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August 18, 1846- U.S. Invasion of New Mexico

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August 18, 1846- U.S. Invasion of New Mexico

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On August 18, 1846, during the Mexican American War, General Stephen W. Kearny led the U.S. Army into Santa Fe, claiming New Mexico for the United States without resistance. This invasion established U.S. control over the territory, which later became strategically important during the Civil War. The U.S. presence in New Mexico ultimately contributed to conflicts between Union and Confederate forces in the region, influencing the broader outcome of the war in the West.

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The 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the Mexican American War, resulting in Mexico ceding vast territories, including New Mexico, to the United States. This treaty was intended to protect the property rights of Mexican citizens in the newly acquired lands, but tensions arose as these promises were not always honored. the U.S. possession of New Mexico set the stage for future conflicts during the Civil War, as both Union and Confederate forces competed for control over the strategic territory.

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1850- Compromise of 1850 and New Mexico Territory Established

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1850- Compromise of 1850 and New Mexico Territory Established

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The compromise of 1850, passed by the U.S. Congress, established the New Mexico Territory, which included present day New Mexico, Arizona, and parts of Colorado, Utah and Nevada. This compromise aimed to ease tensions between free and slave states by allowing the new territory to decide on slavery through popular tyranny. The creation of the New Mexico Territory became a focal point during the Civil War, as both Union and Confederate forces sought control over the politically contested region.

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1851- Arrival of Governor James S. Calhoun

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1851- Arrival of Governor James S. Calhoun

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In 1851, James S. Calhoun became the first U.S. governor of New Mexico Territory, focusing on establishing American governance and law in the region. His efforts to solidify U.S. control laid the groundwork for the territory's political and legal alignment with the Union during the Civil War. This alignment made New Mexico a key battle ground as Confederate forces attempted to challenge union authority in the West.

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The 1854 Gadsden Purchase saw the United States acquire additional lad from Mexico, including southern parts of present-day Arizona and New Mexico, thereby solidifying the southern border of the New Mexico Territory. This possession was motivated by the desire to facilitate a southern transcontinental railroad, but it also heightened tensions over the expansion of slavery into new territories. As a result, the defined borders of New Mexico became strategically significant during the Civil War, with both Union and Confederate forces competing for control over the region.

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The Civil War began in 1861 with the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter in South Carolina, signaling the start of the conflict. As the war unfolded, the New Mexico Territory gained strategic importance due to its valuable location and resources, making it a target for both Union and Confederate force. The competition for control over New Mexico influenced the broader dynamics of the war in the western United States.

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July 25, 1861- Confederate Capture of Mesilla

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July 25, 1861- Confederate Capture of Mesilla

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On July 25, 1861, Lieutenant Colonel John R. Baylor led Confederate forces to capture mesilla, New Mexico, and established the Confederate Territory of Arizona, which included southern New Mexico and Arizona. This move was part of the confederacy's broader strategy to control the West and secure a route to the Pacific. The Confederate occupation of Mesilla escalated tensions in the region, leading to further military confrontations between Union and Confederate forces in New Mexico during the Civil War.

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August 1, 1861- Proclamation of Confederate Territory of Arizona

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August 1, 1861- Proclamation of Confederate Territory of Arizona

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On August 1, 1861, Lieutenant Colonel John R. Baylor issued a proclamation establishing the Confederate Territory of Arizona, with Mesilla as its capital, claiming land south of the 34th parallel New Mexico and Arizona. This proclamation aimed to consolidate Confederate control and support their strategy for expanding into the Western United States. The establishment of this territory intensified the conflict in the region, prompting increased Union efforts to counter Confederate advances and secure strategic locations in New Mexico.

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September 25, 1861- Battle of Canada Alamosa

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September 25, 1861- Battle of Canada Alamosa

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On September 25, 1861, a skirmish occurred near present-day Alamosa, New Mexico, between Union forces and Confederate sympathizers, reflecting the broader conflict in the region. This engagement highlighted the escalating tensions in New Mexico as both sides sought to assert their control and influence. The skirmish contributed to the growing unrest in the territory, prompting increased military actions and strategic maneuvers by both Union and Confederate forces during the Civil War.

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battle of canada alamosa september 25, 1861

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February 7, 1862- Confederate Advance into New Mexico

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February 7, 1862- Confederate Advance into New Mexico

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On February 7, 1862, Confederate General Henry Hopkins Sibley launched a campaign to conquer the entire New Mexico Territory, leading the Sibley Brigade from Texas into New Mexico. This offensive aimed to secure valuable resources and strategic positions, significantly impacting the Civil War's Western theater. The Confederate advance into New Mexico intensified the conflict in the region, prompting Union forces to mobilize and defend key locations, which shaped the subsequent military engagements and outcomes in the territory.

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February 20-21, 1862- Battle of Valverde

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February 20-21, 1862- Battle of Valverde

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From February 20-21, 1862, Confederate forces under General Henry Hopkins Sibley defeated Union troops led by Colonel Edward Canby near Fort Craig, New Mexico. Despite their victory, the Confederates were unable to capture Fort Craig, a key Union stronghold, which prevented them from advancing further. The battle underscored the strategic importance of New Mexico in the Civil War, as it set the stage for subsequent military engagements and determined control over the territory's crucial resources and positions.

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March 10, 1862- Confederate Occupation of Albuquerque

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March 10, 1862- Confederate Occupation of Albuquerque

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On March 10, 1862, Confederate forces under General Henry Hopkins Sibley occupied Albuquerque, using it as a strategic supply base for their campaign into northern New Mexico. This occupation was part of the Confederacy's broader strategy to control the region and secure critical resources. The presence of Confederate forces in Albuquerque intensified the conflict in New Mexico, prompting Union forces to increase their efforts to regain control and influence the outcome of the Civil War in the West.

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March 12, 1862- Confederate Occupation of Santa Fe

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March 12, 1862- Confederate Occupation of Santa Fe

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On March 12, 1862, Confederate troops entered Santa Fe, the capital of the New Mexico Territory, facing minimal resistance from Union forces. This occupation was a strategic move by the Confederates to gain control over the territory's political and logistical center, bolstering their campaign in the region. The capture of Santa Fe heightened tensions and intensified the conflict, leading to increased Union efforts to reclaim the capital and secure their position in the New Mexico Territory.

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On March 26, 1862, a skirmish took place between Confederate forces and Union troops from Colorado in Apache Canyon, near Glorieta Pass. This engagement served as a precursor to the larger and more decisive Battle of Glorieta Pass, which would soon follow. The skirmish highlighted the escalating conflict in New Mexico and set the stage for the pivotal battle that would determine control of the region and influence the broader course of the Civil War in the West.

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On March 28, 1862, Union forces, including the Colorado Volunteers, clashed with Confederate troops at Glorieta Pass. Although the Confederates initially achieved victory in the battle, Union forces successfully destroyed their supply train, which was a critical blow. This decisive Union action forced a Confederate retreat, effectively ending their ambitions to control the New Mexico Territory and shaping the outcome of the Civil War in the Western theater.

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April 1, 1862- Confederate Withdrawal from Santa Fe

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April 1, 1862- Confederate Withdrawal from Santa Fe

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On April 1, 1862, Confederate forces under General Henry Hopkins Sibley withdrew from Santa Fe and began their retreat toward Texas, weakened by their defeat at Glorieta Pass and the destruction of their supply lines. This retreat marked a significant setback for the Confederacy, as their attempt to secure control over New Mexico was thwarted. The Union's strategic victory not only regained control of the territory but also diminished Confederate influence in the Western theater of the Civil War.

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confederate withdrawal from santa fe 1862

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April 15, 1862- Confederate Retreat from New Mexico

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April 15, 1862- Confederate Retreat from New Mexico

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On April 15, 1862, the last Confederate forces under General Henry Hopkins Sibley completed their retreat from the New Mexico Territory, ending their campaign in the region. This retreat was a direct consequence of their defeat at the Battle of Glorieta Pass and the destruction of their supplies, which had severely weakened their position. The withdrawal marked a decisive shift in control, solidifying Union dominance in New Mexico and impacting the broader Civil War by diminishing Confederate ambitions in the West.

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confederate retreat from new mexico 1862

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April 1862- Union Reoccupation of New Mexico

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April 1862- Union Reoccupation of New Mexico

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In April 1862, Union forces led by Colonel Edward Canby reestablished control over the New Mexico Territory, regaining Albuquerque and Santa Fe. This reoccupation followed the Confederate retreat from the region, which was triggered by their defeat at Glorieta Pass and the subsequent loss of their supply lines. The return of New Mexico to Union controls solidified Union dominance in the West and prevented further Confederate incursions into the territory, thereby influencing the overall strategic balance of the Civil War.

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The Second Battle of Mesilla, fought on July 1, 1862, was a skirmish in the American Civil War between Confederate forces and Union troops. The battle occurred as part of the Confederacy's efforts to secure the New Mexico Territory, which was strategically important for supply routes and territorial control. The ultimate effect was the temporary Confederate control of Mesilla, but it highlighted the conflict's impact on western territories and foreshadowed future struggles for control in the region.

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1863-1865- Guerrilla Warfare and Native American Conflicts

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1863-1865- Guerrilla Warfare and Native American Conflicts

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Between 1863 and 1865, while the Confederate threat in New Mexico was neutralized, the territory experienced ongoing skirmishes, particularly involving Native American groups resisting U.S. control. These conflicts were fueled by the broader disruptions caused by the Civil War and the expansion of U.S. authority into Native lands. The continued unrest in New Mexico affected Union military resources and policy, influencing the broader dynamics of post-war territorial management and relations with Native American communities.

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On June 2, 1865, the final Confederate forces surrendered, officially bringing the Civil War to an end. With the conclusion of the conflict, New Mexico remained under Union control, allowing it to continue developing under U.S. governance. The end of the war solidified Union authority over the territory, which influenced its political and economic development in the post-war period.

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end of the civil war in new mexico june 2, 1865