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Saint Paul's name used to be Saul, persecutor of christians. While travelling, Saul was blinded and saw Jesus in a vision. He eventually was healed and changed his name to Paul. He spread the word of Christianity throughout the middle east and europe.

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St Justin Martyr was an early christian philosopher. He was best known as 'the apologist' due to his significant apologies. The first apology is the best well known.

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Constantine was the first emperor of the roman empire to convert to Christianity. He enforced Christianity in the roman empire and created a new church of Christianity, Roman Catholic. Although he heavily influenced Christianity in the empire, he wasn't actually baptised until he was on his death bed.

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The Battle of the Milvian Bridge was one of the most significant battles in the conversion to Christianity in the roman empire. It took place between the leader of the eastern empire, Constantine, and the western empire. Constantine eventually won the battle, going on to take Rome.

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In the 5th century, the Roman empire collapses. A combined force of Barbarians attacked from the east and west. The barbarians had trading agreements with the roman empire, but betrayed them. they were made up of 4 groups, Foederati, Vandals, Visgoths and the Huns, the most powerful force.

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The Huns are the most terrifying group of people on the planet, led by a man called Attila the Hun. He was a hostage in the imperial court and deeply hated the Roman Empire. before invading Rome, he led many successful invasions of Gaul (old France). He then successfully invaded the Roman Empire, and it collapsed.

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St Benedict of Norcia created western Monasticism. He founded the monastery, along with the help of 12 monks, and called it Monte Casino.

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The Crusades were a series of religious wars between Muslims and Christians. It began when the Seljuk Turks took control of the holy city of Jerusalem. Jews, Muslims and Christians all consider Jerusalem to belong to them. Jews believe Jerusalem is the holiest place on the planet and the center of the universe. To Muslims, Jerusalem is the site where the prophet Muhummed rose to heaven. To Christians, Jerusalem is the site where Jesus was crucified, and where he rose from the dead. Pope Urban II began the first crusade and pushed many men to join the journey. Many soldiers believed that if they fought and died in battle, it would be a free pass to heaven. The first crusade was successful, and many other crusades followed.

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Franciscans
- Founded by St. Francis in a vision when he was asked by Jesus to "rebuild my church"
- He began be rebuilding the chapel at St Damiano, but then realized that this rebuild was more than just a building.
- In 1209 he created a rule based on the Bible passages
- In 1210 he took a trip to Rome to seek approval from the Pope
Dominicans
- Began his work in 1203
- He sought to establish an order like the monastics, but with more flexibility
-  They were always working in pairs
- Dominic inspired his followers with loyalty to learning and virtue

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14th Century – Avignon Papacy & St Catherine of Siena

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14th Century – Avignon Papacy & St Catherine of Siena

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•Catherine was born in Siena, Italy
•She was a Third Order Dominican, she was not a nun
•She received the stigmata (wounds of Christ) but they were invisible
•She was only 33 when she died
•The situation arose from a conflict between the papacy and the French crown, culminating in the death of Pope Boniface VIII after his arrest by King Philip of France
•This time of the Avignon papacy was known as the second schism
•Catherine of Siena went to Pope Gregory in Avignon, convincing him to return to Rome

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•Catherine (who, though a Doctor of the Church, was illiterate) dictated letters urging the pope to fulfill his promise and make the hard decision to leave the safety of Avignon and return to Rome
“I beg of you, on behalf of Christ crucified, that you be not a timorous child but manly. Open your mouth and swallow down the bitter for the sweet.”
•Gregory XI listened to the pleadings and prayers of St. Catherine of Siena and returned the papacy to Rome on January 17, 1377. The scandal and shame of the Avignon papacy was at an end.

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16th Century – Reformation – Martin Luther

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16th Century – Reformation – Martin Luther

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•Born in Germany
•During a thunderstorm in 1504, he promised God he would become a monk if he were saved
•A few weeks later he joined the Augustinians
•He was studious and dedicated, but began to question his salvation
•He was constantly wondering whether he had done his best to serve God and be saved
•He confessed his sins daily – he was scrupulous
•He was constantly worrying about his salvation
•This led him to the idea of ‘Justification by Faith’
•That means: faith does not come to us because of something we do but something that God gives
•He taught ‘we cannot DO anything to merit our reward, it’s a gift
•That was the precursor to protestantism

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•At the same time, St Peter’s Basilica was being reconstructed
•It was costly, and people were encouraged to give funds for the work. They were, in turn, told that this would be an “INDULGENCE”
•If one did an indulgenced work, went to Confession and Mass, then they would get time off in purgatory.
•However, there was a misunderstanding and people thought they could buy their way to heaven.
•Martin Luther disagreed with this practice, and 94 other issues in the Church
•He denied transubstantiation – the Catholic view that the bread and wine become body and blood and proposed consubstantiation
- Had issues with teachings on sacraments, grace, the saints e.t.c.
• He nailed his list of 95 to church door in protest
Hence the beginning of the Protestants
•That was on 31st October 1517

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•Whilst the Protestant Reformation was taking place in Europe, England was going through its own reform
•King Henry VIII acceded to the throne in 1509 at the age of 17
•He married Catherine of Aragon, the widow of his brother
•He was an observant Roman Catholic, and he heard up to five masses a day (except during the hunting season)
•He was heavily influenced by his advisors from whom he was never apart, by night or day
•Initially, he defended the Church during Luther’s protestant reformation
•By 1527, Henry wanted his marriage to Catherine annulled
•Catherine had not produced a male heir who survived longer than two months, and Henry wanted a son to secure the Tudor dynasty
•Pope Clement refused to annul his marriage
•Catherine was a devout Catholic, who refused to consent to Henry’s claim
•Henry summoned a parliament to rectify this issue
•Lawyer and member of Parliament Thomas Cromwell saw how Parliament could be used to advance royal supremacy over the church and further Protestant beliefs
•In 1533 he severed relations with Rome
•In 1534 he passed the Act of Supremacy, whereby the King was declared to be: the only Supreme Head in Earth of the Church of England
•The Treasons Act of 1534 made it an act of high treason, punishable by death, to refuse to acknowledge the king as such
•In 1536 the Act of the Dissolution of Monasteries was enacted, which meant that all assets under the control of the Church, were to now be under the the royal prerogative

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                                                                   King Edward – Queen Mary – Queen Elizabeth I

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                                                                   King Edward – Queen Mary – Queen Elizabeth I

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•King Edward succeeded Henry after his death – he continued the reforms
•Queen Mary, a devout Catholic, succeeded Edward and tried to reverse the reforms and reconcile with Rome
•However, Elizabeth I succeeded and persisted with the English Reformation

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The Society of Jesus was founded by Saint Ignatius of Loyola in 1540.

His six companions became incredibly significant throughout time.

The Jesuit order still continues today

Many APS schools in Melbourne are Jesuit schools.