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Start your Padlet Character Journal by creating a new Box with the title of the character (eg., Colonel Oliver Brattle) brief summary (2-3 sentences) - enter in the body of the text block

attitudes or emotions that the character has toward the war or the enemy - enter in the body of the text block

a short quote that expresses this characters feelings - enter in body of the text block

When finished hit "publish"

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When the Union marched into Virginia, their aim was to cut the railroad at Manassas, and then move on to Richmond.

To stop the Union invasion, General Beauregard and 22,000 troops had moved north from Richmond.

A spy in Washington had alerted Beauregard of the invasion, allowing the Confederates to be prepared.

Hundreds of Washingtonians rode out to Manassas to watch the battle.

The Union sent men across Bull Run, smashing into the left side of the Confederate line, driving them from one position to another.

The Union thought that the war would be over at Bull Run, and thought that the war would last only 90 days.

The Union victory looked so sure that some men even stopped to gather souvenirs.

A Virginia brigade led by General Thomas Jackson, who was holding his guard while other brigades faltered.

The Confederates staged a counter attack, marking the turning point of the battle.

The crowd threatened the Union to fight back and called them cowards.

Many people were horribly hurt and died.

The Confederacy won the battle, showing that the Union severely underestimated the Confederacy.

Frederick Douglass thought that African Americans should be able to join the Union Amy, as they were the ones who most wanted to humiliate the Confederates.

Five days after Bull Run, a new General named George Brinton McClellan took the now demoralized and disgruntled army.

McClellan replaced clumsy officers with regulars, laid out tidy camps around Washington, and drilled the men 8 hours a day.

With Abraham Lincoln, McClellan and his staff divised a three pronged attack on the Confederacy. One army would take Richmond, another would take Kentucky and Tennesse, and then occupy Georgia, Mississippi, and Alabama. The navy would clear the Mississippi river, and choke off supplies.

Lincoln later elevated McClellan to the rank of General-in-Chief.

After having made a magnificent army, McClellan had no plans to use it, and did nothing with it.

In September, Ulysses S. Grant took Paduhca, Kentucky.

Unfortunately, his undisciplined recruits had raided a Confederate fort instead of preparing for a counter attack, returning Grant to desk duty.

In November General William Sherman was removed from his position of Union leader in Kentucky when he insisted that at least 200,000 men would be needed to suppress the Rebellion.

After this, Sherman fell into a deep depression, and was contemplating suicide.

By the end of 1861, there were 700,000 men in the Union army, but no one knew how many Confederates there were.

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(Pg. 1) Colonel Oliver Brattle woke up to the explosions from the attack on Fort Sumter. He went outside to see people celebrating over the attack.

He seems to agree with the people celebrating and thinks that the attack was a good thing, so is probably a Confederate.

"You'd have thought that the crowds were enjoying a Fourth of July display. Some brought baskets of food to the rooftops and raised glasses in toasts to Carolina, Jefferson Davis, and General Beauregard. I was silent, though I shared their allegiance."

(Pg. 41) Brattle joined General Beauregard's staff to advise him, but found that Beauregard was not a brilliant general, and was arrogant and full of himself.

"He was short, like Napoleon, and believed himself to be a brilliant general. In private, I feared that the similarity between them ended with their height."

(Pg. 65) The battle was in full action, and General Beauregard was in a state of utter confusion. The plan that he had made had not been working, as none of the troops had done what they were told. General Johnston eventually couldn't stand just watching and went towards the battle.

"His orders had been maddeningly vague. Many seemed never to have been received. We lack couriers and were starved for reports. We who were directing the battle knew nothing!"

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(Pg. 3) Lily Malloy talks about her abusive father, and tells how her brother ran away, trying to join the Union.

Lily doesn't tell her opinion in this chapter, and just talks about her family.

"And each evening all six of us were whipped for whatever failings he'd noticed that day. If no fault could be found, we were whipped just the same for any wrongs committed out of his sight."

(Pg. 27) Lily recounts how she received a letter from Patrick, stating that he had joined the army, and what it was like. When she came back home, everyone but her father rushed to read the letter, but in the morning Lily noticed his thumbprints on the pages of the letter.

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(Pg. 5) Shem Suggs was an orphan and a lover of horses. His love of horses went so far that wanted to join the cavalry just to get his own horse.

He doesn't seem to have an opinion on he war, he just wants to join the cavalry to get his own horse.

"I asked Mr. Bee to read the words below. They called men to join the cavalry. Mr Bee hated Yankees the way a broom hates dirt, and he started in again on Lincoln and the sovereign states and the constitutional rights to secede. I just nodded my head like a wooden puppet, thinking about the newspaper instead. It said they'd give me a horse.

(Pg. 21) Suggs walked all the way to Virginia to find the cavalry, and told them that he wanted to groom the horses, which he was allowed to do. One morning a captain came up to him and said that a man had died and that Suggs could have the man's horse and join company A. Even though the horse was ragged and dirty, Sugg's heart was pounding.

"The horse was named Greta. She was a small, bandy-legged gray. Teeth rotten. Ragged mane. Some might have waited for another man to die. But to me, no finer horse ever breathed."

(Pg. 53) Suggs recounts how he could tell the battle was about to begin, and how the horses could tell, too. He then comes across a man reading a story about an explorer named Gulliver who discovered a country where horses ruled, and humans were thought of as beasts, as they fought wars while the horses were peaceful. Suggs wished he were there and tried not to think of the incoming battle.

"When the man stopped reading, I promised myself that if I lived through the war I'd learn my letters and read the rest of that book."

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(Pg. 7) Gideon Adams was a black man who helped try to recruit a company of Home Guards made up of black citizens. They were stopped by a crowd of mostly drunk whites with clubs that thought that the civil war was a white man's war, and black people shouldn't be "parading about with guns."

Gideon seems to be eager to fight for his country and show his energy and courage, I am also guessing that he is against the Confederates because he is seemingly a free man.

"I inserted the key in the door's padlock, but a police captain roughly drew it out. He announced that our meeting was canceled and our entire enterprise with it, on the grounds of inviting mob violence. 'Go back to your miserable homes!' he ordered us, rather than the whites. 'And stay there!' I vowed that I would do otherwise."

(Pg. 15) Gideon Adams had attempted to join the Union infantry, but was denied because his curly hair showing through his hat made the recruiting officer think that he was black. (He didn't think this because of his skin because Gideon's skin was a lighter shade.) He returned the next day with his hair clipped short and got into the army under a false name.

"The enlisting officer had just asked me to sign when he noticed the hair curling out from my cap, saw for the first time that I was a Negro, and informed me in the most impolite terms that I could not be admitted as a soldier."

(Pg. 39) Adams states that he dislikes his new life in the army, as it is not anything like he hoped it would be. Many of the soldiers said that they were fighting against secession, not slavery, and some said that they were going to rush right back to Ohio when their enlistments were up, even if the Confederates were marching on Washington.

"Most of them said they were fighting against secession, not slavery. Some declared they'd rather shoot Negroes than the rebels. My ears burned at such words."

(Pg. 55) Gideon wakes up at 2 o'clock to find the whole regiment stirring as well. After making breakfast he and the other soldiers march through the darkness To bull run. A cannon was loaded and fired at 6 o'clock.

"Finally we approached a stone bridge that crossed Bull Run. The stream murmured softly. We halted. Not a shot had been heard."

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(Pg. 9) Flora Wheelworth and her daughters had been preparing for their husbands to go off to war. When they arrived at the place for the soldiers to board their train, there were many women giving their husbands keepsakes and gifts as they will be going to war.

Flora Wheelworth is supporter of the Confederates, as she states that "Each night we set candles in every window, proclaiming our joy at joining the Confederacy."

(Pg. 37) Wheelworth and her servants had organized a Soldiers' Friend League after her daughters had left. They tirelessly made shirts and rolled bandages. Soon General Beauregard arrived in Virginia, but had not attacked the Union yet because of his honor, as Lincoln had been fearing an attack and had been drinking lately.

(Pg. 56) Wheelworth woke up early on Sunday and began to pray. Soon enough, she heard gunshots and explosions. Knowing that the battle had started, she continued to pray for her daughter's husbands.

"I left my chair, knelt on the floor, clasped my hands more tightly than before, and continued praying for a full two hours."

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(Pg. 11) Dacy was a sketch artist traveling with the union army that was supposed to be making drawings of the war that would let viewers imagine themselves in the war. When he arrived in Baltimore with the army, there were Confederate supporters that had started to throw things at the soldiers from vegetables to paving blocks. When the soldiers were ordered to fire upon the crowd, the artist joined in after witnessing a soldier being shot and killed by one of the Confederate supporters.

Dacy seems to be on the side of the Union, as he joins in the firing upon the crowd.

"A Cambridge lad to my left was struck and sank upon one knee. A spectator tried to steal his musket. Then a shot rang out and a soldier just beside me fell to the ground. I'm a Boston man myself, and I snatched up the martyr's gun, hot for revenge. The company was ordered to fire upon the mob. I joined them."

(Pg. 31) Dacy states how he wishes that he could render his drawings in color, as he was amazed by the many colors of the different regiments. He also recounts that had been watching the army training, sure that no army was better than the Union's, when he had headed into the forest, coming upon an inexperienced civilian officer barking orders to trees and poring over a book, which filled Dacy with foreboding.

"I'd come upon an officer, no doubt one of the many inexperienced civilians elected to his post. He was poring over a book, and was practicing shouting orders to the trees. The scene filled me with foreboding."

(Pg. 64) Dacy was drawing the battle, filled with excitement. Eventually he couldn't bear only drawing the battle and got to his feet and started to cheer on the Union.

"My eyes were in constant motion. Here, four cannons rumbled up the road. There, a pair of soldiers carried a wounded comrade upon their crossed rifles. Below me, a company shouted three cheers for the Union before plunging into the fray. I could scarcely contain my own excitement."

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(Pg. 13) Toby Boyce desperately wanted to fight in the war, but was only eleven. He decided to try to get in by trying to join the band, in which he was successful, but could not ply the instrument that he said he could, the fife, at all.

Toby seems to be on the Confederate side, as he states "I was eleven years old and desperate to kill a Yankee."

(Pg. 29) Boyce states how he found someone to teach him the fife, and practiced all day until night to get better. When he returned to the army after his teachings, he saw how the men got drunk, and wished that he had never left home, fearing for his life.

"I feared for my life when men got drunk. It was not the Christian life I'd known, and I began to wish I'd never left home."

(Pg. 63) The Confederate soldiers at Boyce's camp were called to fight, all of them confident and vowing to defeat the Union soldiers. This filled Boyce with envy, making him wish he had a rifle in his hands instead of a fife.

"Seeing them leave for battle, proud as stallions, filled me full of envy. I didn't care a cow tick for playing the fife and longed for a rifle in my hands instead."

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(Pg. 19) Nathaniel Epp was a photographer that had traveled to Washington to photograph soldiers, as all of them wanted their pictures made, which would make him a lot of money. When he arrived, the soldiers were fighting over who would get their picture taken, and eventually somebody was killed. He managed to get a shot of him dying, which looked like a soul coming out of a body. He used this picture to display it for money.

Epp doesn't yet seem to have an opinion on the war, and seems to just care about the money.

"I was steering south for Washington. Soldiers by the thousand were camped there, and every one of 'em wanted his picture made."

(Pg. 47) Epp recounts following the Union soldiers to Centreville, in which the soldiers pillaged the village, breaking into houses, taking what they wanted, and taking down any Rebel flags they saw. Later some regiments attempted to attack the Confederates and failed. Epp then took more photographs of the soldiers, and then displayed his human soul photo.

"The men looked glum. They knew they might die, and seemed desperate to see that they would live on, framed and set upon a table."

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(Pg. 17) Virgil Peavey tells how he and other Confederate soldiers had boarded a train to Montgomery, the soldiers cheering and drinking the whole time, as they expected to win. They then came across a Union supporter, who they all agreed to kick off of the train at the next stop.

Virgil Peavey seems to be a Confederate, as he states "and now we'd cut free from Yankee Tyrants and would be independent forever after."

(Pg. 49) Peavey and the other Confederate soldiers joined General Bee's brigade after arriving in Harpers Ferry, Virginia, but everybody was talking about General Jackson, who was extremely religious. The first thing that he did in Harpers Ferry was finding every barrel of liquor and getting rid of it. Later Peavey's colonel announced that they most likely be going to battle the next day.

"He was upright and religious to a dreadful degree. The first thing he did in Harpers Ferry was searc out every barrel of liquor and pour it all to waste in the street.

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(Pg. 23) Dietrich Herz was a German soldier in a mostly German regiment. He recounts how the first box from the Soldier's Aid Society was filled with linen shirts and handkerchiefs, all with encouraging notes. Although his had a picture of a young woman with a note stating "I fear I will take my own life."

Dietrich Herz is on the Union side, as he states "None, though, could doubt our love for the Union."

(Pg. 61) Herz and his division marched west to attempt to surprise the Confederate army, but the Confederacy was ready and attacked. Herz and his division charged up a slope as Herz heard cries and explosions. After accidentally firing his ramrod out of his gun, he thought of Germany and his family, and then seemingly blacked out or died.

"I felt I was advancing into a dream. There were cries and explosions. The air stank of sulfur. I passed a man sitting with his intestines spread out in his lap and wondered if the sight was real."

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(Pg. 25) Dr. Rye states how he dislikes killing, and hates the war, as it is filled with it. He also states how many illnesses the soldiers get, and how he feels defeated when he fails to save one of them.

The Dr. Seems to be on the Union's side, as he was assigned to the North Carolina regiment.

"I felt defeat at each death, and consolation. Those who'd died, I told myself, at least hadn't lived to maim and murder countless other men in battle. It was a thought I never shared with the officers."

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(Pg. 33) Judah Jenkins states how he watched as the Union invaded Virginia, and how the hotel owner had killed a colonel, which resulted in a Union soldier shooting him in the face, and then relentlessly stabbing him with a bayonet. This made Jenkins furious, and he joined the Confederate army the next day.

Jenkins is very clearly in league with the Confederates, as he joins them after witnessing the hotel owner die.

"Until that day I'd had doubts about secession. That evening I rode a horse to Centreville and joined the Confederates as a courier."

(Pg. 59) Judah Jenkins was ordered to go to to Colonel Evans to tell him of the Union's postion, but as he was riding his horse, he noticed that he was heading straight for the battle. He had tied down his horse's reins to a tree when one of the cannons went off, which caused the reins to break, letting the horse run away.

"It dawned upon me that I was headed straight for the fighting. It dawned on my horse as well. The musket balls began to whiz past us. He slowed, two legs moving ahead while the other two tried to retreat."

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(Pg. 35) McDowell states how, as the general of the Potomac, he is expected to crush the Confederate with speed. He complains about this because most of his soldiers are enlisted for ninety days, and whose enlistments end soon. On top of that, the officers know nothing of battle, and his army is lacking supplies.

McDowell is in charge of the Army of the Potomac, and is therefore on the Union side.

"I felt myself to be a horse who's ordered to gallop while still hitched to a post. As commander of the Army of the Potomac, I was expected to crush the Confederacy's army and, if need be, take Richmond, its capital. The public, the press, the politicians, the President - all demanded it."

(Pg. 51) General McDowell has made a plan to attack General Beauregard's army on Sunday.

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Tilbury recounts the parade when he and other soldiers left Washington to march to Richmond. When they started marching, many of the soldiers left their ranks to pick berries, (including Tilbury) rest, or refill their water. When they set up camp at the end of the day, they learned that they had only marched 6 miles.

Tilbury is on the side of the Union, as he states "I'd never known a Southerner either." Showing that he is from the north.

"Men wandered off to refill their canteens or chase chickens or rest in the shade of a tree. Blackberries were ripe along the road, and whole companies left ranks to pick them, singing and joshing all the while."

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King was an enslaved woman whose master brought her along to a Confederate camp. She recalls knowing that the Union was nearby, and planned to run away to their camp during the battle, thinking that the Northerners were there to free enslaved people. Later, another enslaved person told her that the northerners would hand back any escaped enslaved people to the south, which caught her off guard.

King seems to side with the Union, as she plans to run away to them.

"Then at supper another slave told how those that crossed over were handed back to their owners by the Yankees! My bowl slipped right out of my hands. I thought the Yankees had come to save us."

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Edmund Upwing was a Cabman that was taking two congressmen and their wives to Centreville to watch the battle of Bull Run. He states how even though cabmen are thought to be dull, he always listens in to the conversations that his passengers are having, and learns a lot about Washington from it.

Upwing seems to be on the side of the Union, as he says "to watch the thrashing of the rebs," which shows that he thinks that the Confederacy will be beaten.

"But they chattered like sparrows. I caught a good deal of it, as usual. Cabmen dull witted as their nags? Don't be daft! They know more of Washington than the President."