# data[].attributes.headline
Neuroplasticity as a function of second language learning: Anatomical changes in the human brain.

# data[].attributes.subject
Neuroplasticity as a function of second language learning: Anatomical changes in the human brain.

# data[].attributes.headline
Vida-Mannl, Manuela. (2022). The value of the English language in global mobility and higher education: An investigation of higher education in Cyprus.

# data[].attributes.subject
Vida-Mannl, Manuela. (2022). The value of the English language in global mobility and higher education: An investigation of higher education in Cyprus.

# data[].attributes.headline
The Handbook of the Neuroscience of Multilingualism, John W. Schwieter, Michel Paradis

# data[].attributes.subject
The Handbook of the Neuroscience of Multilingualism, John W. Schwieter, Michel Paradis

# data[].attributes.body
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781119387725

# data[].attributes.headline
Schneider, Edgar W. (2011). English Around the World.

# data[].attributes.subject
Schneider, Edgar W. (2011). English Around the World.

# data[].attributes.headline
Moldenhauer, Sarah, Author. (2020) 'Böttger, Heiner (Hrsg.): Focus on Evidence II. Netzwerke zwischen Fremdsprachendidaktik und Neurowissenschaften. Tübingen: Narr Francke Attempto, 2018',

# data[].attributes.subject
Moldenhauer, Sarah, Author. (2020) 'Böttger, Heiner (Hrsg.): Focus on Evidence II. Netzwerke zwischen Fremdsprachendidaktik und Neurowissenschaften. Tübingen: Narr Francke Attempto, 2018',

# data[].attributes.headline
Seidlhofer, Barbara. (2011). Understanding English as a Lingua Franca.

# data[].attributes.subject
Seidlhofer, Barbara. (2011). Understanding English as a Lingua Franca.

# data[].attributes.headline
Jenkins, Jennifer. (2007). English as a Lingua Franca: Attitudes and Identity.

# data[].attributes.subject
Jenkins, Jennifer. (2007). English as a Lingua Franca: Attitudes and Identity.

# data[].attributes.headline
Neurodidaktik des frühen Sprachenlernens. : Wo die Sprache zuhause ist

# data[].attributes.subject
Neurodidaktik des frühen Sprachenlernens. : Wo die Sprache zuhause ist

# data[].attributes.body
1.1. Background and Relevance of the Study
1.2. Research Objectives and Questions
1.3. Structure of the Paper

# data[].attributes.body
2.1. Definition of Multilingualism
2.2. Overview of Neuroplasticity and its Role in Cognitive Development
2.3. Cognitive Flexibility and Memory in Multilingual Individuals
2.4. The Role of English as a Lingua Franca in Multilingual Contexts

# data[].attributes.body
3.1. Study Design and Hypotheses
3.2. Participant Recruitment and Demographics
3.3. Description of the Questionnaire and Tests
3.3.1. Word Association Test
3.3.2. Memory Test
3.4. Data Collection and Ethical Considerations

# data[].attributes.body
4.1. Findings from the Word Association Test
4.2. Findings from the Memory Test
4.3. Comparison between Multilingual and Less-Lingual Speakers
4.4. Insights into the Influence of English as a Lingua Franca

# data[].attributes.body
5.4.1. Overview of Duolingo
5.4.2. Neuroplasticity and Language Learning through Duolingo
5.4.3. Effectiveness of Duolingo in Promoting Brain Plasticity

# data[].attributes.body
5.1. Interpretation of Results in Relation to Cognitive Flexibility
5.2. Impact of Multilingualism on Memory Performance
5.3. Role of Neuroplasticity in Explaining the Findings
5.4. Implications for Education and Global Communication

# data[].attributes.body
6.1. Summary of Findings
6.2. Limitations of the Study
6.3. Suggestions for Future Research

# data[].attributes.headline
Multilingualism and Cognitive Flexibility: Insights from Neuroscience and Linguistics

# data[].attributes.subject
Multilingualism and Cognitive Flexibility: Insights from Neuroscience and Linguistics

# data[].attributes.headline
Does the Bilingual Advantage in Cognitive Control Exist and If So, What Are Its Modulating Factors? A Systematic Review

# data[].attributes.subject
Does the Bilingual Advantage in Cognitive Control Exist and If So, What Are Its Modulating Factors? A Systematic Review

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Does the Bilingual Advantage in Cognitive Control Exist and If So, What Are Its Modulating Factors? A Systematic Review

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Recently, doubts were raised about the existence of the bilingual advantage in cognitive control. The aim of the present review was to investigate the bilingual advantage and its modulating factors. We searched the Medline, ScienceDirect, Scopus,…

# data[].attributes.headline
The Cognitive Benefits of Speaking Multiple Languages

# data[].attributes.subject
The Cognitive Benefits of Speaking Multiple Languages

# data[].attributes.headline
Multilingualism is associated with small task-specific advantages in cognitive performance of older adults

# data[].attributes.subject
Multilingualism is associated with small task-specific advantages in cognitive performance of older adults

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Multilingualism is associated with small task-specific advantages in cognitive performance of older adults - Scientific Reports

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Scientific Reports - Multilingualism is associated with small task-specific advantages in cognitive performance of older adults

# data[].attributes.headline
The Cognitive Benefits of Being Bilingual

# data[].attributes.subject
The Cognitive Benefits of Being Bilingual

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The Cognitive Benefits of Being Bilingual

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Today, more of the world’s population is bilingual or multilingual than monolingual. In addition to facilitating cross-cultural communication, this trend also positively affects cognitive abilities. Researchers have shown that the bilingual brain…

# data[].attributes.body
Fremdsprachen helfen dem Gedächtnis

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Mehrsprachigkeit trainiert das Gehirn und erhöht dessen Leistungsfähigkeit. Eine neue Studie zeigt: Wer mehrere Sprachen lernt, kann damit auch sein visuelles Gedächtnis verbessern - und das unabhängig vom Alter. Von Lara Kubotsch.

# data[].attributes.body
Metalinguistisches Bewusstsein (metalinguistic awareness)

Intelligenz und mentale Flexibilität

Selektive Aufmerksamkeit kann bei Kindern multi von Vorteil sein

Erfolgsfaktoren für den Zweitspracherwerb Faktor 1: Sprachkenntnis in beiden Sprachen

# data[].attributes.headline
Metacognitions about Language Skill and Working Memory among Monolingual and Bilingual College Students: When Does Multilingualism Matter?

# data[].attributes.subject
Metacognitions about Language Skill and Working Memory among Monolingual and Bilingual College Students: When Does Multilingualism Matter?

# data[].attributes.body
The present research compares metacognitive awareness, as measured by self-ratings of reading, writing, speaking and listening skills in college students of varying language experience backgrounds. Monolingual, bilingual and multilingual university students within three cultural contexts, America, Estonia and France, read for comprehension and remembered sentence final words of comprehended sentences in a reading span task in their native languages.

The results show that bilingual and multilingual students have better metalinguistic awareness of their language skills in reading and WM than do students who are monolingual, but who have comparable native language skills.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Metacognitions about Language Skill and Working Memory among Monolingual and Bilingual College Students: When Does Multilingualism Matter?

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Previous research has shown that individual differences in working memory (WM) are highly predictive of a wide range of cognitive behaviours. Until recently, research has focused on monolingual, o…

# data[].attributes.body
Bilingualism and working memory capacity: A comprehensive meta-analysis

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Bilingualism and working memory capacity: A comprehensive meta-analysis - John G Grundy, Kalinka Timmer, 2017

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Bilinguals often outperform monolinguals on executive function tasks, including tasks that tap cognitive flexibility, conflict monitoring, and task-switching ab…

# data[].attributes.headline
Cognitive flexibility in drawings of bilingual children

# data[].attributes.subject
Cognitive flexibility in drawings of bilingual children

# data[].attributes.body
Adi-Japha E, Berberich-Artzi J, Libnawi A (2010) Cognitive flexibility in drawings of bilingual children. Child Development 81: 1356–66.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Cognitive flexibility in drawings of bilingual children - PubMed

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
A. Karmiloff-Smith’s (1990) task of drawing a nonexistent object is considered to be a measure of cognitive flexibility. The notion of earlier emergence of cognitive flexibility in bilingual children motivated the current researchers to request 4- and 5-year-old English-Hebrew and Arabic-Hebrew bili …

# data[].attributes.headline
Working Memory Capacity as Executive Attention

# data[].attributes.subject
Working Memory Capacity as Executive Attention

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Working Memory Capacity as Executive Attention - Randall W. Engle, 2002

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Performance on measures of working memory (WM) capacity predicts performance on a wide range of real-world cognitive tasks. I review the idea that WM capacity (…