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Part of the Seven Years' War in Europe. Britain and France fought for control of the Ohio Valley and Canada. The colonies fought under British commanders. Britain eventually won, and gained control of all of the remaining French possessions in Canada

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state of human society, in which a high level of culture, science, and government has been reached.

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Total ownership of one person over another.

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An economic system built on the assumption that the world's supply of wealth is fixed and that nations must export more goods than they import to assure a steady supply of gold and silver into national coffers. Mercantile thinkers saw the inflow of such wealth as the key to maintaining and enhancing national power and self-sufficiency. Within this context, the accumulation and development of colonies was of great importance, since colonies could supply scarce raw materials to parent nations and serve as markets for finished goods.

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Religious reform movement in the 16th and 17th centuries that sought to “purify” the church of England.

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The process of transferring plants, animals, foods, diseases, wealth, and culture between Europe and the Americas, beginning at the time of Christopher Columbus and continuing throughout the era of exploration and expansion.

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The government in Spain gave away large tracts of conquered land in Spanish America, including whole villages of indigenous peoples, to court favorites, including many conquistadores. These new landlords were supposed to educate the natives and teach them the Roman Catholic faith. The system was rife with abuse, however. Landlords rarely offered much education, preferring instead to exploit the labor of the local inhabitants, whom they treated like slaves.

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In an effort to entice English subjects to the colonies, parties would offer legal bonded contracts that would exchange the cost of passage across the Atlantic for up to seven years of labor in America.

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Colonies founded by the Puritans for religious purposes. Goal was to create a society as God intended.

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Colonies with a large agricultural base. Because of location they were key distribution centers in the English Mercantile System

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Economic exchange amongst three markets and geographies

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Colonies focused on cash crops.

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This colony served two purposes. The first was simply to protect the beaver pelt and other trade on the Hudson River for the Dutch West Indies Company. The second was to challenge the British, and to some extent the French and the Spanish, for the resources and land of eastern North America

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The biggest shipbuilding center in the colonies. Key port city because of its easy access for inland farmers and other commodity goods that needed to be shipped.

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One of the largest ports in the world. The city handled trade from the Mississippi River Valley as well as the Eastern seaboard, Europe, the Caribbean, and Latin America

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Center for further expansion and the southernmost point of English settlement during the late 1600s. hub of Atlantic trade for the southern colonies

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The first permanent, stable English settlement in North America. It provided an example of a sustainable colony to other expeditions heading to the New World

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Refers to Christopher Columbus's arrival in the Americas in 1492, which marked the beginning of European exploration and colonization of the continent, despite the presence of Indigenous peoples who had inhabited the land for thousands of years.

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the Spanish expedition led by Hernán Cortés in 1519-1521 that resulted in the fall of the Aztec capital, Tenochtitlan, marking a significant event in the Spanish colonization of Mexico and the decline of the Aztec Empire.

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established in 1585 on Roanoke Island (present-day North Carolina), was the first English attempt at colonization in the Americas, known for its mysterious disappearance of its inhabitants, leading to its designation as the "Lost Colony."

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a conflict between Native American tribes led by Metacom (King Philip) and English colonists in New England, resulting in significant casualties on both sides and marking one of the deadliest wars in American history, ultimately leading to the decline of Native American resistance in the region.

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an armed uprising in Virginia led by Nathaniel Bacon against Governor William Berkeley's administration, fueled by grievances over land policies, lack of protection from Native American attacks, and political corruption, ultimately highlighting tensions between frontier settlers and the colonial government.

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A group of colonists disguised as Mohawk Indians board three British tea ships and dump 342 chests of tea into the harbor in protest of the British Parliament's Tea Act of 1773

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Before the American constitution, this established the United States as a loose confederation of states under a weak national Congress, which was not granted the power to regulate commerce or collect taxes

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An eighteenth-century philosophical movement that began in Western Europe with roots in the Scientific Revolution

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Near the end of the Revolutionary War, the Continental Army had not received pay for many years and threatened to abandon the fight, if they were not compensated

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A colonist who rebelled against British rule

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Supporters of the new Constitution and a strong federal government. They fear a weak government. Generally very wealthy.

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Plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1754 that aimed to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes; the plan was turned down by the colonies and the (British) Crown

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The decision to have a bicameral legislature, one house based on population, and one house with an equal number of representatives for every state

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A colonist who supported British rule

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Supporters of the Articles of Confederation, not the Constitution. They fear a tyrannical national government with too much power and strongly advocate for the Bill of Rights.

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One of the biggest accomplishments of the Articles of Confederation. This established a system for setting up governments in the western territories so they could eventually join the Union

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Determined that each slave would be counted as three fifths of a person for the purpose of apportioning taxes and representation.

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A period from the early 1600s to the mid 1700s where British Parliamentary Laws were not enforced on the colonists

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A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east

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Where the battles that started the Revolutionary War between the American colonists and the British occurred. The battles resulted in a British retreat to Boston

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Where the British were outnumbered and were forced to surrender. The colonist victory was a turning point in the war because it inspired the French to help the colonists fight the British

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Where the winning battle of the Revolution occurred. Colonists cornered the British by both land and by sea thanks to the French.

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A Philadelphia meeting that brought together representatives from each of the colonies, except Georgia, to discuss their response to the British "Intolerable Acts."

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A resolution created by the Continental Congress, which broke all ties between colonists and the British, creating the idea in America that the colonies were now "states"

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An uprising of rural, indebted farmers in western Massachusetts, against Boston creditors. It began in 1786 and lasted half a year, threatening the economic interests of the business elite and contributing to the demise of the Articles of Confederation.

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A Philadelphia meeting that brought together representatives form each of the colonies, except Georgia, to discuss the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation

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Printed in newspapers, this was largely a warning against political parties and permanent foreign alliances.