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Where was Ardipithecus ramidus (Ardi) discovered, and why is this significant for understanding bipedalism?

The ardipithecus ramidus was discovered in Ethiopia and this reveals that our ancestors began walking on two legs while still inhabiting woodland environments.

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What role do the three tiny bones in mammals' ears play in the process of hearing?

The role that the three tiny bones in mammals ears play is that they make it possible to detect sound.

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Daniel K -

Eyes: the role that opsins play on eye are to use this proteins to detect colors

Legs: experts took 15 years to reconstruct ardi's anatomy

Hands: no need as i did the topic

back: early humans evolved from primates, similar to the monkey.

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Question 1 - How long did experts take to reconstruct Ardis anatomy

They took 15 years to excavate, examine and recreate the Ardis anatomy

Question 2 - What role do opsins play in the human ability to perceive color

The function of opsins is widely known for a key role in visual transduction

Question 3 - What is the most important thing that human hands which allows us to use tools so well

The pinky finger

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1. Monkey like ancestors

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What role do opsins play in the human ability to perceive color?

Opsins make it possible for humans to detect color because the brain interprets the signals from the opsins.

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1 - What did early humans evolve from?

Early humans evolved from apelike ancestors that lived many years ago and were primates.

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3- Why understanding the evolution of our hand is important?

Understanding the evolution of hands helps explain our ability to use tools, make gestures, and perform delicate tasks. This knowledge also benefits medicine, robotics, and science.

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2. Reptiles only have one of these bones in their ears, making their hearing less sensible than mammals.

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How long did experts take to reconstruct Ardi’s anatomy?

Fifteen years

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1. What role do opsins play in the human ability to perceive color?

It provide the necessary environment for the absorption of light at a particular wavelength.

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All mammals have three bones in their ears, which are the tiniest bones in their bodies, making it possible to detect sound. These bones are the malleus, incus, and stapes; they form a lever system that turns the vibration of air into sound. Reptiles only have one of these bones in their ears, making their hearing less sensible than mammals.

To understand the evolution of humans from our reptile ancestors, scientists studied the evolution of opossum embryos. Long ago, the species used to have a stapes ear bone and other bones in the jaw, similar to the structure of reptiles. However, as the animals grew and the bone disconnected from the jaw and became more mammal-like.

With millions of ears, they evolved and the bones that formed the jaw got smaller and insignificant. Now, these bones have found a new purpose in the ear and are now used by mammals such as humans.

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Teeth, are the very intresting phenomenon people don't really notice. The way that they work is incredible. Teeth have an exact pattern when biting.

Gorgonopsids may look like a type of dinosaur. But its teeth show a different story, a reptile's mouth usually shows equal peg shaped teeth used mainly for tearing food. But the gorgonopsids teeth, are much similar to humans teeth. When looking at its teeth you can see their life, they were tearing meat. The gorgonopsids weren't messing around, they had ginormous canines, which is a mammal like feature. His teeth were all the same shape, but different sizes for each type of duty. Mammals like the tritheledon also had similar teeth to humans, strong that were capable of chewing through food.

When looking at a very old fossil, the main thing people might analyze are the teeth. Teeth are strong parts of our body that can last much more than the muscles and organs. And they can tell a lot about an old creatures' life. With just the tooth of an animal, people are able to recreate its entire body.

Questions

How did small undefined teeth evolved to the big canines such as the gorgonopsids had?

How are there animals with no teeth?

Can the change of teeth related to mutation and natural selection?

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The efficient use of two legs was a major evolutionary milestone in human ancestors. In fact, it is a result of countless adaptations. A fossil found in Ethiopia revolutionized our understanding of bipedalism. The discovery of Ardipithecus ramidus, or Ardi, reveals that our ancestors began walking on two legs while still inhabiting woodland environments. Experts took 15 years to reconstruct Ardi’s anatomy. Her pelvic structure suggests a transition toward bipedality. Her grasping feet, on the other hand, indicates a mix of climbing and walking traits.

Questions:

1. Where was Ardipithecus ramidus (Ardi) discovered, and why is this significant for understanding bipedalism?

2. How does Ardi’s anatomy show a mix of climbing and walking traits?

3. How long did experts take to reconstruct Ardi’s anatomy?

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What role do the three tiny bones in mammals' ears play in the process of hearing?

How does the hearing ability of reptiles compare to that of mammals in terms of ear bone structure?

What evolutionary changes occurred in opossum embryos that led to the development of mammalian ear structures from their reptile ancestors?

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Around 375 millions years ago, our ancenstors, tiktaalik, used it tails to crawl out of the sea and those fins changed to paws. This is only one example of how evolution and adaptation changes completly a life style some living being takes. Now, able to walk on solid ground our hands passed through changes where having small fingers with claws was important to be able to survive, and the firts specie nowadays that passed though this way was called, Nein Shuibin. As the time passed by, the necessary to have longer finger arose and more adaptations occured with the hand type structure. All phases of adaption humans passed, were actually preparing and adapting our body to grow , as well as to provide more security for the curent anatomy, where our hand would able to make and hold tools and survive in what call the world of evolution.

Questions:

1- What are some situations that the anatomy of the human hand had to adapt so we could survive?

2-How many counted versions are there from human hand versions?

3- Why understanding the evolution of our hand is important?

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The ability to see the world in color is one people are more granted with, however, our ancestors lacked this ability. Eyes, rely on proteins called opsins to detect color (each opsin is encoded by a single gene) signals from their opsins are interpreted by the brain, which allows humans to perceive colour. Regardless, to properly perceive colour three opsins are necessary, yet, our ancestors only had two opsisns. Experts took 25 years to discover how our ancestors evolved; the second opisins duplicated, and over many generations, one of these copies acquired small mutations that allowed it to detect different wavelines of light.

Questions:

1. What role do opsins play in the human ability to perceive color?

2. In what ways has the evolution of trichromatic vision influenced human survival and adaptation compared to ancestors with only two opsins?

3. How did small mutations in the duplicated opsin gene contribute to the ability to detect a wider range of wavelength?

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The shape of our spine plays a crucial role in maintaining balance while walking on two legs. If you frequently experience back pain, it may be due to your ancestors’ shift from moving on four limbs to walking upright. Early humans evolved from primates that are similar to modern monkeys. A scientist studying the origins of back pain analyzed the skeleton of "Lucy," a famous early human ancestor. When they attempted to straighten her posture, they realized almost every bone needed adjustment. This suggests that back pain today is an evolutionary trade-off, as our bodies had to adapt to a bipedal lifestyle.

Questions

1. What did early humans evolve from?

2. What did scientists discover when trying to straighten Lucy’s skeleton?

3.How does back pain relate to human evolution?

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There is a tiny creature named amphioxus that has much to tell us about our brains. They live in the ocean floor, filtering algae out of the water. They have a nerve cord that runs the length of the body. We don't have similar brains, but we do have similar genes.

This is because, to form the forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain you need many control genes to tell the cells in the developing brain where they are. The same master genes are also active in amphioxus but there, they are building the primitive nerve cord and the small swelling at the front of it's body.

This shows how the genetic roots of our own brains can be seen in creatures who first arose over 500 million years ago.

Questions:

What is the function of the nerve cord in amphioxus ?

How does this compare to the nerve of the human brain?

How does the study of amphioxus help the understanding of our evolution to scientists?

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The structure of the hand is remarkable and complex,

meaning its muscles, tendons and bones are the ones that allows us to shape the world around us. However, scientists found out this basic structure is not not unique to humans, and it actually points out our connection with other species.

Back in the 19th century, scientists where documenting the similarities among the limbs of vertebrates. That’s when, the anatomist Sr. Richard Owen, found out that although the shape and structure of each limb was very different, he saw an underlying unity, as if the same set of bones was extended to perform different functions. He observed that several creatures had largely the same arquitecture as ours but it was a mystery to find out why creatures had that same pattern.

Therefore, Charles Darwin later discovered the reason for why animals had this common pattern. In the distant past, every specie shared a common ancestor that had a version of this pattern too.

Our primate ancestors has changed the way our hands looked, shifting from having claws to having nails and opposable thumbs that allows us to grab things. Scientists discovered this change when ancient hands were first making stone tools about 2 million years ago. The fingers of Homo Habilis, for example, are far better adapted for precision gripping than nowadays and therefore more likely to be creating tools. This shows how the use of hand, cognition and the repeated behavior was used to produce stylized tools and has evolved our tool-making capabilities.

One of the most important things about the human hand which allows us to use tools so well is that we have relatively short fingers and a long thumb that helps us to move the pad of our thumb towards our fingers. By piecing together different fossils of the same species, the bone structures of ancient hands become more clear. This means that several years ago, the long finger and thumb that make up the hand of early human especies isn’t capable of fine precision. Therefore in over 2 million years, the fingers started getting smaller, making it easier for the thumb and fingers to work together.

Questions:

What is the most important thing about human hands which allows us to use tools so well?