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On September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks orchestrated by al-Qaeda targeted the World Trade Center in New York and the Pentagon in Washington, D.C. The events had a profound impact on global politics and security.

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The United States, along with coalition forces, invaded Iraq on March 20, 2003. The operation aimed to overthrow Saddam Hussein and locate weapons of mass destruction, though the latter were never found.

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A massive earthquake off the coast of Sumatra triggered a devastating tsunami on December 26, 2004. Over 230,000 people across 14 countries lost their lives.

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The collapse of Lehman Brothers on September 15, 2008, marked the start of a global financial crisis. It led to widespread economic downturns and significant reforms in the financial sector.

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In December 2010, protests erupted in Tunisia, initiating the Arab Spring—a wave of uprisings across the Arab world in 2011. The movement sought democracy, human rights, and social justice.

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On May 2, 2011, Osama bin Laden, the leader of al-Qaeda and mastermind behind the 9/11 attacks, was killed by U.S. Navy SEALs in Pakistan.

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On April 15, 2019, a fire broke out at the Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris. The blaze caused significant structural damage but spared most of the treasured relics.

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In early 2020, the outbreak of the COVID-19 virus led to a global pandemic. Nations across the globe imposed lockdowns and vaccinations campaigns to curb its spread.

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A significant historical event in Spain is the "Reconquista," a process that lasted centuries (from the 8th to the 15th century) and consisted of the gradual recovery of the peninsular territory by the Christian kingdoms after the Muslim conquest. This process culminated with the capture of Granada in 1492, marking a milestone in Spanish history and paving the way for modern Spain.

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1989: Fall of the Berlin Wall. BY Brayan Garcia

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1989: Fall of the Berlin Wall. BY Brayan Garcia

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On the night of November 9, 1989, the Berlin Wall fell, dividing the German capital for nearly three decades.

The Berlin Wall didn't just divide the city; it also divided all of Europe and became a symbol of a bipolar world, in which two powers, the United States and the Soviet Union, were the poles of influence.

Its fall made German reunification possible and signaled the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War.

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The Normandy landings, known as D-day, were an Allied military operation carried out on June 6, 1944, during word war 2, and marked the beginning of the liberation of Western Europe from Nazi control. It was the largest amphibious invasion in history and part of Operation Overlord, in which more than one hundred fifty-six thousand soldiers from the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, and other Allied nations participated. The troops landed on five beaches along the French coast—Utah, Omaha, Gold, Juno, and Sword—after intense aerial and naval bombardments, along with paratroopers who were dropped inland. Although they faced strong German resistance, especially at Omaha Beach, the Allies managed to establish a beachhead and advanced inland, liberated Paris in August 1944, and continued pushing toward Germany. This operation was a key turning point in the war and directly contributed to the defeat of Nazi Germany in May 1945.

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In 1394, King Taejo, founder of the Joseon Dynasty, moved the kingdom's capital to Hanyang, what we know today as Seoul. This decision was both strategic and symbolic: Hanyang had a privileged geographical location, surrounded by mountains and crossed by the Han River, which offered natural protection and ease of transportation.

The city was designed according to the principles of feng shui (geomancy), and key structures were built, such as:

Gyeongbokgung Palace (1395), which became the political and residential center of the royal family.

The city walls for defense.

Main gates, such as Sungnyemun (Namdaemun).

Hanyang was the heart of the country's government, culture, Confucian education, and administration throughout the Joseon Dynasty (1392–1897), marking Seoul's rise as a center of power in Korea.

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535 D.C. The eruption of Ilopango volcano

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535 D.C Lago de Llopango, El Salvador. BY Kevin Mendoza

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535 D.C Lago de Llopango, El Salvador. BY Kevin Mendoza

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The eruption of Ilopango volcano in the El Salvador, which OCCURRED around the year 535 D.C., WAS one of the most powerful in the Americas and the world, reaching a Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) of 6 or 7. This ultra-Plinian eruption EXPELLED more than 84 km³ of ash and volcanic material, which COVERED much of Central America and even AFFECTED distant regions. Its force DESTROYED human settlements and is BELIEVED to have CONTRIBUTED to a global cooling event known as the “Year Without a Summer.” After the eruption, the collapsed crater FORMED the present-day Lake Ilopango, and although the volcano has REMAINED active, it has not PRODUCED another eruption of such magnitude.

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The history of Nigeria (spanned) from pre-colonial empires to independence and post-colonial challenges. Initially, states like Benin, Oyo, and the Hausa (flourished), (engaged) in trade, and (developed) culturally. The arrival of Europeans from the 15th century (marked) the beginning of the slave trade and the later British colonization. In 1914, the northern and southern colonies (were unified), giving rise to Nigeria. Independence (was achieved) in 1960, followed by military coups and the Biafran War, a conflict that (highlighted) ethnic and political tensions. Nigeria (faced) political instability, corruption, and conflicts, but also (experienced) significant economic growth, especially in the oil sector.

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The centerpiece of the complex was the Twin Towers. On September 11, 2001, the entire complex was destroyed in a terrorist attack known as "9/11."

The Twin Towers were located in the heart of Manhattan's Financial District, within the World Trade Center complex, on a 15.5-acre site bounded by Vesey, Church, Liberty, and West Streets. This complex, which included seven buildings, a central plaza, and an underground shopping mall, was located near the Hudson River and three blocks north of the New York Stock Exchange.

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🌍 🌋 The Eruption of the Paricutín Volcano

In 1943, in a cornfield in Michoacán, Mexico, a new volcano suddenly emerged. A farmer, Dionisio Pulido, observed how the ground opened up, smoke and fire came out, and thus the Paricutín Volcano was born.

In just a few days, the volcano grew rapidly and continued erupting for several years. By 1952, it finally went dormant.

Two nearby towns were covered by lava. Although most of the residents managed to escape, their homes disappeared.

This natural phenomenon attracted international attention, as it was the first time a volcano was observed from its birth to its end.

Gilma Sánchez..

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Over 80 years ago, in August 1945, the history of humanity took an unimaginable turn! The Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki suffered a bombing that not only ended World War II, but also ushered in the atomic era and left an indelible scar on global consciousness.

Verbs:

• Took

• Suffered

• Ended

• Ushered

• Left

-Mangandi

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Centro de Confinamiento del Terrorismo (CECOT), Angulo, El Salvador

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Centro de Confinamiento del Terrorismo (CECOT), Angulo, El Salvador

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Centro de Confinamiento del Terrorismo (CECOT), Angulo, El Salvador

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Edrian Alexis Leiva Morán

Over three years ago, on March 27, 2022, El Salvador marked a before and after in the fight against crime. The government of Nayib Bukele declared the State of Exception, a bold measure that sought to dismantle the terror gangs that had suffocated the country for decades. From being one of the most dangerous countries in the world, El Salvador began to record days, even months, without a single violent death attributed to gangs! Peace returned to the streets and people recovered their tranquility.

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Orfa Tepas

The El Salvador Earthquake – January 13, 2001

On January 13, 2001, a devastating earthquake (shock) El Salvador. The earthquake (had) a magnitude of 7.6 on the Richter scale and (occurred) at 11:33 a.m. m. local time. The epicenter (was located) in the Pacific Ocean, off the southern coast of the country.

The earthquake (caused) large landslides, especially in the area of Las Colinas, in the department of La Libertad, where dozens of homes (were) buried. More than 900 people (died), thousands (were) injured and many families (lost) their homes.

The government and the international community (provided) humanitarian aid. Several organizations (arrived) in the country to collaborate in the rescue and reconstruction tasks. This natural disaster (marked) deeply the recent history of El Salvador and (revealed) the country's vulnerability to seismic phenomena.

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Historical Event: The Founding of the Republic of Turkey

After the collapse of the Ottoman Empire following World War I, a national movement (emerged) in Anatolia. Led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the Turkish people (fought) for independence against occupying Allied forces. In 1923, the Republic of Turkey officially (replaced) the Ottoman Empire. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (became) the first president of the new republic and (introduced) many reforms.

He (abolished) the sultanate, (established) a secular legal system, and (granted) rights to women, including the right to vote. He also (reformed) the education system and (changed) the alphabet from Arabic script to Latin. These changes (modernized) the country and (helped) shape the identity of modern Turkey.

Atatürk (died) in 1938, but his legacy (remained) strong. Today, he is still (remembered) as the father of modern Turkey.

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Event: Brazil Wins its Fifth FIFA World Cup

Location: Yokohama, Japan

Date: June 30, 2002

On June 30, 2002, the Brazilian national football team (won) its fifth FIFA World Cup title after an unforgettable final against Germany in Yokohama, Japan. Brazil (defeated) Germany 2-0 with two goals by Ronaldo, who (redeemed) himself after a difficult performance in the 1998 final. This victory (marked) Brazil as the most successful national team in World Cup history and (united) a country through celebration and pride.

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The Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima (1945)

On August 6, 1945, the United States dropped an atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima. This event marked a turning point in the history of World War II. The bomb, called Little Boy, exploded about 600 meters above the city center and caused massive destruction. Over 70,000 people died instantly, and many others suffered severe injuries or passed away later due to radiation exposure.

This event shocked the world and accelerated the end of the war. Japan officially surrendered on August 15, 1945. The tragedy of Hiroshima served as a warning about the destructive power of nuclear weapons and inspired global peace movements.

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Historical Event: The Moon Landing

On July 20, 1969, NASA's Apollo 11 mission (landed) on the surface of the Moon. The astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin (walked) on the lunar surface, while Michael Collins (orbited) the Moon in the command module. Armstrong (said) the famous words: "That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind." This mission (marked) a key moment in the history of space exploration.

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On April 9, 1948, in the city of Bogotá, capital of the department of Cundinamarca and of Colombia, an event (shook) the country's history: the assassination of the liberal leader Jorge Eliécer Gaitán. Gaitán (was) a very popular politician among the working classes, and many believed he (was going) to become president.

That day, as he (was leaving) his office in downtown Bogotá, Gaitán (was assassinated) by a man who was later (lynched) by the crowd. His death (triggered) an immediate reaction. Thousands of people in the city (took) to the streets in anger, and violence (erupted) within hours.

Public and private buildings (were set on fire), stores (were looted), and the capital (was left) practically out of control. This event, known as El Bogotazo, (marked) the beginning of a broader period of political violence in Colombia, known as La Violencia, which (lasted) several decades.

FRANCISCO JOSUE LUE MAURICIO

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The Berlin Wall was a physical barrier that divided the city of Berlin into two parts: the eastern part, under Soviet control, and the western part, under the control of the Allied powers (the United States, the United Kingdom, and France). It was built in 1961 and symbolized the division of the Cold War. For nearly 30 years, the wall remained standing, preventing free movement between both sides of the city. Many people tried to cross it, and sadly, many of them died in the attempt. On the night of November 9, 1989, an unexpected event occurred. After months of peaceful protests in East Germany, the communist government announced that it would allow its citizens to travel freely to West Germany. Thousands of East and West Berliners gathered at the wall, climbing and tearing down parts of the structure. The people celebrated with joy, danced, and sang. The border guards opened the checkpoints, and the wall ceased to be a barrier. The event marked the beginning of German reunification and the end of the Cold War.

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The Fall of the Berlin Wall

Jairo Balmore Hernández Hernández.

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Proclamation of the Republic of Brazil

A crucial historical event in Brazil was the Proclamation of the Republic, which occurred on November 15, 1889. This event ended the Empire of Brazil and established a republican government.

Before the proclamation, Brazil was an empire ruled by the monarchy of the House of Braganza, with Emperor Pedro II at its head. However, discontent grew among various sectors of society, including the military, the landowning elite, and intellectuals. The republicans criticized the monarchy and advocated for a more modern and democratic system of government.

On November 15, 1889, a group of military officers led by Marshal Deodoro da Fonseca rose up in Rio de Janeiro. The army marched to the imperial palace and demanded the emperor's abdication. Without the support of the armed forces, Pedro II was forced to relinquish power. The next day, the royal family was exiled to Europe, and the Republic of Brazil was formally proclaimed.

This event marked a peaceful but radical transition in Brazilian history, ending almost 70 years of monarchy and laying the groundwork for the Republic that we have today.

Jairo Balmore Hernández Hernández.

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Centro Espacial John F. Kennedy, Florida, EE. UU.

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Centro Espacial John F. Kennedy, Florida, EE. UU -Kevin Hernandez.

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Centro Espacial John F. Kennedy, Florida, EE. UU -Kevin Hernandez.

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Historical Event: The First Moon Landing (1969)

On July 20, 1969, the world watched in awe as NASA achieved one of humanity's greatest milestones: the first successful moon landing. The Apollo 11 mission launched from Earth on July 16 and traveled through space for four days. Astronauts Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin, and Michael Collins formed the crew of this historic mission.

When the lunar module "Eagle" finally landed on the surface of the moon, Armstrong spoke the famous words, “That’s one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.” He became the first human to walk on the moon, followed by Aldrin. They collected rock samples, conducted experiments, and planted the American flag.

Back on Earth, millions of people watched the broadcast live. The mission proved that space exploration was possible and inspired future generations. After spending about 21 hours on the lunar surface, the astronauts returned safely to Earth on July 24 and were celebrated around the world.

This event changed history, united nations in wonder, and opened the door for future space exploration.

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The Fall of the Qing Dynasty (1911 Revolution)

The Qing Dynasty was the last imperial dynasty of China, and it (ruled) the country for over 250 years. However, by the early 20th century, the dynasty (faced) internal corruption, foreign pressure, and widespread dissatisfaction among the people. In 1911, a group of revolutionaries led by Sun Yat-sen (organized) the Wuchang Uprising, which (sparked) a nationwide revolt.

The Qing government (tried) to suppress the rebellion, but many provinces (declared) their independence. As the revolution (gained) momentum, Emperor Puyi, who was just a child at the time, (was forced) to abdicate the throne in 1912. This (marked) the end of over two thousand years of imperial rule in China.

The revolution (established) the Republic of China and (inspired) future movements for modernization and democracy in the country. Although China later (experienced) political instability, the fall of the Qing Dynasty (remained) a significant turning point in Chinese history.

Marcos Castillo

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Conflict and Escalation of Attacks in June 2025

In June 2025, Iran experienced a dramatic escalation of violence due to a series of airstrikes carried out by Israel on Iranian territory. These attacks hit central areas such as Tehran, Isfahan, and Tabriz, and targeted strategic military facilities, including missile silos and command centers.

This episode marks a critical point in the tensions between Iran and Israel, generating not only serious geopolitical repercussions but also humanitarian and economic consequences, pushing the region to the brink of a possible wider escalation.

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The Emperor looked out over the vast landscape. The project was immense, a serpentine dragon of stone and earth that would protect his empire for generations. Workers toiled in the sun, their faces streaked with dust and sweat. They carried heavy stones up steep hillsides and mixed mortar from clay and sand.

4°G1TIE, Esdras Nehemías Rivera Velasco

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Alexis Alexander Arias Rivas (4TIE01)

On October 13, 1972, Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571, a Fairchild FH-227D carrying 45 people, including the Old Christians rugby team from Montevideo, crashed in the Andes mountains due to a navigation error in bad weather. The plane struck a remote glacier at about 4,000 meters, known as the "Valley of Tears." The impact killed 12 people instantly, and over the following days, 17 more died from injuries, extreme cold reaching -30°C, or an avalanche that buried several survivors. The 16 survivors endured 72 days in brutal conditions with no food or proper gear. To survive, they made the harrowing decision to eat the bodies of the deceased, after intense ethical and religious debates. After two months, Nando Parrado and Roberto Canessa trekked over 60 km for 10 days through the Andes until they found a Chilean muleteer who alerted authorities. On December 22 and 23, 1972, Chilean helicopters rescued the survivors. This story of extreme resilience, teamwork, and moral dilemmas has inspired books like Alive! (1974), films like Alive (1993), and reflections on human survival, while also leading to improved aviation safety measures.

Interesting facts:

Cannibalism Decision: After food supplies were exhausted, the survivors, many of whom were devout Catholics, held intense discussions about the moral implications of eating the deceased. They justified it as a means of survival, comparing it to organ donation or the Eucharist, and began consuming small amounts of flesh to stay alive.

Survival Against Odds: The survivors faced temperatures as low as -30°C and lacked proper clothing or shelter. They created a makeshift shelter from the plane’s fuselage and used seat covers and wreckage to insulate themselves, demonstrating remarkable ingenuity.

Avalanche Tragedy: On October 29, 1972, an avalanche struck the wreckage, killing eight more people and burying the survivors inside the fuselage for days. They dug themselves out with improvised tools, showcasing their resilience.

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Kamchatka Peninsula, Krai de Kamchatka, Rusia

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Kamchatka Peninsula, Krai de Kamchatka, Rusia

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Kamchatka Peninsula, Krai de Kamchatka, Rusia

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8.8 magnitude earthquake off the Kamchatka Peninsula

On July 30, 2025, a large magnitude earthquake (8.8 Mw) occurred on a subduction fault near the coast of the Kamchatka Peninsula, in Russia’s Far East. It represented the strongest since the devastating 2011 Tōhoku earthquake in Japan.

The movement happened on a "megathrust" fault, where the Pacific Plate slid beneath the North American Plate, a zone highly prone to major earthquakes. The tremor was accompanied by tsunami warnings due to its shallow depth (20.7 km).

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In April 2003, the city of Santa Fe in Argentina faced one of its worst natural disasters. After several days of heavy rain, the Salado River rose rapidly and overflowed, breaking through protective levees. The sudden flood caught many residents by surprise, and the water quickly covered entire neighborhoods. More than 100,000 people were affected, and thousands lost their homes.

The floodwaters destroyed roads, damaged schools, and interrupted electricity and drinking water supplies. Hospitals struggled to treat the injured, while rescue teams worked around the clock to reach isolated areas. Many families sought refuge in sports halls and community centers, where volunteers provided food, clothing, and blankets.

In the days that followed, the government and aid organizations sent help, but recovery proved slow and difficult. The disaster left a deep emotional mark on the city and highlighted the urgent need for better flood prevention systems. Years later, many survivors still remembered that day as a turning point in their lives, when the community came together to face the crisis.

By: Brayan Lisandro Martinez Hernandez.

G1-TIE.

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Costa de Kaga, ロ 深田町 Provincia de Kaga, Prefectura de Ishikawa, Japón

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Costa de Kaga, ロ 深田町 Provincia de Kaga, Prefectura de Ishikawa, Japón

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Costa de Kaga, ロ 深田町 Provincia de Kaga, Prefectura de Ishikawa, Japón

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The 1498 tsunami was a devastating event caused by the great Meiō earthquake, a massive 8.6 magnitude seismic event that struck Japan's Nankaidō coast. The resulting tsunami waves were extremely destructive, claiming an estimated 26,000 to 31,000 lives and washing away entire villages. This catastrophic loss of life made it one of the deadliest tsunamis in Japanese history.

The tsunami's physical impact was profound and long-lasting. The powerful waves breached a sand spit, turning the freshwater Lake Hamana into a brackish lake. In a notable incident, the waves also destroyed the building that housed the Great Buddha statue at Kōtoku-in, though the statue itself miraculously remained intact, a well-known example of the tsunami's immense force.

The aftermath of the disaster was a time of immense change. The tsunami not only caused widespread destruction but also permanently altered the coastal topography, disrupting trade routes and towns. The event showed the extreme vulnerability of coastal communities and reinforced the importance of understanding and preparing for such natural disasters, a lesson that has guided Japan's disaster management for centuries.

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Franja de Gaza - By Alejandro Reinosa 4°G1TIE

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Franja de Gaza - By Alejandro Reinosa 4°G1TIE

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Conflict in the Gaza Strip (2023)

On October 7, 2023, the Hamas group launched a surprise attack from the Gaza Strip against southern Israel, using rockets and armed assaults that left over a thousand dead. In response, Israel declared war and began an air and ground offensive in Gaza.

The bombings and blockade of supplies triggered a severe humanitarian crisis, with thousands of deaths, injuries, and displaced people. The conflict caused international divisions: some countries supported Israel’s right to defend itself, while others denounced the excessive use of force and the impact on Palestinian civilians.

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Parque Nacional Cerro Verde.-By WALTER VINDEL 4°G1TIE. 

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Parque Nacional Cerro Verde.-By WALTER VINDEL 4°G1TIE. 

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In the Cerro Verde Natural Park, in Santa Ana, once again the sweetness and color will reign again. And it is that in this busy tourist place of El Salvador the traditional "Crown Jocote Fair" will be held again.

It will be Tomorrow Saturday 19 and Sunday, October 20, the days where national and foreign tourists will live this authentic feast of flavor.

This event not only highlights the gastronomic wealth of the region, but also promotes agrotourism; It also benefits local communities, producers and microentrepreneurs, generating new opportunities for the development of tourism and promoting the identity and traditions of the area.

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In 2019, massive protests erupted in Bolivia after disputed election results. Citizens gathered in the main squares and called for fair elections. The police joined some of the demonstrations, while the military took control of certain areas. Eventually, President Evo Morales announced his resignation and flew to Mexico for asylum.

Douglas Josué Velázquez Martínez

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La peste negra: año 1347-1351 Kirguistán

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La peste negra: año 1347-1351 Kirguistán

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The Black Death was one of the deadliest pandemics in human history. It occurred between 1347 and 1351 and killed an estimated 75 to 200 million people across Europe, Asia, and North Africa. The disease was caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, which was transmitted to humans through fleas that lived on rats. The Black Death spread rapidly along trade routes and affected almost every part of Europe. Cities and villages lost large portions of their populations, sometimes up to half of the people died. The pandemic caused massive social and economic changes. Labor became scarce, which gave surviving workers more power to demand higher wages. The fear and death also influenced art, religion, and culture, leading to a more somber view of life. Many people believed the plague was a punishment from God. Governments and medical experts tried to contain the disease, but they did not understand how it spread. The Black Death eventually ended, but its effects lasted for centuries and changed the course of European history forever.

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Biblioteca Nacional de El Salvador (BINAES), 4 Calle Oriente, San Salvador

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Biblioteca Nacional de El Salvador (BINAES), 4 Calle Oriente, San Salvador 

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Biblioteca Nacional de El Salvador (BINAES), 4 Calle Oriente, San Salvador 

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The National Library of El Salvador (BINAES) WAS INAUGURATED on November 14, 2023, on the same site where the former Francisco Gavidia Library once STOOD.

The project WAS ANNOUNCED in December 2019 after an agreement with China, which FUNDED the construction with about USD 54 million.

Demolition BEGAN in October 2021, and construction STARTED on February 3, 2022.

It IS the first national library in the world to be open 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.

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The largest earthquake ever recorded in history occurred in Valdivia, Chile. 

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The largest earthquake ever recorded occurred in Valdivia, Chile, on May 22, 1960. It measured 9.5 on the Richter scale, making it the most powerful seismic event in history. The quake caused massive destruction in southern Chile and triggered a tsunami that reached the coasts of several Pacific countries, including Japan, the Philippines, and Hawaii.

It is estimated that between 1,000 and 6,000 people died, and hundreds of thousands were left homeless. The earthquake also altered the geography of the region and released an amount of energy equivalent to millions of atomic bombs like the one that was dropped on Hiroshima.

This catastrophic event marked a turning point in seismology, as scientists learned more about the power of subduction zones and developed improved systems for earthquake and tsunami warnings.

By: Diego Alexander Ordoñez

G1-TIE

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El terremoto de 1976 en Guatemala (fue) uno de los desastres naturales más devastadores del país. El 4 de febrero de 1976, un sismo de magnitud 7.5 (golpeó) el país, especialmente las regiones centrales y occidentales. Miles de personas (murieron), muchas casas y edificios (se derrumbaron) y la infraestructura (quedó) gravemente dañada. El gobierno y organizaciones internacionales (trabajaron) para ayudar a los afectados, y este evento (marcó) un antes y un después en la gestión de desastres en Guatemala.

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The beer rescue operation (occurred) in 1944 during the Second World War. British troops in Normandy (suffered) from a lack of beer after the D-Day landings. In response, Royal Air Force pilots (devised) a plan to deliver beer using Spitfire aircraft. Small barrels (were loaded) under the wings and (flown) across the English Channel. This unusual mission (boosted) troop morale and (became) a legendary wartime anecdote, showing that even in conflict, soldiers (valued) comfort and camaraderie.

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The 100-Hour War

The 100-Hour War, also known as the Football War, was an armed conflict that (occurred) between El Salvador and Honduras from July 14 to July 18, 1969. The conflict (had) as its main cause tensions due to Salvadoran migration to Honduras, where Honduran agrarian reforms (affected) thousands of families.

The situation (worsened) when qualifying football matches for the 1970 World Cup (served) as a trigger for nationalism and (caused) riots. On July 14, the Salvadoran army (crossed) the border and (occupied) several Honduran towns. The air and ground battles (reached) even the capital city, Tegucigalpa.

Finally, the Organization of American States (intervened) and on July 18 both countries (agreed) to a ceasefire. The war (caused) thousands of deaths and injuries, and (forced) the expulsion of more than 300,000 Salvadorans from Honduras. Diplomatic and commercial relations (remained) interrupted for more than a decade.

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Germany's thrashing of Brazil in the 2014 World Cup

On July 8, 2014, the German national team (faced) Brazil in the semifinal of the FIFA World Cup, held in Belo Horizonte. From the start of the match, Germany (showed) a fast and precise game. In just 29 minutes, the German team (scored) five goals, leaving the crowd and the Brazilian players completely shocked. Miroslav Klose (scored) his 16th World Cup goal and (broke) the all-time scoring record. Thomas Müller, Toni Kroos, and Sami Khedira also (contributed) to the scoreboard. In the second half, Germany (added) two more goals through André Schürrle, while Brazil only (managed) to score a consolation goal with Oscar in the final minutes. Finally, Germany (defeated) Brazil 7–1, a result that (remained) engraved as one of the biggest humiliations in football history.

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In 2019, massive protests erupted in Bolivia after disputed election results. Citizens gathered in the main squares and called for fair elections. The police joined some of the demonstrations, while the military took control of certain areas. Eventually, President Evo Morales announced his resignation and flew to Mexico for asylum.

Douglas Josué Velázquez Martínez

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Restos del Muro de Berlín, Calle de Marcenado, Madrid, España

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Restos del Muro de Berlín, Calle de Marcenado, Madrid, España

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Restos del Muro de Berlín, Calle de Marcenado, Madrid, España

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The Berlin Wall was a structure that divided Berlin into two parts: east and west, from 1961 to 1989. This wall became a symbol of the Cold War and the ideological divide between the communist bloc and the Western world.
On November 9, 1989, an event occurred that marked a turning point in European history. The East German authorities (announced) that citizens could freely cross the border into West Berlin. Thousands of people went to the checkpoints, and the surprised border guards (allowed) unrestricted passage.
The excited population tore (down) parts of the wall with improvised tools. This symbolic act (represented) the end of decades of separation and (began) the process of German (reunification). Shortly thereafter, Germany was officially unified in 1990.
The fall of the Wall not only (transformed) Germany, but also (accelerated) the collapse of communist regimes in Eastern Europe and (contributed) to the end of the Cold War.

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The 2001 Earthquake in El Salvador

On January 13, 2001, a powerful earthquake struck El Salvador. Many houses collapsed, roads were destroyed, and hundreds of families lost everything. Rescuers worked day and night, and the solidarity of the people united the country in the midst of the tragedy.

Andrés Eduardo Caballero Ramos

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The June 19 earthquake in Guatemala was one of the country's most devastating natural disasters. On February 4, 1976, a magnitude 7.5 earthquake struck the country, especially the central and western regions. Thousands of people died, many homes and buildings collapsed, and infrastructure was severely damaged. The government and international organizations worked to help those affected, and this event marked a turning point in disaster management in Guatemala.

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Rosa Parks Circle, Monroe Center Street Northwest, Grand Rapids, Míchigan, EE. UU.

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Rosa Parks Circle, Monroe Center Street Northwest, Grand Rapids, Míchigan, EE. UU.

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Rosa Parks Circle, Monroe Center Street Northwest, Grand Rapids, Míchigan, EE. UU.

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On December 1, 1955, an African American woman named Rosa Parks (was) riding a bus in Montgomery, Alabama. During this time, public buses (were) segregated by race.

When the bus (became) full, the driver (ordered) Parks to give her seat to a white passenger. She calmly (refused). Her act of defiance (was) a brave stand against injustice. As a result, the police (arrived) and (arrested) her.

Her arrest (sparked) outrage in the community and (led) to the Montgomery Bus Boycott, which (was organized) by civil rights leaders like Martin Luther King Jr. The boycott (lasted) for 381 days and finally, the Supreme Court (ruled) that segregation on public buses (was) unconstitutional. Rosa Parks's simple act (helped) to change a nation.

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On July 28, 1821, José de San Martín (proclaimed) the independence of Peru in Lima. Later, Simón Bolívar (arrived) and (helped) in the struggle. Finally, in 1824, the patriots (defeated) the royalists at the Battle of Ayacucho.

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Centro Histórico de SS, San Salvador, El Salvador

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Centro Histórico de SS, San Salvador, El Salvador

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Centro Histórico de SS, San Salvador, El Salvador

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The Modernization of the Historic Center of San Salvador

In recent years, the Historic Center of San Salvador was transformed into one of the most important urban projects in the country. For decades, the area suffered neglect, faced insecurity, and lost much of its cultural value.

The government and the community worked together to recover its beauty. They restored buildings, cleaned the plazas, and organized cultural events that attracted thousands of people. Historic sites such as the National Palace and the National Theater were repaired and painted, while streets became pedestrian zones.

The authorities also implemented modern lighting, removed unsafe structures, and encouraged local businesses to open again. This modernization created new jobs, improved safety, and gave citizens a renewed sense of pride.

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René Fernando Herrera. Antigua Guatemala, Guatemala

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René Fernando Herrera. Antigua Guatemala, Guatemala

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The history of Guatemala as an independent nation began on September 15, 1821, when it declared independence from Spanish rule. Among the most significant subsequent events are the Liberal Reform of 1871, which transformed the country’s political and economic structure; the Internal Armed Conflict (1960–1996), one of the most difficult periods in its contemporary history; and the establishment of the democratic system in 1985, with the promulgation of the current Constitution.