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Tsars ruled yall (autocracy, complete authority). >:(

No political parties. >:(

Bureaucracy helps tsar. =)

Serfs (NPC farmers) < Nobles >:(

No legislature and constitution (not murican). >:(

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Alexander II came to power during economic pressure and unrest (bro gotta cook something up).

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90% pop. were serfs working on nobles'/state's lands.

They uneducated and exploited. >:(

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Financial and Economic development. Mikhail von Reutern was appointed as minister of finance in 1862, and man, he cooked.

He...

Established budgeting for all government departments.

Abolished tax-farming.

1862 - Produced Russia's first budget.

1862 - Promoted municipal banks.

1863 - Promoted trade by reducing import/export duties.

1869 - Promoted savings banks.

Contributed towards transportation increase.

The railway track from 1862-78 increased from 3532 km to 22498 km.

This improved transportation produced 6% annual average growth rate.

Tariffs also reduced and trade boosted.

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Alex liberated serfs (yay). 😎

Not gonna really benefit them tho (aw).

There were 3 steps to their emancipation:

1. Freedom (murica)

2. Temporary Obligation (pay landlord until they could redeem land)

3. Redemption Operation (49 annual payments where Volosts collected the money)

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Nobles got W land, peasants got sold L land at high pricing. 💵

No rent payments anymore. Replaced with tax payments to state now. =/

Poverty skyrockets (so does population from now on).

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Jury trials added and censorship lessened.😎

Assemblies created to address issues.

Entrepreneurs invited --> Russia industrialized --> jobs for NPCs.

Railroad expansion --> coal/iron production goin up.

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This dude comes in to avenge his father😭.

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What steps bro takin to destroy his father's reforms?

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What steps bro takin to destroy his father's reforms?

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The worse Alex didn't like using western ideas.

Russification happened which assimilated non-Russians.

Secret police punishing revolutionaries. 🤬

Peasants punished for minor things.

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Famine hits, 36M NPCs die.

While famine going on, government (no cap), started shipping grain outta the country instead of feedin the people. 😭

Peasants obv in discontent and revolting now.

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Karl Marx explains why famine was so disastrous?

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Karl Marx explains why famine was so disastrous?

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His book, The Capital, passed censorship somehow (ig they were lazy).

He disliked industrialization and capitalism.

Believed in classless society, bc no more exploitations. =)

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This man had weak leadership.

Relied on secret police for order smh.

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Food shortages worsening still somehow.

Industrialization in cities, meaning jobs for them. 😎

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Surely no negatives of industrialization, right? oh...

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Surely no negatives of industrialization, right? oh...

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Overcrowding and unsanitary housing. =/

Long work hrs (12 daily is wild), low pay (kroger-type pay), unsafe conditions. 🤬

Workers did strikes.

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Economic downturn --> nobles suffering for once in debt.

Lot of people unhappy with autocracy now and want constitution. 🤬

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Russo-Japanese War was a disaster. People want constitution.

Let's leave it at that.

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January 9th - Season finale, "Bloody Sunday" in St. Petersburg, where 150,000 workers marched peacefully in Winter Palace.

40 killed and many injured.

later that day...

all around russia, 200 ded and 800 wounded

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How did bro deal with worsening situation?

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How did bro deal with worsening situation?

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Bro, no cap, i aint even lying... did nothing. He was hunting animals while this was going on. 😭

By October, October Manifesto released which:

Expanded civil liberties.

Limited monarchy.

Created legislature (Dumas and Council).

Political parties legal now as well as trade unions.

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URP (Union of the Russian People), supported by Tsar, have a group called Black Hundreds which beat people supportin democratic ideas.

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This guy is bad at putting down revolutions.

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This guy is bad at putting down revolutions.

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December - Government eliminated St. Petersburg Soviet (workers' council), leading to revolts and thousands of deaths.

Socialists arrested, imprisoned, exiled... you get the point.

Troops destroyed villages and imprisoned npcs (this aint minecraft 😭).

6 months after October Manifesto, 15000 ded, 20000 wounded, 45000 exiled. How did he let all that slide??

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Freedom of press, assembly.

Labor unions legal now.

Ppl could elect people in Duma.

Lower classes living conditions didn't improve. 😔

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srry ik its boring stuff

Kadets (liberals): Want political reforms and civil rights.

Octobrists (liberals): Want to follow October Manifesto.

Social Democrats (socialists): Ideas based on Marxism and split in 1903.

o  Mensheviks: Want to participate in all party structure aspects. Patient and slow approach to change. Favor working class.

o Bolsheviks: Want militant revolutionaries (guns, germs, and steel).

Social Revolutionaries (socialists): Favored land transfer to peasants so they could run it. Used terrorist methods. Not friends with with Social Democrats.

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tsar had beef with them.

1905 - July 1906

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Stolypin arrives (he's prime minister now). First three years in office:

Newspapers and labor unions stopped.

60000 political prisoners executed.

Thousands of peasants tried in court and executed.

Well... on the bright side, he did the agrarian reform.

November 1906 - Law made, allowing npcs to set up private farms. He gave homesteads in Wester Siberia and for the next ten years. 2.5M households were filed to claim ownership.

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The beef continues 🤬. They were dissolved in June 1907.

3rd Duma is now mostly conservatives.

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Stolypin got killed at an opera house in September, in front of tsar.

Tsar: "shiver me timbers"

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YES, finally.

Ministry of Finance got large loans in 1906 from Europe.

With this, industries, coal/iron, and imports/exports increased.

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1910-14 - 17000 peasant 'disturbances'.

1912 - Troops killed 340 gold miners (rip gold industry).

Next two years, 3M laborers did 9000 strikes. holy cow.

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well, they joined the Allied Powers for WW1 in August and.... absolutely got destroyed

1916 - 3.6M Russians dead/wounded and 2.1M prisoners of war.

Troops poorly trained and received poor treatment from officers.

They got absolutely carried.

*fun fact: troops ordered to destroy stuff, refugees from Russia running away from war actually needed that stuff --> refugees had limited shelter and food in their escape bc it was destroyed 💀

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Nicholas heading out to the front lines to boost morale

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Nicholas heading out to the front lines to boost morale

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probably the only good thing he's done so far ngl. well this didn't do a whole lot. the numbers from the post-it to the left tell everything

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irrelevant guy that hurt monarch's image

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1. Poor war performance.

2. They spent soooooooooooooo much money so now they're in debt and there's inflation.

3. Taxes increased so npc mad now.

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War going on, surely civilians are chillin, right?

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War going on, surely civilians are chillin, right?

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1916-17 - ICE COLD WINTER and no food or fuel, leading to strikes.

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February - Petrograd (capital) saw revolution.

Geography blocked ppl in Winter Palace from escaping.

On the 23rd, women angry bc of food shortage, leading to 100000 striking that day.

On the 24th, grew to 200000 workers.

Soldiers were W's for turning on the secret police.

Tsar gave order to gun down demonstrators. Soldiers obeyed for a little bit but then turned.

The 27th saw 66000 soldiers joining workers, inmates were released, and 1500-7500 were killed wounded.

Nicholas finally resigned on March 2nd (he fumbled the bag).

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Provisional Government rose, made up of Petrograd Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies.

Soldiers pardoned from the people they killed (Order Number One).

The Constitutional Democrat (aka the Kadets) now leading government.

They granted freedoms of speech, assembly press, and voting.

Got rid of religion, class, and race restrictions.

Word spread by telegraph everywhere.

honestly a W for the peasants. they beat the endgame boss. 😎

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Nicholas I, creative names, right?

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15% still in temporarily obligated phase in 1881. tough

Redemption payments were CRAZY high putting npcs in debt.

1878 - Only 50% of the npcs were making enough to sell

The Mir (basically elected peasants) had oppressive power and banned people to Siberia. ._.

Even the nobles weren't benefiting. They were losing land too. 😭

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In April, Bezdna Massacre happened. This some typa heroic story with a sad ending.

Some rando military commander fired on peasants protecting Anton Petrov's cottage, leading to 500 killed and Petrov executed.

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The Land of Liberty are founded and begin their villain arc to create an agrarian socialist society. They were influenced by Karl Marx's Communist Manifesto (1848).

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Encouraged working-class to rise. Translated to Russian in 1869.

Many people like Mikhail Bakunin, Alexander Herzen, and Nikolai Chernyshevsky shared similar ideas, believing the state should be destroyed (they were authors for newspapers and other print).

Some authors got exiled. Hmmm I wonder where.

Siberia: ._.

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Censorship reduced in 1865. Authors originally exiled to Siberia could now return lol.

Universities were given freedom in 1863 to control their own admissions and staffing, create research programs, and discipline students.

Universities offered scholarships and reduced fees to EVERYONE.

Secondary Statute of 1864 / Elementary Education Statute of 1865:

1. Easier to open schools.

2. Schools inspected regularly plus curriculum updates.

3. Schools available to all classes/religions.

4. Churches don't control village schools anymore. =)

From 1856-78, # of kids in primary school went from 400000 to 1M (w growth rate).

Zemstva funding made this all possible.

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Legal reforms (hooray). Courts became more fair, equal to all subjects, and now had more authority.

People now allowed to have lawyers. Lawyers actually got training now instead of being some rando from the street. 😭

Lawyers got paid more now. Cases were available to the public.

On the bad side, juries couldn't handle treason cases

AND

peasant volost courts followed different procedures and punishments (that one case where it's not okay to be different).

Also, it took forever for the courts to actually spread across the country.

Third Section allowed police to stop, search, and arrest anyone they wanted without having them have to go to trial.

So basically u could be sitting in jail not knowing why ur there. Unfortunate.

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Local Government Reforms now. Government split into provincial and district (zemstva) elected councils. Elections based on landowner electoral, town dweller (what is that??) electoral, and peasant electoral college). Ppl elected meet yearly to discuss policies.

Zemstva:

1. Staffed schools, provided medical care, took on engineering projects, maintained prisons, mental asylums, and orphanages, promoted industry, and gave reliefs to poor and attempted to solve agricultural problems.

In the 1870s, there were city Dumas (NOT THE DUMAS FORMED IN 1905).

Both Dumas and Zemstva:

1. promoted health, welfare, hygiene (gotta be clean), literacy, and environment

2. had trouble fixing alcoholism, poverty, diseases, famines

3. depended on government funding

4. most elected were nobles or wealthy

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Tsar's eldest son dies and wife gets tuberculosis. Tough times indeed.

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First assassination attempt failed. They ended up handing the guy (he was from Organisation) that tried to kill him (Dmitri Karakozov) and exiled the rest of the group's leaders.

Tsar also replaced Golovnin (minister of education) with Dmitri Tolstoy (similar name as the other killer ig).

Tsar promoted Konstantin Pahlen to minister of justice and police authority grew.

Pyotr Shuvalev became head of Third Section.

Alexander Timashev became minister of internal affairs.

Zemstva power restricted since limits were put on their taxation abilities.

Whole lotta things happened this year.

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Tolstoy reduced zemstva power over education. Churches now back in village schools and they removed critical thinking subjects like History.

1871 - Only students from traditional high schools could go to universities.

1873 - Censorship laws in universities back, causing students to go study abroad to gain more freedom.

Shuvalev strengthened police working with Pahlen. Apparently the students that thought they could escape were tracked down and faced trial in Russia lol.

Starting 1878 - Political crimes sent to military courts.

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Remember Nechaev, one of the authors that got banished? Well he returned in 1871.

He made a group of young revolutionaries. Then in 1874, Pyotr Lavrov led 2000 young men and women to spread populist ideals (they basically wanted to get peasant approval and start a peasant uprising).

This attempt failed.

1876 - They tried again and half of the populist supporters ended up getting arrested/imprisoned lol.

Remember Land and Liberty? They're back to, but better.

1876 - Land of Liberty reformed and much more disciplined, with 200 members.

1879 - Land of Liberty broke up cuz of internal conflicts, turning into the Black Partition (peaceful guys =)) and the People's Will (not so peaceful guys =().

They somehow failed to kill the tsar 3 times (twice in 1879 and one in 1880)??? bros luck is wild.

Tsar called state of emergency in 1879, dividing up the country into military governor-generalships, and allowed them to exile opposition.

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Military reforms occurred. Russia's army is basically down in the deeps right now. So General Dmitri Milyutin (minister of defense) improves a lot of things:

Abolished cruel punishments.

Reduced military service.

Improved training and made cadet schools and colleges.

Improved medical services for the army.

Prussia's win in 1870-71 Franco-Prussian War also helped his reforms.

Conscription Act of January 1 declared:

Males eligible to join service startin at 20.

Nobles exempted from service.

Men with education would get less service.

People with no education taught to read.

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Got a solid dub in the Russo-Turkish War.

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Some, uh kinda just avoided military service.

The officers in Russia are old-fashioned, using bayonets (bruh, that was the trend from over 100 years ago in the 1700s).

Russia not at pace with the West yet. =/

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Dates all over the place so...

1858 - Ivan Belliustin writes this report on poverty and lack of clergy skill (some were too poor or illiterate to do their duties).

This is bad stuff since government relies on church to cool things down and maintain order.

1862 - Pyotr Valuev (ministry of internal affairs sets up committee to investigate.

1868 - Changes made, and more capable priests were able to rise.

this was the shortest reform to talk about

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Did tsar treat the Jews, Finns, and Poles alr?

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Did tsar treat the Jews, Finns, and Poles alr?

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EXTREMELY LONG SECTION (this is the very simplified version)

Jews:

1. Chill with the Jews (even though they were restricted a lil)

2. Tsar let them attend universities and encouraged them to participate in commerce and industry.

3. Couldn't own land in Western Russia.

Finns:

1. Wanted independence.

2. Tsar reassembled the Avengers (the Finnish Diet of the Four Estates, which is a representative assembly).

3. Tsar a W for letting Finnish be the official language of their area and he didn't force their soldiers to serve Russia.

Poles:

1. They just got violated in multiple ways. 💀

2. At first, restrictions relaxed with religion and they were given freedoms such as expression.

3. Poles wanted constitutions (tsar denied them cuz he already did a lot, before Alexander II was tsar, Poles were even more restricted)

4. 1861 - Pole demonstration led to hundreds killed/wounded/arrested (why, just why?)

5. 1863 - Poles refused to join army and instead made Polish Central National Committee (bruh).

6. 16 months later, crushed by Russian forces.

7. Rebel leaders executed and 80000 Poles exiled to Siberia.

8. 1866 - Kingdom of Poland literally non-existent now.

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Count Loris-Melikov became new head of Supreme Administrative Commision and he proposed:

1. Relaxing censorship,

2. Releasing political prisoners.

3. Removing salt tax.

4. Lifting restrictions on zemstva.

5. Transferring Third Section powers to police.

6. New legislative proposals (dumas and zemstva could criticize bills before sent to Council of State).

None of these came by Feb 1881.

Then the tsar got the worst luck. Assassinated on March 13, 1881, by the People's Will. This is the same day the tsar signed the decree and prepared Melikov's reforms to be put in action. Horrible timing.