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"'Wrong someone': part of why wronging people is unjust is that they notice it" (Callard 5). 

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Agnes Callard investigates and argues for the morality of anger through the Argument for Grudges and the Argument for Revenge. Essentially, she argues that anger always ignites a desire for revenge and grudges.

The Argument for Grudges argues that once someone finds a reason to be angry, they are allowed to be angry forever.

The Argument for Revenge argues that revenge is essentially how people hold each other morally responsible.

Callard uses both the Argument for Grudges and the Argument for Revenge to argue that grudges and revenge are perfectly rational, and play a significant role in moral reasoning.

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Agnes Callard uses the Argument for Grudges and Argument for Revenge to highlight that anger is morally corrupting and correct when it comes to maintaining moral order and reasoning. Anger is the basis of how humans operate, "To respond rightly to being treated wrongly. We can’t be good in a bad world" (Callard, 2020, p. 15).

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Stoicism is a philosophy that encourages people to live a simple life that does not incite any strong emotions. Stoics argue that full-blown anger only causes harm, and people should instead focus on a life of virtue. This philosophy originated in Ancient Greece and Rome and was founded by Zeno of Citium. However, Stoicism has been heavily influenced by philosophical thinkers like Socrates and the Cynics.

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Sentimentalism is the practice of being a sentimentalist, meaning using one's emotions as the basis for one's actions and reactions by disregarding factors of reason. Popular philosophers associated with sentimentalism include David Hume, Francis Hutcheson, and Adam Smith.

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The differing terms used for the arguments for anger by Nussbaum and Nietzsche don't take away the connection of anger to moral corruption and reasoning.

"What started out as a battle over anger ends with everyone agreeing to avoid using that word. Instead, both sides prefer to segregate the 'moral side' of anger (Tuesday’s anger, which takes the form of rational and justified protest at injustice) from the 'dark side' (Thursday’s anger, which takes the form of irrational grudges and unjustifiable vengeance)" (Callard, 2020, p. 4).

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Argument for Revenge:

Fredrick Nietzsche argues that revenge can result in a sense of duty or moral strength. People seek revenge to gain a sense of justice and uphold moral order.

"The negative or reactive morality we have ended up with foregrounds the concepts of guilt, conscience, promises, and duty" (Callard, 2020, p. 10).

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Argument for Grudges:

Martha Nussbaum argues that anger is a method of moral sensibility that allows people to object to being treated with disrespect without the presence of anger.

"Nussbaum speaks of 'transition anger,' which is not so much anger as 'quasi-anger': 'the entire content of one’s emotion is, ‘How outrageous! Something must be done about this'" (Callard, 2020, p. 4).

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Blue= Main argument

Green= Sub-claims

Red= Counterpoints

Yellow= Rebuttal

Purple= Definitions of key concepts

White= Conclusion

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Callard argues that these Stoic and Sentimentalist views and phrases attempt to postulate wrongdoings as being just, without the aspect of revenge or grudges. Callard disagrees and argues that injustices of any kind always formulate the basis of anger and lead to moral corruption.

"victims of injustice are not as innocent as we would like to believe. Either these victims are morally compromised by the vengeful and grudge-bearing character of their anger, or they are morally compromised by acquiescence" (Callard, 2020, p. 13).

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Callard, Agnes. “Angry Forever.” Boston Review Forum, 16 Apr. 2020. Boston Review, https://www.bostonreview.net/forum/agnes-callard-philosophy-anger/.

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There are two problems with anger: it is morally corrupting, and it is completely correct.