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They suggest that in order to keep global health firmly on the political agenda, and to strengthen action on the determinants of health, reform and strengthenin

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Global Health refers to ‘those health issues, which transcend national boundaries and governments and call for actions on the global forces and global flows that determine the health of people

Global Health Governance is defined as “the use of formal and informal institutions, rules, and processes by states, intergovernmental organizations, and non-state actors to deal with challenges to health that require cross-border collective action to address effectively.

1)Global Health Governance refers mainly to organisations and processes of global governance which have explicit health mandates, e.g. World Health Organization

2)Global Governance for Health refers mainly to organisations and processes of global governance which have either a direct and/or indirect health impact, e.g. United Nations, and World Trade Organization

3)Governance for Global Health refers to organisations and mechanisms established at National and/or Regional Level that contribute to Global Health Governance and/or to Governance for Global Health e.g. National and/or Regional Global Health Strategies or Initiatives

References:

1-Kickbusch I. The need for a European strategy on global health. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 2006; 34: 561–565

2-Kheir-Mataria WA, El-Fawal H, Bhuiyan S, Chun S. Global Health Governance and Health Equity in the Context of COVID-19: A Scoping Review. InHealthcare 2022 Mar 15 (Vol. 10, No. 3, p. 540). MDPI.

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1. Origins -

Historically, health governance can be traced to the most ancient human societies where agreed rules and practices about hygiene and disease were adopted.

Early forms - cooperation on health matters between two or more countries (adoption of quarantine practices)

2. Sharing of scientific knowledge in organized fashion alongside emerging sense of an international health community.

Scientific meetings on health-related themes in understanding the causes of a number of diseases, such as cholera and tuberculosis.

A growing body of scientific knowledge was beginning to be shared in a more organized fashion along with the emerging sense of an international health community.

International meetings were held on social issues impacted on public health (trafficking of liquor and opium).

3. Post WWII

Significant expansion in IHG through the establishment of new institutions and official development assistance for health purposes. The UN system created WHO in 1948 as the UN specialised agency for health.

4. Globalization in late 20th centuries - emphasized on SDOH (WHO, Unicef, UNDP, UNFPA, World Bank), trade and health policy (WTO)

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Role/significance of global health governance

1. Managing Global Health Threats

2. Promoting Health Equity

3. Setting International Health Standards

4. Fostering Research and Innovation

5. Responding to communicable and Non-communicable Diseases

6. Addressing Environmental and Social Determinants of Health

7. Improving Health Systems Globally

8. Ensuring Global Health Security

Mandate of the World Health Organisation has 6 Core Functions:

1. Provision of collective health leadership,

2. Shaping of research as well as the generation and dissemination of knowledge

3. Setting of norms and standards and the promotion and monitoring of their implementation

4. Production of ethical and evidence-based policy options

5. Provision of technical support and capacity-building

6. Monitoring of health situations and trends

ttps://www.physio-pedia.com/Global_Health_Governance

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2nd element : The need to define and address the determinants of health from a multi-sectoral perspective.

--> global system of health governance begins with the recognition that a broad range of determinants impact on population health including social and natural environments.

-->recognised to some extent through the increased involvement of other forms of expertise in health policy making (e.g. economics, anthropology) and links with other social sectors (e.g. education, labour).

-->Eg ; ministries of health and international health organizations have sought to engage more directly with sectors traditionally seen as relatively separate from health (e.g. trade, environment, agriculture) in recognition of “cross sectoral” policy issues at play.

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1st element : "Deterritorialization" of how we think about and promote health, and thus the need to address factors which cross, and even ignore, the geographical boundaries of the state.

-->aim of protecting domestic populations within certain defined geographical boundaries through such practices as quarantine, cordon sanitaire, and internationally agreed standards governing the reporting of infectious disease, trade and population mobility. All of these efforts have been focused on the point of contact, the national border of

states.

-->The COVID-19 pandemic reminds us that no country acting alone can respond effectively to health threats in a globalized world. Global governance is necessary to coordinate the global health response. Yet, the COVID-19 pandemic has revealed deep fissures in global health governance, with international organizations facing obstacles from nationalist governments in managing a common threat. The COVID-19 pandemic is reframing global health governance. Considering key structural limitations in meeting enormous challenges, how can we best realize global solidarity in an age of populist nationalism? With the sheer scale of human, social, and economic upheaval, we face an imperative to strengthen global health institutions and governance.

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3rd element: The need to involve a broader range of actors and interests

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3rd element: The need to involve a broader range of actors and interests

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IHG: Institutions such as WHO, World Bank, European Union and PAHO are governed by their state members, mandates are defined by their role in supporting the national health systems of the member states. Universality of activities are decided by the participation of the member states

On the contrary, certain issues in GHG are oblivious to state boundaries

Thus, global health must also involves NGOs, multinational corporations, citizens' movements

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Source: Global Health Governance, A Conceptual Review (Richard Dogson, Kelley Lee, Nick Drager)

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Source: Global Health Governance, A Conceptual Review (Richard Dogson, Kelley Lee, Nick Drager)