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Women were very oppressed in the early history of the colonies and were not allowed to speak about politics or religion. Anne Hutchinson preached salvation through faith alone and argued that everyone could have a personal connection with God regardless of if you are part of the church. She was kicked out of Jamestown.

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The Husband holds legal authority over the person, property, and choices of the wife.

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Contribution to the American Revolution 1765-1783

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Contribution to the American Revolution 1765-1783

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Homespun Movement: When Parliament began heavy taxation on the colonies, they boycotted British goods in protest. Colonists learned to brew their own tea and make their own cloth which mostly relied on women who spun the actual cloth.

Hired during war as medics, messengers, and spies.

Deborah Sampson: disguised as a man and enlisted in the Continental Army. Later received soldier’s pension by Congress

Important: Abigail Adams, wife of John Adams, tells her husband to keep women in mind as the Continental Congress begin to formulate the laws and principles the country will be built on once independence is gained. She asks for the vote for women.

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Women did not gain the vote after independence but instead were given an indispensable role in society by training their sons to be future honorable members of society with republican morals. This ideology opened up more educational opportunities for women so they could impart political wisdom on their sons. It also shifted the husband and wife dynamic and gave the husband less of the role of “master” but more like a friend which reinforced the idea that marriage was a voluntary union held by compassion and mutual dependency.

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Early Republic (1790s) - Women begin to speak out in print

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Early Republic (1790s) - Women begin to speak out in print

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Mary Wollstonecraft published a pamphlet that called for more educational opportunities, paid employment, and slightly eluded to the desire for women to have a vote.

Judith Sargent Murray wrote essays for a magazine speaking about women’s rights

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Employment for women was difficult to find as only low paying jobs as servants, factory workers, and seamstresses were available. However, fro a middle class women, it was honorable for a wife to stay home and to instead employ other women to work in her home

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Women were a big part of the reform movement. In this time period, diaries and journal entries show women’s interest in political issues such as slavery and presidential campaigns. Despite not having the vote, women circulated petitions, participated in protests, delivered lectures, raised money for political issues, and attended mass political meetings.

Insane Asylums: Dorothea Dix was an advocate for the mentally ill and created better treatment for the mentally ill

Women were also very active in the temperance movement

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As women began to create a voice for themselves from the many reform movements, they began to also speak on abolition.   Both the abolitionist and suffrage movement kind of grew together during this time. For example, the Grimké sisters, who grew up in a Southern slaveholding household, began to give lectures about the details of slavery. Clergymen were angered with their voice in the public platform and denounced the sisters to which they replied by defending their right to take part in political debate and to have the same social and educational privileges as men

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Organized by Elizabeth Candy Stanton and Lucretia Mott, the Seneca Falls Convention was held on New York and was a gathering for women to discuss the issue of woman suffrage for the first time. At this convention, the Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments was created and was modeled after the Declaration of Independence. This convention marked the beginning of what would be a 70 year struggle for woman suffrage. The whole structure of inequality was discussed such as the issue of access to education and employment and coverture.

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Cult of Domesticity (On and off starting in the 1820s)

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Cult of Domesticity (On and off starting in the 1820s)

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Idea that a true woman was pure, pious, submissive, and domestic. Main job was running the household, bearing children, taking care of the husband.

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The Woman’s Christian Temperance Union became the largest female organization and demanded the prohibition of alcoholic beverages which the blamed for leading men to lower their wages and abuse their wives.

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Made it illegal to send information or materials deemed “obscene” which included contr

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Women are highly credited with the success of the progressive era. During this time more women were a part of the workforce and the suffrage movement picked up speed.

Work: the kinds of jobs available to women expanded greatly and by 1920 about 8 million women were working for wages

Feminism also gained more meaning during this period as traditional ideas about sexual behavior changed with new ideas about freedom in sexual expression and reproduction choice.

Birth control: the movement for access to birth control became a major part of feminism. This movement was primarily driven by Emma Goldman and Margaret Sanger

Jane Addams and Hull House: Hull House was a settlement house dedicated to improving the lives of poor immigrants and helping them start their new life in the US

Suffrage: became a mass movement in the Progressive Era as middle class women, union members, socialists, and settlement house workers joined the cause. By 1900 more than half the states allowed women to vote in local elections concerning school issues. Slowly, states began allowing women full suffrage. Women used advertising, publicity, and mass entertainment techniques to appeal to the consumer society and further the cause.

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Flappers presented a new image of of a women. Flappers wore scandalous clothes and had. Bobs, smoked and drank without shame, partied at clubs, and used birth control freely. The flapper epitomized the change in standards of sexual behavior..

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Written by Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique suggested that women were not content with their life and that the suburban dream had become a. Nightmare. She brought up the idea that educated and talented women were wasting their potential stuck in their homes with their only goals being marriage and motherhood. She brought up other. Feminist concerns like the pay gap and in 1963 Congress passed the Equal Pay Act

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The rise of New Conservatism brought ongoing controversy over the right to abortions. Roman Catholics, whose church condemned abortion,  began a movement to reverse Roe v. Wade which was passed in 1973.

1976 - federal funding for abortions through Medicaid was ended

1990s - a few anti-abortion activists were bombing medical clinics and murdering doctors who performed abortions