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News of the California Gold Rush arrived in Hong Kong in 1849. This inspired many Chinese to immigrate to the west coast in search of prosperity.

https://www.loc.gov/classroom-materials/immigration/chinese/searching-for-the-gold-mountain/

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The Taiping Rebellion start on December 1850 that was a radical political and religious disruption that was on of the most if not the most important event that happen in China. The it was led by a Christian leader called Hong Xiuquan who believed that he was the son of God and the younger brother of Jesus Christ sent to reform China. The rebellion went on for  14 years and damaged 17 different areas in China and took an estimated of 20 million lives, and unalterably changed the Qing Dynasty
https://www.britannica.com/event/Taiping-Rebellion

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In the 1850s Chinese started to migrate to the United States once they came to the United State they started to work in the gold mines, but they also took jobs in agriculture and factories, especially those that made clothes. Chinese laborers became successful in the United States, and a number of them went on to become successful entrepreneurs on their own as a result. Chinese immigrants played a particularly important role in the construction of railroads in the American west.
https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/chinese-immigration

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There were a series of discriminatory local laws that was passed in the early 1870s  that were against Chinese immagrants. Some of them where, The Side Walk Ordinance of 1870 banning the Chinese practice of carrying vegetables and laundry on a pole, while being in San Francisco. The Quene Ordinance of 1873 ban Chinese men who had long braids, this was a custom in Chinese culture. Chinese immigrants were not allowed to work for federal, state, and local government, and were not allowed to take there children to school to get an education.
https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/5views/5views3d.htm#:~:text=The%20Anti%2DChinese%20Movement&text=The%20Queue%20Ordinance%20required%20Chinese,return%20to%20China%20without%20them.

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U.S. President Rutherford B. Hayes appointed diplomat James Angell to write a treaty with China that could limit, but not ban Chinese immigration. The Angell Treaty was produced and signed in 1880, laying the foundation for the Chinese Exclusion Act two years later.

https://immigrationhistory.org/item/angell-treaty-of-1880/

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Summary

The Angell Treaty recognized the power of the U.S. government to regulate labor immigration from China. The Angell treaty reversed course from the 1868 Burlingame treaty, which liberalized trade relations between China and the United States and encouraged Chinese immigration. After President Rutherford B. Hayes was forced to veto a 1879 bill that would have restricted the number of Chinese passengers per vessel as it conflicted with the Burlingame treat, he appointed diplomat James Angell to negotiate a new treaty with China that would recognize the right of the United States to restrict, but not prohibit, Chinese immigration. The Angell Treaty specifically identified the need to limit the immigration of Chinese laborers and laid the diplomatic groundwork for the the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act.

Source

Treaty signed at Peking November 17, 1880, modifying treaties of
June 18, 1858, and July 28, 1868 . . . .

Whereas the Government of the United States, because of the constantly increasing immigration of Chinese laborers to the territory of the United States, and the embarrassments consequent upon such immigration, now desires to negotiate a modification of the existing Treaties which shall not be in direct contravention of their spirit . . . .

Article I

Whenever in the opinion of the United States, the coming of Chinese laborers . . . affects of threatens the interests of that country . . . the Government of China agrees that the Government of the United States may regulate, limit, or suspend such coming or residence, but may not absolutely prohibit it. The limitation or suspension shall be reasonable and shall apply only to Chinese who may go to the Unites States as laborers . . . .

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Angell Treaty of 1880 - Immigration History

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The Angell Treaty recognized the power of the U.S. government to regulate labor immigration from China. The Angell treaty reversed course from the 1868 Burlingame treaty, which liberalized trade relations between China and the United States and encouraged Chinese immigration. After President Rutherford B.

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In 1882, the U.S. passed the Chinese Exclusion Act, which banned Chinese immigrants from immigrating into the country for a decade and stopped Chinese living in the U.S. from becoming citizens. This ban was extended a decade later and made permanent two decades later.

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The Scott Act was passed in 1888, which abolished the "returning laborers" status. This meant that 20,000 Chinese workers who  left the U.S. for China, and were promised that they were exempt from the Chinese Exclusion Act, were now cut off from the U.S.

https://immigrationhistory.org/item/scott-act/

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Angel Island Immigration Station was founded in 1910 to process immigrants coming to the west coast and to enforce the Chinese Exclusion Act. However, 250,000 Chinese would be processed here in the few decades it was run for.

https://www.aiisf.org/history

https://dh.scu.edu/exhibits/exhibits/show/california-history/immigration-in-california-hist/immigration-memorials-monumeme#:~:text=Between%201910%2D1940%2C%20it%20is,coming%20to%20the%20United%20States.

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When the U.S. joined World War 2 with China as their ally, they repealed the Chinese Exclusion Act. While this gave Chinese living in the U.S. the right to become citizens, there were still quotas that limited Chinese immigration to 105 immigrants per year.

https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/chinese-exclusion-act#:~:text=It%20was%20the%20first%20significant,immigrating%20to%20the%20United%20States.

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Due to loosening restrictions on immigration in the U.S. and emigration in China and improved relations between the two countries, a new wave of Chinese immigration took place starting in the late 1970s.

https://reimaginingmigration.org/chinese-immigrants-to-the-us-past-and-present/#:~:text=According%20to%20the%20Migration%20Policy,late%201970s%20to%20the%20present.