppers. Unlike most other dishes, this dish is eaten with a spoons, not by hand. Moukhbaza is often accompanied by another Sudanese favorite, kissra, or bread.

Usually, breakfast, lunch, and dinner is concluded with Sudanese tea or coffee. Sudanese food is unique, delicious, and easy to make. Anyone who tries these tasty dishes once will want to add them to their regular favorites. Sudanese cuisine offers a variety of dishes that suit everyone, with meals perfect for vegans and meals for those who enjoy tasty, delicious meat.

Related: Most Popular Middle Eastern Foods

Related: Most Popular Ethiopian Foods

Related: Most Popular Arab Foods

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The Top 10 Most Popular Foods in Sudan - Chef's Pencil

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Sudanese people are very generous and hospitable and welcome everyone to join them for food. The Sudanese cuisine and dietary habits are diverse, differing across the regions. Sudan's unique geographical location makes it a bridge between the North African Arab and Sub-Saharan African nations.