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Above is a picture of a unique Moroccan dish, Tagine. One of the most unique things in this image is the pot, known as a Maraq, or Marqa. The Marqa, while similar to other thick-walled pots with tight-fitting lids like Dutch ovens, are distinct due to their conical shape. This design enhances steam circulation, allowing for cooking with minimal water. Moroccan Tagine dishes are slow-cooked stews typically made with meat, poultry or fish, and mixed with vegetables and fruits. They often include spices, nuts, and dried fruits, with common spices being ginger, cumin, turmeric, cinnamon, and saffron which are all commonly found in Morocco. For vegetable tagines, paprika and chili are frequently used. The sweet and sour flavor profile is characteristic of dishes like lamb with prunes and spices. Tagines are usually served with bread. This now popular dish is thought to have originated from the Maghrebi nomads, as they would cook this over an open fire to share, and the Marqa was treated as a portable clay oven.

For more information, check out this website https://epicureandculture.com/tajine/

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While it may look like a unassuming yellow sphere, this grain is actually a main staple in the Moroccan diet. Made from semolina, it is ground, combined with water and rolled into these tiny little pearls. Couscous is a staple food throughout the Maghrebi cuisines of Algeria, Tunisia, Mauritania, Morocco, and Libya, and in 2020 was added into UNESCO's Intangible Cultural Heritage list.

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Moroccan cuisine during Ramadan is a vibrant and rich tapestry of flavors, traditions, and communal spirit. As the sun sets, families gather to break their fast with Iftar, often starting with dates and a refreshing glass of mint tea. The centerpiece of the meal typically features harira, a hearty soup made with tomatoes, lentils, chickpeas, and a blend of spices, offering warmth and nourishment after a day of fasting. Couscous and tagines, filled with seasonal vegetables and tender meats, are also popular, showcasing the country's agricultural bounty. Sweets play a significant role, with delicacies like chebakia—fried dough coated in honey and sesame—being favorites. The communal aspect of dining is emphasized, with families and friends sharing meals, reflecting the essence of Ramadan: generosity, gratitude, and togetherness. This culinary experience not only satisfies hunger but also strengthens bonds and traditions, making it a cherished time of year in Morocco.

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Dinifri is a vibrant and exhilarating game from Morocco that captures the spirit of the Berber people. Played outdoors, it’s all about teamwork, bravery, and quick thinking, set against a backdrop of lively chaos. The game features two teams of five players who face off in a square marked on the ground. Using a baton made from rolled cardboard, players aim to knock down a stack of five stones at the center. Once the stones tumble, the game shifts gears: the attacking team rushes to place the stones into smaller squares while the defending team tries to tag them with the baton. This fast-paced back-and-forth not only tests players’ throwing and dodging skills but also encourages communication and strategy. Watching children play Dinifri is a joy, as they laugh and cheer, embodying the resilience and adaptability of their ancestors. Even as modern sports take center stage, Dinifri remains a cherished part of Berber culture, reminding everyone of the importance of community and tradition. It’s more than just a game; it’s a lively celebration of heritage, connection, and the joy of childhood.

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Soccer, or football, is an integral part of life in Morocco, igniting passion and excitement across the country. The Moroccan national team, affectionately known as the Atlas Lions, captures the hearts of fans, especially during international tournaments. The atmosphere during matches is electric, with supporters donning their team colors and singing songs that echo through the streets. Domestically, the Botola Pro league is home to fierce rivalries, particularly the legendary clashes between Wydad Casablanca and Raja Casablanca. These matches, known as the Casablanca Derby, are more than just games; they are community events that bring people together, creating a sense of belonging and pride. With ongoing investments in youth academies, Morocco is nurturing the next generation of talent, aiming to shine on the global stage.

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As a Islam country, Morocco also observes Ramadan

, with the next one being at Evening of Fri, Feb 28, 2025 – Sat, Mar 29, 2025. In accordance to sharia law, they observe a strict fast from dawn until sunset. They are not allowed to eat or drink (even water) during daylight hours. Fasting is a private act of worship bringing about nearness to God, as well as a form of spiritual discipline and a means to empathize with those less fortunate.

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According to the CIA factbook, Morocco is 99 percent Muslim and 1 percent Christian, with most of the Christians being foreigners. Sunni Islam is the biggest branch of the Islamic faith, around 85-90% of the Islamic population believe in this branch. The other major branch, Shia, is about 10-15% of the Islamic population. But what is the difference between these two branches, you might think. Well after the death of the prophet Muhammed, the religion was split in two. The Shia branch believed that only those closely related to Muhammed could become the next religious leader and caliph, while Sunni believed that it should be political succession, like a dictatorship. These two branches have lived in relative harmony for the last 13 centuries, but there has been an increase of clashes since the 20th century.

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Arabic in Morocco started to take shape when Arab led troops, who were probably Arab-ized BerBer's, decided to settle in Tangier and the surrounding cities during 698 AD. It is also speculated to have begun during the Arabic Invasion of North Africa. Just like Egypt, residents of Morocco were forced to learn and speak Arabic to adapt to their ever changing environment.

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Due to the French colonization of Morocco and Algeria, the French language has had a lasting impact on the North African region. Although it is rarely spoken among the general public, it is still the language used in Diplomacy, Government and Business. It was introduced during the French protectorate during 1912-1956, and still to this day, many street names are still in french, showing how Arabic and French can co-exist in a multicultural environment.

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The Tamazight language is a main Berber dialect still spoken in Morocco, although certain dialects like the Tidikelt Tamazight language, has only 1000 speakers left after a survey in 2011. The Berber dialect was the main language before the eventual Arabization of Morocco. The Berber people were wandering nomads who inhabited and were indigenous to the north African region. However, current king Mohammed VI declared that standard Tamazight language would be one of the official languages of Morocco since he wanted to preserve some of the tradition of the country

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As a cultural and geographical bridge between Europe, Africa and the Middle East, Morocco is a land with rich cultural influences from the French, Berber Jewish and Arab communities. This diverse history is often best represented in the unique architecture of Morocco. With a rich blend of architectural styles found throughout Morocco, from Marrakesh to Casablanca, the country offers a captivating journey through history. You can explore ancient red clay Berber kasbahs, admire the stunning Islamic tiled domes and minarets, and stroll through charming Moorish white stucco facades and lush Andalusian gardens. Additionally, the influence of French colonialism is evident in the Art Deco buildings that dot the landscape, creating a unique fusion of cultures and aesthetics that makes Morocco truly special.

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Moroccan architecture has deep roots, tracing back to the 2nd century with the Berber Kingdom. The Berbers, known as the Imazighen, are the indigenous people of North Africa and have called this region home for thousands of years. In Morocco, they constructed traditional kasbahs and fortifications in the rugged mountains and vast deserts, many of which still stand today. Their architectural style is marked by impressive structures made from pise, or sun-dried red mud clay bricks. These buildings were designed to be formidable, as Berber rulers often faced invasions, so they created strongholds that could deter attackers. They also built large ports and trading posts, featuring fortified walls with small windows, allowing those inside to see outside without being seen. This blend of practicality and artistry reflects the resilience and ingenuity of the Berber people throughout history.

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When the French colonized southern Morocco from 1912 to 1956, they brought a wave of French design that transformed the architectural landscape. One of the most noticeable changes was in the windows; while traditional Berber and Islamic architecture featured small, practical openings, the French introduced large double doors and expansive windows that flooded spaces with light.

The French also implemented strict building regulations. They limited structures to four stories and mandated that roofs be flat and level. Balconies couldn’t overlook neighboring properties, and each planned area had to allocate at least 20% of the land for gardens or courtyards. Although these rules aimed to protect Morocco's traditional architecture, they inadvertently stifled urban development and innovation in many areas.

As French architects constructed new cities, they often combined European layouts with traditional Moroccan aesthetics, resulting in what is known as the Mauresque or Neo-Moorish style. In cities like Rabat, you can stroll along wide boulevards lined with grand administrative buildings. Meanwhile, Casablanca showcases a wealth of Art Nouveau and Art Deco structures, influenced by the ornate Parisian style, featuring intricate wrought-iron windows, balconies, and staircases. This blend of styles tells a story of cultural exchange and adaptation, shaping Morocco’s unique architectural identity.

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Morocco has a rich history shaped by a variety of invaders, from the Saharans and Phoenicians to the Romans, Greeks, Byzantines, Ottomans, Arabs, Spanish, and French. By the 7th century, the region was conquered by Muslim Arabs, marking the beginning of Islam's profound influence on Moroccan architecture. This style is known for its beauty and functionality, featuring intricate geometric patterns, vibrant tiles, elegant fountains, horseshoe arches, and delicate floral arabesques carved into stone or wood.

One of the standout elements of Moroccan architecture is the traditional tilework known as Zellij. These stunning geometric tiles adorn both the interiors and exteriors of buildings throughout the country. You’ll often see a palette of classic colors like green, blue, brown, white, and black, arranged in mesmerizing patterns of diamonds, stars, and triangles. Fountains play a vital role in Islamic Moroccan architecture, symbolizing paradise and serving as places for Muslims to perform purification rituals before prayer. This blend of artistry and spirituality makes Moroccan architecture truly unique and captivating.

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Visit https://www.insightvacations.com/blog/moroccan-architecture/

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From Islamic to Art Deco: A rich history of Moroccan architecture

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From the Berbers to the Moors, we dive into the rich history of Moroccan architecture and discover how the country got its unique style.

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Moroccan carpets, especially those crafted in Ouarzazate, are celebrated not just for their beauty but for the stories they tell. Each carpet is a labor of love, hand-woven by skilled artisans who have inherited their craft through generations. As you admire the intricate geometric patterns and vibrant colors, you can feel the rich cultural heritage of the Berber tribes woven into every thread.

Artisans take great care in selecting high-quality wool, often sourced from local sheep, and use natural dyes to create those striking hues. This attention to detail ensures that each carpet is not only visually stunning but also durable, capable of withstanding the test of time.

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Moroccan leather goods, particularly those from Marrakech, are a hallmark of exquisite craftsmanship and timeless style. The city is famous for its bustling souks, where artisans skillfully create a wide range of leather products, including bags, shoes, and jackets. Each item is meticulously crafted using traditional tanning methods that often involve natural ingredients, giving the leather its unique texture and rich colors.

The process begins with the careful selection of high-quality hides, which are then treated using age-old techniques passed down through generations. This results in leather that is not only durable but also soft and supple, making it ideal for everyday use.

Marrakech's leather goods often feature intricate designs and embellishments, reflecting the vibrant culture and artistic heritage of Morocco. Beyond their aesthetic appeal, these products are practical and versatile, suitable for both casual and formal occasions.

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Moroccan clay pottery, particularly from cities like Safi, Fez, and Zagora, is a vibrant expression of the country’s rich artistic heritage. Artisans skillfully shape and mold clay into a variety of functional and decorative items, including plates, bowls, and vases. Each piece is unique, often adorned with intricate designs and colorful glazes that reflect the region's cultural influences.

The pottery-making process begins with the careful selection of high-quality clay, which is then hand-formed using traditional techniques. Artisans often employ methods that have been practiced for centuries, ensuring that their work maintains the authenticity of Moroccan craftsmanship. The use of natural pigments for glazing adds to the beauty and uniqueness of each item, resulting in stunning colors and patterns.

These clay creations are not only beautiful but also practical, often used in daily life or as decorative accents in homes. Each piece tells a story, connecting the past to the present and showcasing the skill and creativity of Moroccan artisans. Through their work, they preserve a vital aspect of Moroccan culture, making clay pottery a cherished part of the country’s artistic landscape.

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A Moroccan hammam is a traditional public bathhouse that embodies the essence of Moroccan culture and social life. These steam baths serve as sanctuaries for relaxation and rejuvenation, where locals and visitors alike can escape the hustle and bustle of daily life. Typically designed with interconnected rooms featuring varying temperatures, a hammam includes a warm room to prepare the body, a hot room for steam and detoxification, and a cool room for relaxation. The cleansing ritual involves the use of a kessa glove for exfoliation and natural products like ghassoul or black soap to nourish the skin. Beyond hygiene, hammams are social hubs where friends and family gather to unwind, share stories, and strengthen community bonds. The experience often culminates in soothing massages and the application of aromatic oils, creating a holistic approach to wellness. Visiting a Moroccan hammam is not just a bath; it’s a cultural immersion that connects you to the heart of Moroccan tradition.A Moroccan hammam is a traditional public bathhouse that embodies the essence of Moroccan culture and social life. These steam baths serve as sanctuaries for relaxation and rejuvenation, where locals and visitors alike can escape the hustle and bustle of daily life. Typically designed with interconnected rooms featuring varying temperatures, a hammam includes a warm room to prepare the body, a hot room for steam and detoxification, and a cool room for relaxation. The cleansing ritual involves the use of a kessa glove for exfoliation and natural products like ghassoul or black soap to nourish the skin. Beyond hygiene, hammams are social hubs where friends and family gather to unwind, share stories, and strengthen community bonds. The experience often culminates in soothing massages and the application of aromatic oils, creating a holistic approach to wellness. Visiting a Moroccan hammam is not just a bath; it’s a cultural immersion that connects you to the heart of Moroccan tradition.A Moroccan hammam is a traditional public bathhouse that embodies the essence of Moroccan culture and social life. These steam baths serve as sanctuaries for relaxation and rejuvenation, where locals and visitors alike can escape the hustle and bustle of daily life. Typically designed with interconnected rooms featuring varying temperatures, a hammam includes a warm room to prepare the body, a hot room for steam and detoxification, and a cool room for relaxation. The cleansing ritual involves the use of a kessa glove for exfoliation and natural products like ghassoul or black soap to nourish the skin. Beyond hygiene, hammams are social hubs where friends and family gather to unwind, share stories, and strengthen community bonds. The experience often culminates in soothing massages and the application of aromatic oils, creating a holistic approach to wellness. Visiting a Moroccan hammam is not just a bath; it’s a cultural immersion that connects you to the heart of Moroccan tradition.

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Kaleidoscope Project is a Project started from March 2022 concentrating on preserving the uniqueness of world culture by recording the culture of different nations around the world in a digital format that is accessible to everyone. As a online contributor, my mission is to create a online website that demonstrates Morocco’s unique cultures that are disappearing due to globalization. Contributing with Justin Law, my section of the website mainly focuses on 7 fields of culture including music, festivals, transportation, myths, art, clothing, and rituals. Our target country is Morocco that is suffering from the lose of it’s uniqueness. Morocco is located in North Africa on the northwestern corner of the African continent and Morocco borders touches Western Sahara to the south. Due to Morocco’s unique location in the world, it is a geographical and cultural bridge between Africa, Europe, and the Middle East. It was once filled with French, Jewish, Berber and Arabic cultures and people, but due to globalization the uniqueness of these combination cultures are disapearing. In December 2024 we aim to utilize this website to protect and retain unique cultures in Morocco damaged by globalization to be preserved.

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Rwais is a kind of music type in Morocco culture as Berber music can be divided into three main catagories, Rwais music is mainly seen in traveling professional groups. Rwais and ahwash share a basis in poetry, and both use primarily anhemotonic pentantonic modes, with occasional semi-tones. Compound duple meters (6/8 and 12/8) are present in both genres, allowing for the creation of hemiolas.

For more information visit: https://musicofmorocco.weebly.com/form-and-structure4.html

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The Rwais 1/6, Berber Marokko, Tachelhit

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Al-Ala music has another name of Andalusian classical music. This kind of music is a traditional music type of Arabic in Morocco. It is originated in Muslim Spain between 9th to 15th centuries. This is perform mainly with orchestras of instruments like oud(lute), qanum(zither), and various other types of instruments. In Morocco, these music is mainly performed in courtly and ceremonial events.

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Gnawa music is a religious music in Morocco as Morocco is an Islamic country and it has a deep root in Africa Islamic. It emerged in the 16th to 17th centuries through cultural fusion of West African communities, such as the Hausa, Fulani, and Bambara peoples, who were brought to Morocco. Gnawa music is characterized as ritual poetry, traditional music, and dancing performing during lila. The music is guided by the Gnawa maalem, or master musician, and their group of musicians and dancers. The instrumentation in Gnawa music includes the gimbri (a three-stringed lute), qraqab (large iron castanets), and various percussion instruments.

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Amazigh music was first originated in pre-Arab North Africa, part of the Amazigh cultural heritage. It quickly spread to Morocco with prominent in Atlas Mountains and Rif region, performed during festivals, weddings, and communal gatherings. The unique theme of these musics includes love, resistance, and nature. It can be seen in this picture that these music can be played outside in the nature to emphasize the theme of nature. The instruments used in Amazigh music is Agium(Lute), Bendir, Rebab, Flutes and Percussion.

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The Master Musicians of Joujouka are a collective of Jbala Sufi trance musicians from the village of Joujouka in the Rif Mountains of northern Morocco. They are known for their unique and ancient music tradition, which is believed to be over a thousand years old. The collective was first documented by Western journalists in the early 1950s and gained international attention in 1969 when Brian Jones of The Rolling Stones recorded with them. Their music is a form of Sufi trance music used for healing and spiritual purposes. It features energetic and frenetic sounds, often described as paradoxically calming and invigorating. The music is deeply rooted in the village's traditions, including the annual ritual of Boujeloud, a Pan-like figure half goat, half man, who is believed to bring fertility and good harvests. They have collaborated with many Western rock and jazz musicians, including Ornette Coleman and John Medeski. The collective includes more than 50 musicians, many of whom are sons of previous members, continuing the tradition through generations.

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The Master Musicians of Jajouka led by Bachir Attar - The Real Long Night in Jajouka

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This festival is mainly celebrated in Kalaat Mgouna also known as "City of Roses" at a Atlas mountain in morocco. This event is usually held in mid-day around the second week of a month. At this day, people celebrates the harvest of Roses by various events such as Miss Rosses competition and traditional music and dancing. Miss Rosses competition is an event for young unmarried woman from the region. The competition involves a procession where participants ride on beautifully decorated floats adorned with flowers. The winner of this competition will have the title of Miss Roses.

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Kelaat M’Gouna Festival of Roses 2024 🌹 #kelaatmgouna #morocco #festival val

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Imilchil Marriage Festival is a special event help in Imilchil. The event came from a story of two tribes that has been rivals for a long time. One day from each tribes one girl and one boy loved each other and it breaks the rivary of the two tribes, this is how Imilchil Marriage Festival came from. In this festival people celebrates just as normal festivals but something special of this festival is that at that day the chance of finding a partner increases as this event's purpose is marriage.

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Annual event in Imilchil makes marriages official

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Eid al-Fitr also known as Festival of Breaking the Fast is an Islamic Festival that is held in many Islamic countries such as Morocco. Celebrated at the end of Ramadan, the Islamic holy month of fasting, on the first day of Shawwal (the tenth month of the Islamic lunar calendar). The exact date varies each year based on the sighting of the moon. Marks the end of Ramadan's month-long fast and is a time for joy, gratitude, and community. The traditions of Islamic religion includes Morning Prayer, Charity, Feasting, New Clothes, Gifts and Greeting.

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As described before about Gnawa music, it is a religious based music so because Morocco is Islamic country, there is a special day just for Gnawa music. At this day, there will be a concert at night and every Moroccan can go and watch the performance.

For more concert information visit: https://www.tourstoturkey.net/gnaoua-world-music-festival-morocco-2025-date-lineup-tickets

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Camels are one of the most common transportation back then in Morocco as Morocco has a lot of desert and camels are the best way to move around in the desert. In the present days, these camels has now became a way to attract tourists as now there is better transportation in desert than camels and camels is just a way to earn money rather than using it for transportation.

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Like camels, horses are one of the best ways for transportation around Morocco back then, but as technology improves, ways of transportation increases and the efficiency of horses are quickly replaced by cars. Although horses are not widely used as common transportation, it still has the function like camel to attract tourists to come and ride horses around Morocco.

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Horseback Riding in the Sahara desert and Morocco: Exploring the Equine Culture of the Maghreb With local Moroccan Horse Riding in the Sahara Desert…

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Donkeys are special comparing to horses and camels, in Morocco, people still uses Donkeys for work and although the efficiency aren't high, Moroccans still use it as a way for work and carrying heavy items. This is mainly because Morocco aren't has advance as United States and they don't have the technology and money to develop machines to replace donkeys as one of the cheapest way for carrying stuff.

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Morocco: Helping the working donkeys of Marrakesh - BBC Travel Show

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This is the cheapest way for Moroccans to transport heavy items because hand-pull carts can highly reduce the work someone need to pull heavy items. The weight carried is reduced as hand-pull carts has two wheels and you just need to pull in front and the weight is all on the wheels not you. This is much cheaper for carrying heavy items comparing to camels, horse, and donkeys.

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A man pulling a hand cart in Djemaa el Fna square in Morocco, North Africa, one of the busiest squares in Africa Stock Photo - Alamy

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Download this stock image: A man pulling a hand cart in Djemaa el Fna square in Morocco, North Africa, one of the busiest squares in Africa. - CP71WB from Alamy’s library of millions of high resolution stock photos, illustrations and vectors.

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Aisha Kandisha is often depicted as a beautiful woman with long dark hair her legs, however, are those of a hoofed animal a cow’s, or a camel depending on the versions of the story. This evil entity is renowned for using her beauty to seduce men and lure them back to her lair and after she’s done with them she would ruthlessly devours them. She’s sometimes described as a hitchhiker trying to get her hands on a clueless victim foolish enough to pick her up and several professional drivers claimed to have encountered her on the side of the road especially in the northern parts of the country according to some sources Aisha was a real historic figure a noblewoman from Iberia during the Reconquista she was called Aisha a contessa or countess Aisha hence the derivation Kandisha.

The legend says that the Portuguese killed her husband and her family and her grief turned her into a serial killer who would lure Portuguese soldiers back to her house and kill them. Other demonic figures share the name Aisha in morocco some might add that they are manifestations of the same entity. They’re also female demons but with different attributes and some people try to revere them by lighting candles in the shrine or even offer them sacrifice usually in the form of a black goat or rooster to gain their favor and appease their anger.

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The cemetery mule is a terrifying beast from the native Berber folklore of the atlas mountains her appearance varies from a region to another. Some believe she’s entirely a mule dragging heavy chains behind her, while others believe she has the upper body of a woman and the lower body of a mule a depiction similar to that of the centaurs in Greek mythology. According to the legend a woman was newly widowed but she had an affair with another man before her iddah was over therefore she was cursed by a god who changed her appearance.

Iddah is an Islamic concept and it is a period of time every newly divorced or widowed woman must observe before being able to find another husband the purpose of this period is to remove any doubt as to the paternity of a child born after a divorce or the passing of a prior husband. The curse turned that woman into a beast during the daytime and should sleep underground with the rest of the dead but after sunset, she digs her way out while screeching in agony then she begins to roam the cemetery dragging the heavy chains behind her.

At dawn, she’d return back underground waiting for the next sunset some people say the beast would kill grave robbers and occasionally convinces men to get on her back then take him back underground and devour them. But the most terrifying version of the story is that the beast is capable of shape-shifting and she would knock on a home door in the form of a relative then she would kidnap a man from the household and devour him in her grave. According to some people from Berber villages, her screams and chains can be heard occasionally and some men try not to walk by cemeteries to avoid a deadly encounter with the beast.

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Behave or else I’ll summon the ogre if you leave the house without my permission boukhencha would get you. Go to sleep or the ogre would come and get you these are some sentences every Moroccan child had heard growing up. It was actually the most terrifying threat that kept us kids in line.

The ogre is probably one of the oldest creatures of human folklore and is usually depicted as a large hideous humanoid monster that enjoys feasting on human flesh especially the tender flesh of children. Like all human societies, Moroccans did not spare any effort to make their version of the ogre as terrifying as possible to keep their kids on their best behavior.

Boukhencha is the Moroccan version of the infamous ogre and like most augers of the world, Boukhencha lives in dark isolated locations such as mountains caves forests, and swamps. The name Boukhencha simply means the man with a sack or the man with a bag.

He’s depicted as a vagabond roaming the streets and villages with a bag on his back in which he’d pack the naughty children and take them back to his lair and devour them. There are other kinds of ogres in Moroccan folklore such as a book, Kho-Kho bla’, and mama ghoula. One of the most famous Moroccan stories involving this beast is that of hayna and the ogre.

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A Moroccan ogre, who serves similar child-frightening purpose to Bloodybones. Boukhencha’s going to get you, dearHe’s coming with his sackAnd if he takes you to his caveYou won’t …

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Mint tea, also known as Moroccan Whisky because in Islamic countries drinking alcohol is prohibited in the country so the replacement in Morocco is mint tea. This then generates the ritual of mint tea rituals. Tea holds a significant symbolic meaning in Moroccan culture. It is a gesture of hospitality and friendship, reflecting the welcoming nature of Moroccans. When guests are welcomed into a Moroccan home, they are greeted with a steaming pot of tea, setting the stage for meaningful conversations and connections.

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Morocco Handicraft Arts: Carpets, Leather, Pottery & More | National Geographic Expeditions

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In the winding alleyways of Fez, one of Morocco’s four historic capitals, artisans have been creating gorgeous handmade wares for hundreds of years.

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Juniper, Tom. “Boukhencha.” Tom Juniper Poetry, 2021, tomjuniper.poetry.blog/2021/04/15/100monstrouspoems-33-boukhencha/. Accessed 5 Dec. 2024.

“What Are the Most Famous Moroccan Art Forms?” Morocco Insights, 2024, moroccoinsights.com/what-are-the-most-famous-moroccan-art-forms/. Accessed 5 Dec. 2024.

“Chouara Tannery in Fez.” Think Morocco, 2024, thinkmorocco.com/chouara-tannery-fes/. Accessed 5 Dec. 2024.

“The Art of Moroccan Zellij.” Fatimaz Art, n.d., fatimazart.com/the-art-of-moroccan-zellij/. Accessed 5 Dec. 2024.

“Berber Rugs: Handcrafted and Unique.” Berber Creations, n.d., berbercreations.com/. Accessed 6 Dec. 2024.

“Is Cedar Good for Carving?” The Woodwork Place, 2024, thewoodworkplace.com/is-cedar-good-for-carving/. Accessed 6 Dec. 2024.

“Fez Pottery: Moroccan Craftsmanship.” Journey Beyond Travel, n.d., journeybeyondtravel.com/blog/fez-pottery.html. Accessed 6 Dec. 2024.

“Henna: Its History and Cultural Significance.” St. Thomas University, n.d., stu.ca/lnap/henna-its-history-and-cultural-significance/. Accessed 6 Dec. 2024.

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“The History of the Kaftan.” Duwe, 2024, duwe.se/blogs/duwe-i/the-history-of-the-kaftan-1. Accessed 8 Dec. 2024.

“Moroccan Djellaba: Its Origins and Where to Buy One.” Planet Marrakech, 2024, planetmarrakech.com/moroccan-djellaba-its-origins-and-where-to-buy-one/. Accessed 8 Dec. 2024.

“Turban.” Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2024, britannica.com/topic/turban. Accessed 8 Dec. 2024.

“History of the Babouche Slipper.” Fabrice Tardieu, n.d., fabricetardieu.com/blog/history-babouche-slipper/. Accessed 9 Dec. 2024.

“Leatherwork in Morocco.” Afrikesh, n.d., afrikesh.com/leatherwork-in-morocco/. Accessed 10 Dec. 2024.

“Camels in Morocco.” Morocco.com, 2024, morocco.com/attractions/wildlife/camels/. Accessed 10 Dec. 2024.

“Morocco: African Horse Safaris.” African Horse Safaris, 2024, africanhorsesafaris.com/destinations/morocco/. Accessed 10 Dec. 2024.

“Morocco’s Extraordinary Donkeys.” Smithsonian Magazine, 2023, smithsonianmag.com/travel/moroccos-extraordinary-donkeys-40973739/. Accessed 11 Dec. 2024.

“A Man Pulling a Hand Cart in Morocco.” Alamy, n.d., alamy.com/stock-photo-a-man-pulling-a-hand-cart-in-djemaa-el-fna-square-in-morocco-north-48098327.html. Accessed 12 Dec. 2024.

“Islamic Funeral Traditions, Customs, and Beliefs.” Ever Loved, n.d., everloved.com/articles/funeral-customs/islamic-funeral-traditions-customs-and-beliefs/. Accessed 12 Dec. 2024.

“Key Family Traditions in Moroccan Culture.” Morocco Insights, 2024, moroccoinsights.com/what-are-the-key-family-traditions-in-moroccan-culture/. Accessed 12 Dec. 2024.

“Henna: Israel’s Most Colorful Wedding Tradition.” The Culture Trip, n.d., theculturetrip.com/asia/israel/articles/henna-israels-most-colourful-wedding-tradition/. Accessed 12 Dec. 2024.

“Which Nation Depends Most on Tourism?” Travel with the Greens, 2024, travelwiththegreens.com/which-nation-depends-most-on-tourism.html. Accessed 14 Dec. 2024.

“Changes in the World Trade, 1950–2004.” ResearchGate, n.d., researchgate.net/publication/228239264_Changes_in_the_World_Trade_in_1950-2004. Accessed 14 Dec. 2024.

“Trade and Globalization.” Our World in Data, 2024, ourworldindata.org/trade-and-globalization. Accessed 15 Dec. 2024.

Mahamadou Simpara - Morocco World News. “Allianz Trade Outlook: Morocco Emerging as TOP Global Trade Hub.” Https://Www.Moroccoworldnews.Com/, www.moroccoworldnews.com/2024/11/366399/allianz-trade-outlook-morocco-emerging-as-top-global-trade-hub. Accessed 16 Dec. 2024.

Sachkova, Margarita. “17 Reasons Why Camel Rides Are Unethical and Cruel.” PETA UK, 2 May 2024, www.peta.org.uk/blog/camel-rides/. Accessed 16 Dec. 2024.

Ortiz-Ospina, Esteban, et al. “Trade and Globalization.” Our World in Data, 28 Dec. 2023, ourworldindata.org/trade-and-globalization. Accessed 16 Dec. 2024.

(PDF) The Transformation of World Trade, www.researchgate.net/publication/30504046_The_Transformation_of_World_Trade. Accessed 16 Dec. 2024.

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Moroccan Mint tea is a traditional drink that is consumed every day. Tradition dictates that it be served to a guest that visits your house, and even people like consumers in restaurants are no exception. It is thought to have been invented in the 16th century, where it was supposed to be able to prevent cholera and sicknesses. However, there is another theory that it was spread from the vast caravans traveling the desert, and it was adapted because it tasted good. Moroccan mint tea is prepared by boiling green gunpowder tea, and mixing it with spearmint leaves and sugar. Gunpowder tea, also 珠茶 in Chinese, is tea which has been dried and individually rolled, in order to preserve aroma and flavor. Usually, people will add a sprig of spearmint leaves after the tea is poured, for the added flavor and aesthetic. It is then poured into a little glass named a Beldi glass. One of the traditions is that it must be poured more then 12 inches up from the glass, for 3 reasons. The first is to aerate and froth the tea, which is said to increase the flavor of the tea. Secondly, the pouring from a height cools it down, allowing consumers to be able to drink it right after it is poured, and not having to wait for it to cool. Lastly, it is a symbol of hospitality. It is said that the higher they pour, the more welcome you are as a guest or tourist. An old belief is that men are better able to prepare mint tea since people thought they were more patient and more inclined to spend up to 30 minutes preparing it to perfection. However in the modern times, it is often the women that prepare the tea, since the husbands will be welcoming and entertaining the guest.

Traditionally, the tea is served three times. The amount of time it has been steeping gives each of the glasses of tea a unique flavor, described in this famous Maghrebi proverb:The first glass is as gentle as life,the second is as strong as love,the third is as bitter as death.

For more, visit https://amboora.com/blogs/news/mint-tea-culture-in-morocco#:~:text=Tracing%20its%20origins%20back%20to,caravans%20that%20traversed%20the%20Sahara.

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Msemmen is a traditional flatbread, usually found in the Maghreb region, which encompasses Morocco and Algeria. Made from flour and semolina, it is often topped with honey or butter as a condiment and flavoring. Traditionally served during breakfast, it can be eaten plain with a cup of tea, or wrapped with meat inside, known as a Khlea.

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Ghusl (Washing) is when the deceased's body is washed and purified by family members of the same gender, following specific guidelines. Shrouding (Kafan) is when the body is wrapped in a white cloth (kafan) to signify purity and equality in death. They will pray for the body and the event is usually held in mosque where the prayers will be. The funeral prayer is performed in congregation, led by an imam. It involves standing prayers without bowing or prostration, asking for Allah's mercy for the deceased. The body should be burried within 24 hours and the body is directly placed in dirt without a coffin.

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The pre-birth rituals are mainly prayers for their kids and not as big as the funerals having others to help, this ritualis when moms and dad give prayers for their kids that haven't been born to bless their child.

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As a part of the training to become a doula, all of our students go through a module where they learn about different cultural traditions and ceremonies during the perinatal period. Please enjoy this wonderful essay by Halima Sadki on the Islamic traditions of the postpartum period.

Nawal from Egypt

By Halima Sadki

Nawal started her story by saying that in Egypt, pregnancy is almost never a secret within the family. It is known from the first-time mom starts having her morning sickness symptoms. Nausea, vomiting, and fainting are usually the key. One thing Nawal remembers very well is that her cravings were very bad but she said that she was very lucky that she delivered amongst her family and relatives that cooked and provided her with everything she thought of. Her childbirth was very long and unmedicated. As usual, it was attended by the mother in law, her mother, and the Daya (uncertified midwife). The husband is usually very involved in the pregnancy, particularly when the couple lives independently. However, his participation or any other male figure's participation in the delivery is almost null.

After her delivery, the mother starts a resting period called a " Nifass " (postnatal bleeding). It is about 40 days for most Muslim scholars where the mother is not allowed to have any sex with her husband but she could enjoy everything else. She is exempted from performing the 5 physical prayers and fasting, as long as she continues to bleed. Once the bleeding stops, even if it is less than 40 days, everything returns to normal, particularly her sexual relationship with her husband.

The fetus and the newborn have many rights in Islam. As any Muslim around the world, Nawal said that she followed these religious traditions that are a must:

1. Adhan (the call to prayer) is whispered on the right ear of the newborn as soon as he is birthed. Iqama (2nd call of prayer) is whispered on the left ear.

2. Tahneek: is the rubbing of the baby's cheeks with fruit dates (or honey) right after birth. (this is less practiced among the new generation)

Breastfeeding or wet nursing for up to 2 years (for those who choose to complete the term)

1. Aqiqah/Sebou' (party day that happens on the 7th day): A party for the parents to be thankful for the great blessing of having an offspring. They sacrifice 1-2 sheep to share the happiness with the community and feed the poor.

2. The Purifying (MALE circumcision): Among the hygienic purposes of the circumcision is the protection of the clothes, the penile, and the groin area from getting soiled after using the bathroom. Otherwise, this would nullify the physical prayer.

3. Naming the child: this became one of the most fundamental rights of the newborn in Islam. That is why, it sometimes takes forever to choose a name. It is carefully picked by the parents and consultations are done with very close relatives. The name has to either have a positive and significant meaning in Arabic language or an Islamic one. The name is announced in the Aqiqah day. Nawal explained that her name in Arabic means generosity, gift, and kind characters.

The shaving of the baby's hair: the hair is shaved, weighed, and the equivalent amount, in gold or silver, is donated to the poor. It is done on the 7th day as well.

What Nawal likes about these traditions is that they bring the family and community together. Everyone feels that there is this an outpouring sense of sharing, helping, caring, and love.

She added that there are few non-religious rituals that are discouraged in Islam but very important to the Egyptian families. The customs that she doesn't like or agree with are those concerning the evil eye. She thinks that her ancestors adopted them because high mortality of babies and new moms were common in the old days. So, for some people, those rituals somehow have an effect in protecting them. For example, the Sebou'/party day usually starts with scattering salt on the mother and around the entire house to keep evil eye away.

After bathing the newborn and putting on the new clothes, the infant is carried on a tour and followed by family members chanting and dancing while holding candles. The mother has to step over the baby 7 times without a single touch to the cradle. Meanwhile, the grandparents are making loud noises to intentionally make the baby aware of them. Gentle shaking to the cradle, while ordering the baby to obey the family, is done in a horizontal way and manages to comfort the baby, if startling. This is believed to strengthen the infant.

Taaweez: the practice of tying a black piece of string to a prayer contained in a small pouch is also very widespread among Muslim cultures although the religious scholars of Islam continue to criticize it on a regular basis. This string is usually tied to the baby's wrist or around the neck. The common belief is that this will protect babies from ill health and evil eye.
By Halima Sadki
Quran: Some believe that carrying the glorious book or putting it in the baby's crib has a protective value as well.

Nawal wishes that the female genital mutilation is completely banned. It is a very common and practical custom in Egypt among both the Coptic Christians and the Muslims. Some believe that it dates back to the pharaonic area where it was used as a cosmetic measure. Others still believe that it is necessary to control female sexuality. Even though some Muslim scholars believe that it should be completely banned, there are others that support Al Khifad which is a much simpler procedure and is not regarded as FGM, so, they should never be used interchangeably. She clarified that Islam protects the woman's right of sexual enjoyment. If Al Khifad enhances the wife's sexuality and promotes her wellbeing, then it is permissible. However, if it would violate this right or harm her in any way, then it should be forbidden. She added that the procedure must be done only by a specialist in the field and the female has to complain of chronic infections, inflammation, or decreased sexual desire which are very rare.

Leila from Morocco

Leila had a unique childbirth experience because she had one child in the urban side of Morocco and the other one on its rural side. She said that in the urban areas, moms are no longer giving births at home like before. The natural and unmedicated birth is replaced with a more complicated one in the clinics where moms could opt for a c/s just to avoid the pains of labor and delivery and the newborn is kept in a separate room so that mom could rest. The baby is formula fed all night long because there are no wet nurses in the clinics or hospitals. The mother is cared for in the clinic for few days and when she goes home, few people from the immediate circle would visit. Once mom is ready to finally start breastfeeding, either latch is difficult, mom is engorged, or supply is low, or she has no support. It is a very sad reality, she concluded.

The second time around, Leila decided to have her baby among her family in the North. There, hospital births are still rare and birthing in the clinics is expensive. As any pregnant mom, Leila appreciated the extra attention, the love, and the whole thing about pregnancy and birth in the traditional fashion. Of course, the importance lessens with the subsequent experiences but the atmosphere is still good and positive, she explained.

Although a pregnancy remains a secret until symptoms show, the mother is always assisted with most of the chores by female family members and neighbors. Once the cravings start, a special dish "Rfissa" is made to celebrate and announce the pregnancy to the community. It is a common cultural belief that if a mom craves a certain food and she is not able to have it, she might itch her skin, which would develop into a purplish birth mark after birth! So, the generosity of the community helps that mom remains well fed at all times. In the last week of her pregnancy, the pregnant woman's mom joins her for moral support. She would take care of her and her newborn until the Aqiqah party.

In the religious tradition of the Nifass (post-natal bleeding) all kind of intimacy with the husband is encouraged, except penetration. This resting period allows a mom to eat well, breastfeed, and enjoy taking care of her infant. The end of this 40-day period is marked with one small party and is still exaggerated, in some places, with another month of rest at her mother's house this time. This would allow a total of 2 months of rest as practiced by the ancestors.

Leila shares all Nawal's religious traditions, since she is a Muslim too including the Adhan, tahneek, breastfeeding or wet nursing, shaving of the head, naming the baby, Aqiqah, and male circumcision. She explained that in the rural areas, they still feed baby honey and ghee if the wet-nurse is not yet available and mom has no colostrum. I asked her about female circumcision either among the Muslim or Christian minority females and she said that it is completely unheard of in the entire territory of Morocco (in spite of the fact that some scholars believe that it should be done if medically indicated following the Islamic guidelines). However, male circumcision is a must for every single male. One positive change is that people used to procrastinate on doing it if the birth was in the winter. They would postpone it until after weaning, then until after toddlerhood. It was even harder if done when the baby got older. Nowadays, people are getting it done much sooner again.

Because children are so precious and due to high mortality in the old times, few non-religious customs prevailed in Morocco too, just like Egypt. It was considered bad luck to buy items for the baby before birth or the gender was known. Also, it was a practical custom to put only old clothes on the newborn on the first day. Things are changing and neutral or new colors might be used now. Likewise, fear of evil eye is still common, mostly in low socioeconomic areas. For instance, some families will still keep baby hidden until the 7 th day. The same goes for the chosen name.

While the majority of Muslims use incenses because they purify the houses from bad odors and have benefits to the health and soul, some people like to believe that igniting them prevents the demons from entering the house, blesses it, and protects mom and baby from envy and potential injuries.

One practical and fun custom that Leila bragged about was the henna, which is done before the party. Her Kabla (traditional midwife) and her maids took her to the public bath. They massaged her body with oils and herbs and gave her a facial. The oldest lady massaged her tummy and the uterus. After that, they clothed her like a new bride. Everything was white and new. Beautiful Henna designs were tattooed all over her arms, hands, and feet and golden jeweler was put on. The baby was well dressed too. The Aqiqah feast is usually celebrated with music and ends with guests giving mom and baby gifts, money, and gold.

Unfortunately, the religious tradition of wet nursing is disappearing in the urban areas. Some new moms are satisfied with formula either because they have to go back soon to work or they live far away from work. Hospital grade pumps are rarely available. Breastfeeding in public, however, remains popular.

At the time of Leila's mom, there was no specific prenatal care for pregnant women. Visits to the doctors were not needed if a pregnant mom was not suffering. Natural remedies and herbs were preferred over drugs. Old generations conceived very young, were pretty healthy, and averaged 8 kids per family. One advantage of today is the benefit of immunizations.

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Birthing Cultural Traditions from Egypt and Morocco - International Doula Institute

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As a part of the training to become a doula, all of our students go through a module where they learn about different cultural traditions and ceremonies during the perinatal period. Please enjoy this wonderful essay by Halima Sadki on the Islamic traditions of the postpartum period.

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Wedding Henna is a ritual and also a kind of art as when woman are getting married, their hands will be draw of these special art drawings that symbolizes to bring good luck, happiness, and protection to the bride and goom. At wedding, the bride wears traditional Moroccan attire, mainly caftan. Families and friends will sing and dance to celebrate the bride lastly the bride recies blessing and gifts from her family and guests.

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Fez Tanning is originated in Fez a city in morocco. This tanning skill has been used for centuries and it is one of the oldest traditions in Morocco. The tanning process involves soaking hides in large stone vats filled with various natural dyes and solutions, creating vibrant and durable leather. The tanneries are a major tourist attraction, offering a glimpse into Morocco's rich cultural heritage.

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These are special rugs that are produced by berber art, these rugs are each unique and special as it is hand made so the tradditionally hand-made berber rugs are all different and special. As shown in the slideshow it can be seen various art on the rugs and these rugs shows the cultural art of berbers. Berber rugs material uses includes wool, mixed with camel hair or cotton. The patterns are mainly characterized by geometry patters, shapes, symbols, and natural colors. These dyes are all naturally made from plants, minerals, and insects.

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Cedar carving is an unique Morocco wood carving culture as Cedar wood is mainly produced in Morocco for the African countries. Morocco has around 75% of Atlas Cedar trees in the country and this made them one of the best on Cedar carving as Cedar is good for wood carving. Cedar carving uses sharp tools to carve the wood and makes details on the wood. In this photo gallery it can be seen that there is a lot of uses of cedar carving, it can be made as a special chair or can be carved as a gift to give to your friends and family.

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Fez pottery is known for its special color of cobal blue. Arts in Morocco is mainly performed with geometric shapes just like in the Berber Rugs, these arts are designed with geometric shapes and patterns being a unique culture in Morocco. These art patterns are mainly affect by their religion Islam. The material used for this kind of pottery is grey clay found in Fez. The pottery is covered with white glaze with cobalt blue.

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kaftans is a popular clothes that is weared in North African countries including Morocco. The design of these cloths have long, flowing robes with wide sleeves, often featuring intricate embroidery, beadwork, and embellishments. These clothes are mainly worn in special events such as wedding, religious festivals, and formal events. This cloth symbolizes elegance, tradition, and cultural identity. Each region of Morocco has a different style of kaftnam.

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This is an interview of Zakaria Ramhani. Zakaria Ramhani

Zakaria Ramhani is a Moroccan visual artist born in 1983 in Tangier. He is known for his large-scale paintings that incorporate Arabic calligraphy as a formal gesture. Ramhani's work explores the relationship between portraiture and calligraphy, blending traditional Islamic art forms with contemporary techniques. He grew up in an artistic household; his father was a landscape painter. Then Zakaria studied art in Morocco and later received a residency from the French government at the Cité internationale des arts in Paris in 2006. His work has been exhibited internationally, including at the Barbican Centre in London, the Bahrain National Museum, and the British Museum at DIFC Dubai. He is one of the top ten highest auction results for artists under 30 in 2010. His works are part of prestigious collections such as the Barjeel Foundation and the Royal family of Morocco.

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The djellaba is not just a piece of clothing; it's a significant cultural symbol. It reflects the rich heritage and traditions of North Africa, particularly Morocco and Algeria. The garment has been worn for centuries and continues to be an essential part of daily life and special ceremonies. In rural areas, djellabas are still commonly worn as everyday attire. They're practical for the climate and provide protection from the elements. During religious and cultural celebrations such as Eid, weddings, and other special events, people often wear their finest djellabas. These are usually more ornate and made from luxurious fabrics.

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In Sikhism, wearing a turban is a sign of faith and commitment. It is an important part of the Sikh identity and symbolizes equality, honor, and spirituality. In many cultures, turbans are worn as a mark of tradition and heritage. They can be an important part of ceremonial dress, worn during weddings, festivals, and other significant events. In regions with hot climates, turbans can provide protection from the sun and help keep the wearer cool. They can also be used to shield the face from dust and sand.

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Babouches are more than just footwear; they are a symbol of Moroccan culture and heritage. They are worn by people of all ages and genders and can be found in a variety of styles to suit different occasions. In Moroccan homes, babouches are often worn as everyday indoor slippers. Their comfortable design makes them ideal for lounging and daily activities. For special events, such as weddings and religious celebrations, more ornate babouches are worn. These may be adorned with gold or silver embroidery and intricate designs.

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Maroquin is typically made from goatskin, though sheepskin and calfskin can also be used. The leather is tanned using natural materials like sumac or oak gall, which gives it a distinctive grain and texture. Maroquin is often dyed in rich colors such as red, black, green, and brown. The traditional red color is particularly prized. The leather has a pronounced grain that can be straight-grained, pebble-grained, or bird's-eye patterned. Maroquin is highly valued for bookbindings due to its strength and ability to enhance gilding. It's used in the manufacture of high-end items like wallets, gloves, and fine luggage. Maroquin is also used in the production of shoes and other fashion accessories.

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Marrakesh festival celebrates Morocco’s poetic and musical traditions | Africanews

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The second edition of the Kasbah Melhoun Art Festival featured various activities, such as an exhibition of books written by melhoun sheikhs or scholars.

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Justin Law's section:

Starts with Justin's part of section with rationale underneath, Justin's section includes 7 categories in order of Food, Religion, Sports, Languages, Architecture, Traditional Jobs and Traditional lifestyle practices with over 30 items in total. Justin Law's cultural items have the color of purple.

Albert Wei's section:

The second half are Albert's part of section with rationale underneath, Albert's section includes 7 categories in order of music, festivals, transportation, myths, art, clothing, and rituals with over 30 items in total.

Albert Wei's cultural items have the color of orange.

Goes left to right

Search:

Use the little search Icon top right to find specific sections. The search function will provide every section, post, and description with similar key word typed in. It will be displayed in order of the sections from top to bottom.

Slide Show Mode:

Pressing the arrow on the right-hand side lets you go in slide show mode which allows you to enlarge all the items and focus on each item in order.

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Rationale:

The Kaleidoscope project was established with the aims of protecting and retaining unique cultures around the globe, in order to protect them from globalization. As an online contributor, my partner and I's mission is to create an online website that showcases Morocco’s unique cultures and traditions that are slowly disappearing due to the spread of globalization. Contributing with Albert Wei, my section of the website focuses on the 7 fields of Food, Religion, Sports, Languages, Architecture, Traditional Jobs and Traditional lifestyle practices. By establishing this website, we hope it allows people all around the globe to understand and appreciate the unique culture of Morocco, and that they will learn that many cultures are disappearing due to globalization, a major global problem for developing countries. Morocco, a country in North Africa once filled with French, Jewish, Berber and Arabic cultural influences, is slowly becoming globalized, and losing its unique cultural identity which defines the very characteristics and heart of Morocco.  Due to Morocco’s unique location in the world, it is a geographical and cultural bridge between Africa, Europe, and the Middle East. In December 2024 we aim to utilize this website to protect and retain unique cultures in Morocco damaged by globalization to be preserved for future generations.

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Kofta is a diverse family of meatball or meatloaf dishes prevalent in South Asian, Central Asian, Balkan, Middle Eastern, North African, and South Caucasian cuisines. At its core, kofta consists of minced meat—commonly beef, chicken, pork, lamb, or mutton—combined with spices and occasionally other ingredients. The earliest recorded recipes date back to early Arab cookbooks, which primarily feature ground lamb.

There are numerous national and regional variations of kofta, including vegetable and uncooked versions. The shapes can differ, taking the form of balls, patties, or cylinders, and their sizes typically range from that of a golf ball to that of an orange.

The Moroccan Kofta is usually shaped into a tube around a skewer, seasoned with spices like coriander, cumin, harissa, chilli etc and grilled over an open flame until cooked through. It is believed to come from the Persian word Koofteh, and made its way to Morocco by merchants and immigrants. Originally, it was shaped like a sphere, but Moroccans changed it to skewers, to fit the diet and mobility of the Berber nomads, as they also grilled over open flames, since it cooked faster and was easier to carry in comparison to pots and pans.

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Pastilla , also known as North African pie, is a savory pie made with either meat or seafood, featured in Maghrebi cuisine. It is crafted using warqa dough , which resembles filo pastry, and is a celebrated specialty of Morocco. The origin of the word originally came from Spanish " pastilla" meaning small pastry. In Morocco, Pastilla is usually served as a starter, and varies between seafood and pultry, which is traditionally made with pigeon meat, also known as squab.

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Moroccan argan oil, often dubbed "liquid gold," is a versatile oil extracted from the nuts of the argan tree, native to Morocco. Renowned for its rich nutrient profile, including vitamin E and essential fatty acids, it serves various purposes. In cooking, it adds a nutty flavor and is a healthy fat choice. Cosmetically, it hydrates skin, conditions hair, and strengthens nails, making it a popular ingredient in beauty products. Additionally, argan oil possesses anti-inflammatory properties, aiding in the treatment of skin conditions.

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Moroccan rose water is a fragrant distillation derived from the petals of the Rosa damascena, commonly known as the Damask rose. Renowned for its soothing and aromatic properties, this natural elixir has been used for centuries in Moroccan beauty rituals and culinary practices. Rich in antioxidants, rose water hydrates and refreshes the skin, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products. It also possesses anti-inflammatory properties, helping to calm irritation and redness. In cooking, it adds a delicate floral flavor to dishes and beverages.

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Rugby in Morocco has been steadily gaining popularity since its introduction in the early 20th century. The sport is governed by the Royal Moroccan Rugby Federation, established in 1948, which oversees the development and promotion of rugby throughout the country.Morocco's rugby landscape features a mix of amateur and semi-professional clubs, with teams competing in various regional and national leagues. The sport is particularly popular in urban areas, with clubs in cities like Casablanca, Rabat, and Tangier leading the way.The Moroccan national team, known as the Atlas Lions, represents the country in international competitions and has participated in several African championships and Rugby World Cup qualifiers. The team showcases the country’s athletic talent and has contributed to increasing interest in rugby among the youth. The Atlas Lions have also won the African rugby cup in 2003 and 2005, and are currently ranked 47th in the world.

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Judaism in Morocco has a rich and complex history that dates back over two millennia. It flourished during various periods, particularly under the Islamic rule from the 8th century onward. Moroccan Jews contributed significantly to the country's cultural, economic, and social life, engaging in trade, crafts, and scholarship. Cities like Fez, Marrakech, and Essaouira became vibrant centers of Jewish life, featuring synagogues, schools, and communal institutions.

Throughout history, Moroccan Jews experienced periods of tolerance and prosperity, but also faced challenges, particularly during times of political upheaval. The Jewish community was known for its unique blend of Berber, Arab, and Jewish traditions, which influenced local customs, music, and cuisine.

In the mid-20th century, the community began to decline due to emigration, particularly after the establishment of Israel in 1948. Today, only a small number of Jews remain in Morocco, primarily in Casablanca. Despite this decline, the rich heritage of Moroccan Judaism persists, celebrated through festivals, culinary traditions, and the preservation of historic synagogues and cemeteries, reflecting the enduring legacy of this once-thriving community.

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The Bahá'í Faith in Morocco began in the mid-20th century, specifically around 1946, when early pioneers introduced its teachings. The community grew significantly during the Ten Year Crusade starting in 1953, attracting Bahá'ís from Egypt and the United States. By the late 1950s, local assemblies were established, and the first all-Moroccan assembly was elected in 1960.

However, the Bahá'í community faced severe persecution, particularly in the early 1960s, with arrests and harsh sentences imposed on its members. Despite these challenges, the community remained resilient, focusing on principles such as the oneness of humanity, gender equality, and the promotion of peace and justice.

Today, the Bahá'í community in Morocco is small, with estimates of about 350 to 400 members, primarily located in urban centers like Rabat and Casablanca.

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The Christian faith in Morocco has a rich history, dating back to the early centuries of Christianity. Today, it is a minority religion, primarily consisting of expatriates, migrant workers, and a small number of Moroccan converts. The Christian community is diverse, including Catholics, Protestants, and Orthodox Christians.

Morocco’s constitution guarantees freedom of religion, but the practice of Christianity is often conducted discreetly due to cultural and societal sensitivities. The majority Muslim population generally respects Christians, but proselytizing is prohibited, and converts from Islam can face social ostracism or legal challenges.

Christian churches in Morocco, such as the Roman Catholic Church and various Protestant denominations, provide spiritual support and community for believers. They often engage in social and charitable activities, contributing to education and healthcare in local communities.

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The history of English in Morocco is closely tied to the influence of British and American presence over the centuries. During the 18th and 19th centuries, British merchants established trade links with Moroccan ports, fostering early exposure to the English language. This period also saw the occasional presence of British consulates and missionaries, who introduced English for diplomatic and religious purposes. However, French remained dominant due to Morocco's colonial history under France.

American influence grew significantly in the 20th century, particularly during World War II, when the U.S. established military bases in Morocco. This marked a turning point for the spread of English, as American culture, values, and language began to permeate Moroccan society. The advent of American movies, music, and educational programs further boosted interest in English, particularly among the younger generation.

In recent decades, globalization and Morocco's strategic partnerships with English-speaking countries have solidified the role of English as a critical language for business, tourism, and education. Today, while French continues to hold a prominent place, English is increasingly seen as the language of opportunity, with its popularity growing through international schools, cultural exchanges, and government initiatives to promote multilingualism.

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In Morocco, food customs are deeply rooted in tradition and reflect the country’s strong sense of hospitality and respect for its cultural values. Meals are often enjoyed using the hands, as they are considered cleaner, with food traditionally taken only by the right hand and using three fingers. Before and after meals, bowls of water are prepared for washing hands, emphasizing the importance of cleanliness.

Sharing food from communal dishes is customary, reinforcing the bonds of family and friendship.

Tea, particularly sweet mint tea, plays a central role in Moroccan dining. It is typically served in three small rounds, and each cup is sipped slowly, reflecting the hospitality and warmth of the hosts. Alcoholic beverages are forbidden in Moroccan households due to Islamic beliefs, and it is considered inappropriate to keep alcohol at home.

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Uqba ibn Nafi is a remarkable figure in early Islamic history, celebrated for his military skill and strategic insight. Born in the Arabian Peninsula, he was a devout Muslim and an adept commander who played a vital role in the Muslim conquest of North Africa in the 7th century. Under the guidance of the Umayyad Caliph Muawiyah I, Uqba embarked on bold military campaigns that took him across vast territories, where he faced and defeated various Berber tribes.

One of Uqba's most significant accomplishments was the founding of Kairouan in 670 CE. This city rapidly evolved into a lively center of Islamic learning, trade, and culture, becoming one of the spiritual capitals of Islam. Kairouan became a beacon of knowledge, drawing scholars, theologians, and artists from all corners of the Islamic world. Its establishment marked not just a key moment in Uqba's military endeavors but also set the stage for the flourishing of Islamic civilization throughout North Africa.

As Uqba’s conquest reached Morocco, he brought with his troops the Islam faith, where he converted many of the Berber people into devout Islams for centuries to come.

Additionally, the architectural style and urban planning principles that emerged from Kairouan left a lasting impact on many North African cities, including those in Morocco. With the unique building style of the Islamic faith, it is safe to say that all this was caused by the man who decided to invade the Maghreb, Uqba ibn Nafi.

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Al-Marrakushi, also known as Abu Ali al-Hasan al-Marrakushi, was a renowned 13th-century mathematician, astronomer, and timekeeper. Born in Marrakesh, Morocco, he later immigrated to Egypt, where he made significant contributions to the fields of science and mathematics.Despite his later life in Egypt, Al-Marrakushi's Moroccan origins were a source of pride for his homeland. His work, particularly his treatise on timekeeping, "Jāmiʿ al-mabādiʾ wa'l-ghāyāt fī ʿilm al-mīqāt," was highly influential in the Islamic world. This comprehensive work delved into various aspects of practical astronomy, including celestial observations, astronomical calculations, and the construction of astronomical instruments. Al-Marrakushi's contributions to astronomy and timekeeping were groundbreaking. His meticulous observations and calculations helped refine astronomical models and improve the accuracy of timekeeping instruments. His work continues to be studied and appreciated by scholars today by excelling in these fields and gaining international recognition, Al-Marrakushi elevated Morocco's cultural standing. His achievements showcased the intellectual prowess of Moroccan scholars and contributed to the country's rich intellectual heritage.

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Morocco, how many languages do you speak?