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1. 글쓰기와 관련한 나의 관심 분야는?

2. 1) 검색한 원문 제목과 2) 자신이 쓴 글의 제목을 영어로 쓰세요.

3. 내가 제시한 문제점은? (우리말로 자세히 쓰시오)

4. 내가 찾은 해결책은? (우리말로 자세히 쓰시오)

5. 자기평가 : 1) 영어 쓰기를 준비하는 데 어떻게 노력을 기울였나요?

(영어쓰기를 하면서 어려웠던 점과 극복 방법 중심으로)

6. 자기평가 : 2) 영어쓰기를 준비하는데 얼마나 노력을 기울였나요?

1(거의 없음) | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5(아주 많음)

7. 수행평가를 마치고 난 후의 소감이나 느낌은?

8. 기타: 영어 선생님께 하고 싶은 말(수업 또는 수행평가 관련)

9. 페들렛에 게시된 친구들의 제출물을 살펴보고, 칭찬하고 싶은 친구와 그 이유를 써주세요.

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3학년 1학기 수행평가 자기평가

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2023학년도 3학년 1학기 영어독해와작문 프로젝트

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2023학년도 3학년 1학기 영어독해와작문 프로젝트

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수행평가1.
1)  Google an article about the problem and the solution that you want to write about by using the internet.
* 텍스트 찾기 (2점)
2) Read the article and summarize it.
* 텍스트 속 단어 정리하기 (4점)
* 텍스트 우리말로 요약하기 (4점)

수행평가2.
1) Write about the problem and the solution.
* 문제와 해결방안을 10문장으로 쓰기 (10점)

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본인이 찾은 읽기 자료 주소를 남겨주세요.
<주의> 글 제목은 "본인 학번+이름"으로 써주세요

문법 검색 사이트
Grammarly: Free Online Writing Assistant
무료 영어 문법 검사기/맞춤법 검사기 - 워드바이스 AI (wordvice.ai)
영어 문법 검사기 | 엔그램 (engram.us)
LanguageTool - Online Grammar, Style & Spell Checker

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수행평가를 위한 안내자료 및 개인수행자료 탑재용 패들렛 주소

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https://www.build.com/how-to-cool-home-with-an-air-circulator/a25481

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Once the summer months roll around, the air conditioner thermostat starts to get pretty popular in many households. However, there are other ways to keep the temperature down without driving up the electricity bills, year round. One of the more effective ways is the addition of quiet and efficient air circulators alongside a household network of fans, from ceiling fans to box fans.

What Is an Air Circulator?

When looking into choosing an air circulator vs air conditioner in order to regulate the temperature or maximize air circulation in a house, consider adding air circulators first. An air circulator is more effective at moving air than an AC system or a simple fan. From the shape of the blades to the CFM rating, they are designed to move and mix hot and cold layers of air throughout the whole room.

An air circulator provides even air distribution over a larger coverage area, which when used correctly helps blend hot and cold air, or force heated air out of the space. An air circulator provides energy efficient, consistent coverage rather than the directed, forced air in order to create the wind-chill cooling effect of a smaller fan. Like personal-use fans, they come in a range of sizes to meet the demands of different uses throughout the house.

Types of Air Circulators and Fans

If you're wondering how to circulate air in a room, an air circulator has a few different styles and types to help find the best fit. They all require access to a standard electrical outlet, and Energy Star certified models will allow you to minimize energy use even when using multiple types of air circulators and fans throughout the home.

The trick to finding the best air circulator is to match the right CFM to the room size. The CFM refers to the amount of air the circulator can move in cubic feet per minute, and a larger CFM rating can obviously accommodate a larger room size.The challenge of the room size can also be addressed by incorporating different types for different zones or air movement tasks.

Ceiling Mounted Fans - Ceiling installation helps blend the hot and cold air distribution by forcing the heated air back down and around the room.

Floor Fans - Powerful, directed air flow, and usually a compact size that is easily moved around and adjusted.

Pedestal Fans - Lifts the fan up off the floor to move air around from a higher angle, with many models allowing the user to adjust the height as needed.

Table Top Fans - Designed for the desktop to direct air at the user, cooling with wind chill.

Tower Fans - A more modern design that features a vertical fan housing to conserve space and move air from the floor up rather than only work with a narrow zone.

Wall Mounted Fans - Air circulators that can be mounted on the wall to help maximize air flow circulation around the entire room.

Window Fans - Also called box fans, these fans are designed to fit in doorways or windows to remove large amounts of heated air from the room quickly.

There are a few must-have features when investigating how to circulate air with fans and air circulators. First, make sure the circulator has the appropriate location rating for the space. These fans will be designated for either indoor or outdoor use, and it's important not to use an indoor fan where it might be exposed to the elements to prevent damage from moisture.

Other features include:

Air Circulator vs Fan

There isn't a lot of difference between an air circulator vs fan other than the amount of air they move. Fans are designed to direct strong, chilling wind directly onto a user to wick away moisture to help the body lower the temperature more quickly. Most fans are not designed to blend or move large amounts of air, only exactly what is needed to create a more narrow-focused breeze for personal use.

When choosing between a cooling solution of an air circulator vs air conditioner, keep in mind that they are very different things. Air conditioners are a less mobile option, as they can be quite big and bulky. Some require installation or venting through a window, or additional setup and maintenance requirements.

Air conditioners are designed to release air that has been cooled via moisture, adding to the humidity of the room. Well-placed air circulators work as an excellent complement to an air conditioner when it comes to how to circulate air in a room. Running the circulator near the AC vent or outlet helps to quickly spread and blend the heavier, air conditioned air into the warmer air and disperse it throughout the room without using a lot of electricity.

Air circulators and fans can be used to blend air circulation in a house or in any setting, whether residential or more commercial settings, from a store front to a warehouse. Circulating air can prevent stale, stagnant, and hot air in closed rooms, or help keep open rooms cooler. They are quite portable and can be used year-round wherever they are most needed to help regulate the temperature in a room and chase off hot and cold spots. There are many ways to use air circulators in the home and office.

Use Multiple Fans

When planning out how to circulate air with fans, look for opportunities to create a network of circulators throughout the house to work the naturally colder air in some places out to other areas of the house that collect heat. For instance, putting a fan near an air conditioning vent can help distribute the cooler air from the vent, keeping the room cooler and keeping the AC system from having to use as much energy to work efficiently. Most air circulating fans can be positioned wherever they are most needed, so look for the sizes that best fit in different areas of your home, from small to large.

Convection moves hot air up naturally, so it can be helpful to place fans as high as possible to get the air blending and cooling by forcing it back down. This can include using wall mounted fans, or more portable options like pedestal or tower fans. A ceiling fan pulls cold air up into the lighter heated air, helping to distribute heat down. Or it can be switched to reverse the direction of the blade movement and force the heated air down into the cold air, disbursing it throughout the room.

To improve air circulation in a house, air can be moved in or out from different areas to create a more comfortable temperature or humidity level. A fan or air circulator can be placed in a window or doorway or both, forcing the heated air inside the room out of it, or pulling the cooler air into the room, depending on the direction of the blade movement. Create a crossbreeze in a room with a box fan in the window to pull the hot air out, and a second fan in the doorway to drag the cooler air from a hallway into the room.

When exploring how to circulate air with fans, use the walls. Aim fans and air circulators to angle off of the walls, creating a wind pattern that keeps hot and cold air mixing. It's important not to place them too close to the furniture, however, as doing so will block the air flow entirely.

In the warmer seasons, point an air circulator so that, when the fan is set on the highest speed, the airflow is directed halfway up a wall. This helps to create a higher speed air circulation pattern that will keep the cooler air from the floor moving around the room.

In the winter months, point an air circulator at the ceiling, on the lowest speed setting, to move and mix the hot and cold air. Any fan placed closer to the floor will move colder air, it's all a matter of how powerful the fan is and whether there are any obstacles in the way of the air flow.

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How to Cool a Home with an Air Circulator

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Once the summer months roll around, the air conditioner thermostat starts to get pretty popular in many households. However, there are other ways to keep the temperature down without driving up the electricity bills, year round. One of the more effective ways is the addition of quiet and efficient air circulators alongside a household network of fans, from ceiling fans to box fans.

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https://promedcert.com/blog/what-is-healthcare-policy-and-why-is-it-important/?gclid=EAIaIQobChMIl-GDuLfn_QIVd5NmAh2U8Ar5EAMYASAAEgILxfD_BwE

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What Is Healthcare Policy And Why Is It Important

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A crucial component of the healthcare system is the healthcare policy. Healthcare policy works to maintain and improve patient health and the general public’s well-being. Accessibility, pricing, delivery, and privacy in healthcare are major factors that are impacted by the policy. It covers the l…

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Causes, Effects and Solutions to Food Insecurity (Lack of Access to Food) - Conserve Energy Future

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Food insecurity has been defined as the lack of consistent access to enough food for an active and healthy life. In other words, there are millions of people all over the world who suffer from a shortage of food and cannot tell if they will be able to feed themselves the next day or at the end of th…

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https://ischool.syr.edu/fake-news-why-people-believe-how-it-spreads-and-what-you-can-do-about-it/

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Fake News: Why People Believe, How It Spreads, and What You Can Do About It - iSchool | Syracuse University

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iSchool professors share their research on the impact of misinformation and what we can do about it.

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https://blessingsofhope.com/end-hunger/?gclid=EAIaIQobChMI-KuEhYDo_QIVyaqWCh3pNQvgEAAYAiAAEgKQJ_D_BwE

https://press.un.org/en/2022/sc14894.doc.htm

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https://www.cbsnews.com/live-updates/tyre-nichols-bodycam-video-memphis-police-release/

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Bodycam footage of Tyre Nichols’ violent arrest released by Memphis police

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Four videos released by the city of Memphis show different angles of Tyre Nichols being pepper sprayed, kicked in the head while being restrained, punched and struck multiple times with a baton.

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https://www.cbsnews.com/live-updates/tyre-nichols-bodycam-video-memphis-police-release/

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Bodycam footage of Tyre Nichols’ violent arrest released by Memphis police

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Four videos released by the city of Memphis show different angles of Tyre Nichols being pepper sprayed, kicked in the head while being restrained, punched and struck multiple times with a baton.

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1. What is a roadside zoo?

Roadside zoos typically bear little resemblance to the large well-funded public institutions most people think of when they hear the word "zoo". Whatever your opinion about zoos generally, roadside zoos set the poorest standard for how we see and treat captive wildlife.

Enclosures are designed to enhance public viewing, allowing visitors to come close to animals, not for the welfare of animals. Cages are often grossly undersized, without space for animals to exercise or to perform natural behaviours, and usually lack shelter, privacy, enrichment and hygiene.

Most of these roadside zoos operate according to their own standards and don't have trained, professional animal care staff or the finances necessary to provide proper animal care, housing, and safety for animals and the public.

2. Why are most of Canada's roadside zoos in Ontario?

Ontario is the only province that does not have any regulations related to the keeping of exotic wild animals in captivity. A provincial licence is only required when keeping native wildlife in captivity.

This means that a roadside zoo could have a license to keep a native wildlife species (such as a black bear) and when an enforcement officer comes to check on the conditions the bear is kept in, they are unable to comment on the enclosure next door that might hold a lion, tiger or other wild animals not native to Ontario.

While the prescribed conditions are minimal, vague and poorly enforced for native wildlife, Ontario does not have any licenses and barely monitors facilities that keep exotic wild animals. Instead, individual municipalities are responsible for providing oversight and control of facilities keeping these animals within their jurisdiction and for dealing with any problems associated with them.

In many Ontario cities, there are no regulations against keeping exotic wildlife like a tiger or a monkey; to open a zoo, no training or education is necessary, and no business, financial or emergency planning is required. Almost anyone can acquire wild animals, nail together a few cages, stick up a sign and call themselves a zoo. These are the places we call roadside zoos.

3. Where do roadside zoos get their animals from?

Roadside zoos breed their animals or acquire new animals from other zoo facilities and private wild animal collectors, such as exotic pet owners. The captive breeding of animals in roadside zoos almost always involves species that are already overrepresented in captivity, such as monkeys and lions.

Breeding efforts are not based on science and the genetic history of their animals is often unknown, making them unsuitable for official breeding programs. Breeding is used to attract the public with baby animals, using these baby animals in animal-visitor interactions and to replenish their captive animal populations.

Occasionally roadside zoos sell their animals to other roadside zoos or exotic pet owners.

4. Do roadside zoos contribute to conservation and education?

These facilities usually argue that the public should overlook their deficiencies because of the contribution they make to public education and conservation. These claims don't hold up to scrutiny.

Signs at roadside zoos offer little in the way of education. Many are poorly designed, difficult to read, and inaccurate. In many cases, only the name of the animal appears and occasionally the animal's age, birthdate, and/or species name. Other kinds of educational programs that are found in more professional zoos are almost always absent.

Similarly, roadside zoos do very little for the conservation of vulnerable species. Endangered species like lemurs, tigers, parrots, and tortoises are rarely released back into their natural environments.

5. Are roadside zoos safe?

There are few public health and safety regulations or inspections to protect the captive animals, zoo staff, volunteers, visitors and the local community. And self-regulation has not led to the implementation of minimum professional zoo safety standards. For example, tigers and other dangerous animals are often kept behind fences that are too low and stand-off barriers that prevent direct interactions between wild animals and the public are often missing.

Additionally, inappropriate animal-visitor interactions, such as unsupervised feeding and touching of animals can, and have, resulted in bites, scratches, and other injuries to zoo visitors.

Contact with wild animals also heightens the risk of zoonotic diseases - diseases being transmitted from animals to the public. This risk is even higher when animals are stressed, and many are. It's not uncommon to see animals in roadside zoos showing signs of boredom, frustration, anxiety, and other signs of stress.

6. What can I do to stop roadside zoos?

There are several things you as an individual and animal lover can do. As a starter do not visit a roadside zoo. If you want to visit an animal facility, please consider doing some research to make sure that it's a legitimate sanctuary that you're planning on visiting. View our wildlife attraction and sanctuary checklists.

If you live in a community where a roadside zoo is located or if you want to advocate for the animals currently in roadside zoos, you can take the following actions:

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Ontario's roadside zoo problem - 6 commonly asked questions answered

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Roadside zoos typically bear little resemblance to the large well-funded public institutions most people think of when they hear the word "zoo". Whatever your opinion about zoos generally, roadside zoos set the poorest standard for how we see and treat captive wildlife.

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https://www.iotforall.com/impact-of-artificial-intelligence-job-losses

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https://www.bbc.com/news/business-64881469

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Natalie ShermanBusiness reporter, New York

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US interest rates could go higher than expected

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US stock markets fell following the remarks, which come ahead of another rate announcement.

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Understanding your challenges - Animal Nutrition

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Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is now considered one of the greatest threats to human health, and the role of livestock production remains under scrutiny. The challenge for producers is how to remove or reduce the use of antibiotics without compromising animal health or performance.

Implementation of effective biosecurity programs plays a key role. We already know that it makes a positive difference in farms where increasing biosecurity levels is largely associated with higher production rates and a drop in antimicrobial use and resistance. Now, the question is how to scale up this practice across the global livestock sector because it has become necessary to put measures in place to control and eradicate infections.

Health monitoring programs are a fundamental part of this strategy and will be essential in every operation - especially for the safe expansion of the poultry industry. We also anticipate a noticeable shift away from using therapeutic compounds to control enteric diseases and greater attention given to nutritional alternatives such as probiotics, essential oils, and betaine as a more sustainable way to support a healthy intestinal microbiota, and immune system.

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Understanding your challenges - Animal Nutrition

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is now considered one of the greatest threats to human health, and the role of livestock production remains under scrutiny. The challenge for producers is how to remove or reduce the use of antibiotics without compromising animal health or performance. Implementation of effective biosecurity programs plays a key role.

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https://www.daytondailynews.com/local/police-looking-for-suspect-from-i-75-high-speed-crash/XAQKEFCQ7RHV7AB34FRUP6BA7U/

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https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://earth.org/environmental-impact-of-e-waste/&ved=2ahUKEwiz1emQmuj9AhWPT2wGHVz-D6cQxfQBKAB6BAgJEAI&usg=AOvVaw1wULLqq0OAPQS9wDhcCUxf

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우리 행성의 폐 - 유엔 해양 회의 (un.org)

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Life below water

The oceans are the most prominent feature on the planet, covering nearly three quarters of the Earth, and are essential for planetary survival. Just as a person cannot live without a healthy heart and lungs, the Earth cannot survive without healthy oceans and seas. They serve as the Earth's respiratory system, producing oxygen for life and absorbing carbon dioxide and waste. The oceans provide storage and absorb the world's carbon dioxide, while marine phytoplankton generates the oxygen needed for survival.
Learn more about SDG14

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The ocean - our biggest ally against climate change - is in serious trouble. To jumpstart solutions to protect the planet and open a new chapter of global ocean action, world leaders and ocean advocates will gather in Lisbon, Portugal, from 27 June to 1 July, for the second UN Ocean Conference.

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Marine Pollution (nationalgeographic.org)

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Marine pollution is a combination of chemicals and trash, most of which comes from land sources and is washed or blown into the ocean. This pollution results in damage to the environment, to the health of all organisms, and to economic structures worldwide.

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Air Pollution Caused By Global Food Production Is Killing More Than 890,000 People A Year, Study Finds

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The food we eat is one of the leading sources of the toxic ambient fine particulate matter PM2.5, leading to over 890,000 premature death per year, according to a new study examining air pollution released through the global food supply chain.

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https://www.datasciencecentral.com/the-6-biggest-internet-problems-we-need-to-solve/amp/

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Over the course of the last two decades, the internet has become nearly ubiquitous. From the ages of rare dial-up connections, our relatively reliable 4G network and endless options for free Wi-Fi at public establishments is its own kind of digital paradise. However, the internet isn't perfect, and if we want to build a world where our entire population has fast, reliable, and affordable internet access, there are a number of problems we'll need to solve.
The Biggest Standing Internet Issues
These are some of the biggest problems facing our development of the internet:

1. Global inconsistencies in internet availability. One of the internet's biggest advantages is its ability to connect people all over the world-but that world appears significantly smaller when you realize how unavailable or slow the internet is in many countries other than the United States, Japan, and other world leaders. Many African countries like Chad, Niger, and Somalia have single-digit percentages of their respective populations with internet access, and internet speeds vary wildly from country to country. If we want the fullest possible use and benefit out of the internet, we need to take measures to assure the greatest number of people-from countries all over the world-have reliable access. Companies like Facebook are trying to solve this problem by beaming internet to remote locations via automatically piloted balloons, but it will be some time before the world is fully connected.

2. The ever-rising demand for bandwidth. Consumers are hungry for more bandwidth, and that increasing hunger isn't going to wane for a long time. Consumers want higher-definition movies, faster and more frequent points of information retrieval, and more advanced user interfaces for their favorite apps and websites. That results in a projected 30-40 percent annual increase in bandwidth demand for the next several years-and somebody needs to design an infrastructural network capable of supporting that.

3. Unexpected fluctuations in use. Internet companies have learned to expect a kind of ebb and flow to internet use. Late at night and early in the morning, few people are accessing content online, but during peak working hours and prime time, people stream large volumes. This isn't problematic when you know what to anticipate; the problem comes with unexpected fluctuations, which can pop up at any time-for unpredictable reasons. Companies like 10Gbps.io are attempting to resolve this by using unmetered bandwidth dedicated servers with high uplink potential to provide ample reserve for their users.

4. Cybercriminal access. It's a good thing that the internet is as widely available as it is, but that also means it's available to hackers and cybercriminals-and wider access means more potential targets. There's no way to eliminate cybercrime, as improving technological defenses simply results in more innovative hacking to get around them. However, we can better educate consumers and give them the resources necessary to protect themselves -even with simple measures, like choosing stronger passwords.

5. Overreliance on major corporations. Chances are, you're using an internet provider like Comcast, AT&T, Time Warner, or CenturyLink. There are a small number of telecom companies capable of providing high-speed internet access, and our reliance on those major corporations leaves us vulnerable to the decisions they make-including price rate hikes and new paradigms for internet provision (including bandwidth and/or download caps). Legislation on the provision of internet to consumers is limited, and competition is too thin to keep these companies in check with one another. Hopefully, new players or significant corporate breakups will introduce some much-needed differentiation to this group.

6. Patchwork fixes. This is a mentality problem rather than an infrastructural problem, but it still has a significant impact on how the internet is available (and when). Most internet providers and service providers are focused on providing uninterrupted service, and promptly respond to emergencies in an effort to minimize downtime. This isn't bad by itself; the problem is, many organizations resort to "patchwork" fixes, temporarily correcting systems to restore internet service without addressing the infrastructural roots of the problem (or innovating new solutions that bypass them). This keeps the internet stuck in place, and keeps technicians putting out fires rather than preventing them from happening in the first place. For example, technicians may respond to an internet outage from a damaged underwater cable by repairing the cable, rather than better protecting the cable, or attempting to find a backup source of data transference.
Who's Responsible?
The "internet" is commonly misunderstood as a freestanding entity, but there are many moving parts with many responsible parties for their development and oversight. It's going to take collaboration from multiple industries and multiple companies, from major internet providers to tech companies and even governmental organizations to make the infrastructural and cultural changes necessary to pave the internet's future. As the foundational technology for the information age, the internet continues to be one of the most important vessels for the progression of our society (including other technologies), so it should be one of our top collective priorities.

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The 6 Biggest Internet Problems We Need to Solve - DataScienceCentral.com

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Over the course of the last two decades, the internet has become nearly ubiquitous. From the ages of rare dial-up connections, our relatively reliable 4G network and endless options for free Wi-Fi at public establishments is its own kind of digital paradise. However, the internet isn't perfect, and if we want to build a world...

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https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-64540696

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Turkey earthquake: Where did it hit and why was it so deadly?

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Two earthquakes have killed thousands of people in southern Turkey and northern Syria.

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Yong-Soon Yoon, ¹ Myoung-Hwan Ko, ² Il-Young Cho, ³ Cheol-Su Kim, ⁴ Johny Bajgai, ⁴ Hong-Young Jang, ⁵ Ka-Eun Kim, ⁶ Kyu-Jae Lee, 4,*† and Mihyun Lee 5,*†

Paul B. Tchounwou, Academic Editor, Paul Enthoven, Academic Editor, Britt-Marie Stålnacke, Academic Editor, and Marcelo Rivano Fischer, Academic Editor

Abstract

Electrotherapy is commonly used for myalgia alleviation. Low-frequency stimulation (LFS) is primarily used for controlling acute and chronic pain and is a non-invasive therapy that can be easily performed with electric stimulation applied on the skin. However, little evidence exists regarding the pain alleviation effects of personal low-frequency stimulation device for home use. Moreover, no studies have compared myalgia alleviation effects between personal low-frequency stimulation (PLS) and physical therapy (PT), which are most commonly used for patients with myalgia in hospitals and clinics. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the pain alleviation effects of PLS in patients with myalgia and compare these effects with those of conventional PT (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation + ultrasound). In total, 39 patients with myalgia in the neck, shoulder, back, and waist areas were randomly assigned to the personal low-frequency stimulation group (PLSG: n = 20) and physical therapy group (PTG: n = 19). Both groups were treated for 3 weeks (20 min per session and 5 sessions per week). Patients were assessed for pain intensity by surface electromyography (sEMG), visual analogue scale (VAS) and a short-form McGill pain questionnaire (SF-MPQ) before and after the intervention period. Our results showed that PLSG showed a tendency of muscle relaxation with a significant decrease in sEMG in the neck ( p = 0.0425), shoulder ( p = 0.0425), and back ( p = 0.0046) areas compared to the control group. However, there was no significant difference in waist area. Additionally, VAS scores significantly decreased between pre- and post-treatment in both PTG ( p = 0.0098), and PLSG ( p = 0.0304) groups, but there was no significance difference between the groups. With respect to SF-MPQ, the PLSG showed greater pain alleviation (5.23 ± 0.25) effects than the PTG (6.23 ± 0.25). Accordingly, our results suggest that PLS treatment using a home device might offer positive assistance in pain alleviation for patients with myalgia that is as equally effective as conventional PT treatment. However, further detailed studies are required considering larger samples to fully claim the effectiveness of this device.

Keywords: electrotherapy, myalgia, personal low-frequency stimulation, physical therapy, surface electromyography

1. Introduction

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are defined as conditions that include a wide range of inflammatory and degenerative conditions that adversely affect the tendons, muscles, ligaments and peripheral nerves in the body with subsequent pain and discomfort [ 1]. MSDs are a very common and costly global public health issue and have a substantial impact on an individual's quality of life. Among these disorders, persistent pain in the neck-shoulder and back regions due to work-related problems, including myalgia, is one of the common symptoms, particularly in females [ 2, 3, 4]. In order to decrease this global public health problem, the use of interventions that demonstrate efficacy for specific outcomes is clearly essential. Recently, increased attention has been paid by therapists to evaluate the efficacy of various conservative therapeutic interventions to manage pain. Towards this, electrotherapy (ET) is a commonly used intervention for alleviation of myalgia through stimulation of muscle and analgesia [ 5]. Over the past few decades, numerous studies have been conducted on ET as a potent non-pharmacological treatment alternative for the treatment of painful conditions like fibromyalgia in which peripheral nociception and central processing of pain occurs [ 6, 7, 8]. In ET, low-frequency stimulation is primarily used for relieving acute and chronic levels of pain. These non-invasive neuro-stimulation devices were invented shortly after the proposal of the gate control theory of pain by Melzack and Wall [ 9]. Low-frequency transcutaneous stimulation activates large-diameter nerve fibers and releases excitatory neurotransmitters that quickly reach the brain. In contrast, another branch extending from the large-diameter nerve fiber activates interneuronal fibers to release inhibitory neurotransmitters. This, in turn, reduces the activities of secondary transmitter cells in the central nervous system that carry pain signals, which results in the reduction of pain signals that were continuously inputted into the brain [ 9, 10, 11].

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Participants

Thirty-nine female adults aged between 18 and 70 years old were recruited at the department of rehabilitation medicine, Presbyterian Medical Center, located in Jeonju, Korea. These participants visited the center due to complaints of prolonged muscular pain. The participants were diagnosed as having myalgia by experienced clinicians at the department of rehabilitation medicine, Presbyterian Medical Center on the basis of muscle and general physical examination, and prolonged muscular pain for at least 3 months. Participants experienced muscle pain in at least one or more sites of the neck, shoulder, back, and waist areas. This study selected female patients who satisfied the inclusion criteria based on the screening test and submitted a signed informed consent form (ICF) after receiving a detailed explanation about the clinical trial. Patients were excluded in this study if they had any diseases of the organs, such as liver disease, cancer, rheumatic disease, thyroid disease, skin disorders, or hypersensitivity; those with skin desensitization; those who had undergone drug administration or medical device applications in another clinical trial within 30 days from the start of the present study; and those whom the investigator determined to be ineligible to participate in the clinical trial (e.g., serious instability, mental illness, minors less than 18 years of age, spinal pain, osteoporosis, and those who could not visit the center for all five sessions per week for 3 weeks). Furthermore, all the selected participants ( n = 39) were randomly assigned to either the PLS group (PLSG: n = 20) or PT group (PTG: n = 19).

2.2. Experimental Design

A randomized controlled parallel design was used in this study. The patients underwent acclimation and screening tests, including medical inquiry, health screening, and physical examination for 7 days before starting the clinical trial. Eligible participants were randomly assigned by a computer program into two groups, (1) PLSG or (2) PTG, and registered in this clinical trial. All participants signed the ICF and underwent measurements for baseline values prior to receiving the designated interventions. All interventions were administered for 3 weeks, and the values were re-measured upon completion of the interventions. The PLSG received the intervention by using a Youridm device (CGM MBD-1201; CERAGEM Inc., Cheonan-si, Korea) at a low-frequency mode for 20 min per session and 5 sessions per week. The PTG underwent a conventional PT consisting of ultrasound (US) (SONICATOR 740, Mettler Electronics, CA, USA) for 5 min and TENS (IN-1000A, YOUNG-IN biotech Co. Ltd., Seoul, Korea) for 15 min, for a total of 20 min per session and 5 sessions per week. Both groups were allowed to use drug therapy (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and acetaminophen). The present study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Presbyterian Medical Center (IRBN. 2019-09-038). The overall experimental design is shown in Figure 1 .

2.3. Experimental Device (PLS Device)

The PLS device is a personal combinational stimulator (CGM MBD-1201, Youridm, CERAGEM Inc., Cheonan-si, Korea; Figure 2 ) including the functions of low-frequency stimulation (LFS), ultrasound, and heating. However, in this study, we only used the LFS function of the device to evaluate the myalgia alleviation effects. For the treatment of PLSG, the participant sat on a chair with their feet on each silicon foot pad on which gel was applied to increase electrical conductivity, and also attached the other pad onto the neck, shoulder, back, and waist areas where there was pain. For all the participants, only the most painful area was selected among the neck, shoulder, back, and waist regions even if they had pain in two sites. Treatment was conducted in LFS mode 3 which was set with a frequency of 20-70 Hz ± 10%, a maximum output current of 6.9 mA ± 20%, and a pulse width of 630 µs ± 10%. The total treatment time was 20 min and the interval of frequency switching time was 3 s. For the control treatment, US was set at a frequency of 1.5-1.8 mHz for 5 min, and TENS was set at a frequency of 2-80 Hz, with a pulse width of 700 µs ± 10% and frequency switching time of 1 s for 15 min and applied onto the neck, shoulder, back, or waist areas where there was pain. The total treatment time of the control group was 20 min.

2.4. Sample Size

The number of the participants included in this study was determined based on the root mean square (RMS) value of surface electromyography (sEMG). According to the results of Kim et al. [ 16], the RMS value of the lumbar extensor at rest was 22.46 ± 10.59 before treatment and 11.81 ± 11.06 after treatment, with an average change of 10.65. For the estimation of the number of samples, a continuous independent t-test was used. The treatment effect was calculated based on a power of 80%. A p-value of 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Accordingly, 15 participants were required in each group. We estimated a dropout rate of 30%, and thus aimed to allocate 20 participants to each group in the current study.

2.5. Outcomes Measures

2.5.1. Surface Electromyography

Muscle activity was assessed using sEMG FREEEMG (BTS Bioengineering Corp, Milan, Italy). The measured values were assessed through signal processing of the RMS, and the measured value used was the average of the left and right values. The device was attached to the skin in four regions (neck, shoulder, back, and waist), and values were measured at rest and during the contraction-relaxation exercise. The measurement method for each area was as follows. (1) At resting position: With the feet spread apart at shoulder width, the knees were slightly bent and both hands were supported on top of the knees. After assuming a comfortable position, the position was maintained for 25 s. (2) Neck area assessment position: After a rest period, the investigator pulled the head of the participant forward as much as possible for 5 s, while the participant maintained the motion of applying force in the opposite direction. (3) Shoulder area assessment position: After a rest period, participants were instructed to sit in the trunk upright posture and contracted their shoulder muscles for 5 s, and were told to hold position for 10 s. (4) Back area assessment position: After a rest, the participant moved to a bed that was set up on the side. While lying in a prone position, the participant applied maximum force to lift the upper body using only the back muscles. To measure the maximum force at this time, the investigator applied an opposing force to the upper body of the participant and maintained it for 5 s. (5) Waist area assessment position: After a rest period, the participant moved to a bed that was set up on the side. While lying in a prone position, the participant applied maximum force to raise the feet without bending the knees by using only the lower back muscles. To measure the maximum force at this time, the investigator applied an opposing force to the lower body of the participant and maintained it for 5 s. For all the participants, only one most painful area was selected among the neck, shoulder, back, and waist regions even if they had pain in two sites.

2.5.2. Subjective Pain

Subjective pain scores were measured using a visual analogue scale (VAS) and short-form McGill questionnaire (SF-MPQ). A VAS is a 10 cm scale with the left end indicating "no pain" and the right end indicating "very severe pain" [ 17]. VAS is commonly known as a tool to measure for sensitivity and proportions of pain, and is a widely used method for chronic as well as acute pain with good reliability [ 17]. On a scale numbered from 0 to 10, the participant subjectively marked their pain level.

SF-MPQ is a multi-dimensional questionnaire for measuring pain that consists of 15 items: 11 sensory words and 4 affective words for pain [ 18]. Using a 4-point scale (0: no pain, 1: weak pain, 2: average pain, and 3: severe pain), the sum score for each of the 15 words was calculated and used in the analysis.

2.6. Data Analysis

Descriptive statistics were analyzed to derive the mean and standard deviation by using a SPSS ver. 22.0 program. To test the differences in subjective pain scores (SF-MPQ) between the PLSG and PTG, analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was performed with pre-test values set as covariates. The effect size was presented as ƞ ² (eta) and the results were interpreted based on the ƞ ² criteria (large: >0.14, medium: 0.13-0.06, and small: 0.05-0.01). Frequencies of VAS (pre- and post-) distribution were performed to evaluate the subjective pain. To test the differences in sEMG and VAS results, unpaired t tests were performed using the Graph Pad Prism 8.0 software package (Graph Pad, La Jolla, CA, USA). Each participant had different initial VAS. Therefore, we determined the fold change of VAS by the ratio of the changes between the post-VAS value and the pre-VAS value over the pre-VAS value. Differences were considered statistically significant at p < 0.05.

3. Results

3.1. General Characteristics of Participants

A total of 39 female participants enrolled and participated in the study. Of these, 19 participants were randomized to the PTG intervention group and 20 participants were randomized to the PLSG intervention group. The general characteristics of two intervention groups are presented in Table 1 .

Table 1

Variable

PTG (n = 19)

PLSG (n = 20)

Age (years)

53.00 ± 14.82

58.95 ± 5.39

BMI (kg/m ²)

23.18 ± 2.79

25.26 ± 4.61

VAS (score)

4.84 ± 1.50

5.50 ± 1.57

Duration of pain (months)

68.05 ± 68.01

102.10 ± 151.10

3.2. Changes in sEMG after PTG and PSLG

The participants were subjected to a relative sEMG analysis to investigate for improvements in sEMG between two pain-reduction therapy techniques. Despite the small number of participants in each group, PLSG had a minimal effect on the neck when compared to PTG, and it has been demonstrated that PLSG application reduces muscle activity significantly more than PTG, which also has a marginal influence on neck muscular discomfort ( Figure 3 A). The PLSG considerably reduced the sEMG in the shoulder area, indicating that the treatment was similarly effective to PTG in alleviating shoulder discomfort ( Figure 3 B). The most favorable effects of PLSG were observed in the back muscles ( Figure 3 C). Both PLSG and PTG significantly reduced the sEMG of the back muscle, resulting in improved pain control. Moreover, the PLSG showed a greater reduction in sEMG, indicating that PLSG is effective in reducing back muscular discomfort. Pain management therapy appears to be less effective around the waist. The sEMG of the waist muscle increased after PTG therapy, indicating that the condition had worsened. On the contrary, this result was not observed in the PLSG ( Figure 3 D).

3.3. Changes in VAS Score after Treatment of PT and PLS

To examine the effects of PTG and PLSG on perceived pain intensity, VAS was utilized to evaluate pain reported by subjects. The VAS values for both pain treatment regimes decreased, indicating pain abatement ( Figure 4 ). Surprisingly, the frequency of distribution of VAS in the PLSG was higher than in the PTG prior to therapy, implying that some patients in PLSG felt more discomfort than PTG participants. Following PLSG treatment, the VAS score dispersion tends to flatten. When the VAS index is standardized between groups, there are no significant differences in VAS fold change between the PTG and PLSG ( Figure 4 E), suggesting that both interventions reduced perceived pain levels.

3.4. Changes in Subjective Pain Level (SF-MPQ Scores) after Treatment of PT and PLS

Our SF-MPQ scores results (F = 6.558, p = 0.015, ƞ ² = 0.154) were significantly lower in the PLSG than in the PTG, indicating that pain alleviation was more effective in the PLSG than in the PTG ( Table 2 ).

Table 2

Group

Pre-Test
M ± SD

Post-Test
M ± SD

Adjusted Post-Test
M ± SE

F-Value

ƞ²

SF-MPQ

PTG ( n = 19)

6.26 ± 2.31

5.11 ± 2.26

6.23 ± 0.25

6.558 *

0.154

PLSG ( n = 20)

8.55 ± 3.56

6.35 ± 3.67

5.23 ± 0.25

3.5. Safety

To check for safety, all participants were asked questions about adverse effects every time after device application. No members of the PLSG or the PTG complained of any pain or discomfort during the intervention period.

4. Discussion

5. Conclusions

In our study, we found a significant effect of PLS treatment on sEMG and SF-MPQ scores as compared to conventional PT. Specifically, our results demonstrated that sEMG muscle activity for the neck, shoulder, and back areas were significantly reduced in PLSG. In addition, both PTG and PLSG brought about a significant reduction in the VAS score after treatment. Therefore, non-pharmacological therapeutic measures such as PLS can be an effective device for the treatment of myalgia. However, more detailed studies using larger samples are required to fully claim these effects.

Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge the support provided by Jayson M. Antonio during the data analyses of this experiment.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, Y.-S.Y., M.-H.K., K.-J.L. and M.L.; project Administration, H.-Y.J. and I.-Y.C.; data curation, Y.-S.Y. and I.-Y.C.; Investigation, Y.-S.Y., M.-H.K. and I.-Y.C. writing-original draft preparation, M.L.; preparation of the figure, J.B. and C.-S.K. preparation of the tables, M.L; writing-review and editing, H.-Y.J., K.-E.K. and J.B.; visualization: C.-S.K. and M.-H.K.; supervision, K.-J.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This work was supported by the Korea Medical Device Development fund grant by the Korea government (the Ministry of Science and ICT, the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy, the Ministry of Health & Welfare, Korea, the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety) (Project Number: KMDF_PR_20200901_0166).

Institutional Review Board Statement

The present study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Presbyterian Medical Center (IRBN. 2019-09-038).

Informed Consent Statement

Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.

Data Availability Statement

All the data are included within the article.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Footnotes

Publisher's Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

References

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Articles from International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health are provided here courtesy of Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)

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Effects of Personal Low-Frequency Stimulation Device on Myalgia: A Randomized Controlled Trial

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Yong-Soon Yoon, 1 Myoung-Hwan Ko, 2 Il-Young Cho, 3 Cheol-Su Kim, 4 Johny Bajgai, 4 Hong-Young Jang, 5 Ka-Eun Kim, 6 Kyu-Jae Lee, 4, * † and Mihyun Lee 5, * † Paul B. Tchounwou, Academic Editor, Paul Enthoven, Academic Editor, Britt-Marie Stålnacke, Academic Editor, and Marcelo Rivano Fischer, Academic Editor Electrotherapy is commonly used for myalgia alleviation.

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https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-manchester-64733487.amp

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Manchester missing cat reunited with family after six years

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Mustafa Javed said he was stunned when his pet was found living stray five miles away from his home.

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https://n.news.naver.com/article/658/0000035931?sid=102

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https://ims.ucsc.edu/research/cluster-groups/marine-and-coastal-geology.html

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The Marine and Coastal Geology cluster group includes a diverse group of Earth scientists who work on the geological evolution of ocean basins extending from the coastal zone where most human interactions occur, to the active continental margins where oceanic plates are subducted and continental accretion occurs, to ocean ridges where new lithosphere is created and seafloor spreading takes place. While the research of this group varies widely in methods, physical setting and purpose, there are some common themes, which include the nature and importance of fluid or hydrothermal flow through the Earth's crust beneath ocean ridges, and the process of subduction where old seafloor is destroyed at ocean trenches.

Some of this research is based on ocean drilling, including both samples collected at depth beneath the seafloor, and also the installation of monitoring equipment and measurements of temperatures, pressures, and fluid chemistry from deep boreholes. Along the coastline, where people and development now occupy geologically active environments, the issues of coastal hazards including coastal retreat, El Niño impacts, tsunamis, and a rising sea level and how we respond or adapt to these processes are areas of active research.

The Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center of the United States Geological Survey is located between the main UCSC campus and the Coastal Science Campus. Through a Cooperative Agreement, many of the USGS coastal and marine scientists have research associate appointments with the Institute and have developed collaborative research projects, serve on graduate committees, and support a large number of graduate and undergraduate students. The USGS scientists conduct multidisciplinary research in the coastal and offshore waters of California, Oregon, Washington, Alaska, Hawaii and other US Pacific Islands.

Faculty ( Professors and Adjuncts) and Professional Researchers affiliated with the Marine and Coastal Geology Cluster Group:

Andrew Fisher, Professor of Earth & Planetary Sciences: Surface water-groundwater interactions; Hydrogeology and thermal evolution of oceanic crust, seamounts, ridge flanks, and convergent margins; Numerical modeling of coupled flows; Groundwater recharge; Aquifer characterization, testing, facies controls on hydrologic properties; Groundwater aquifer-marine interactions; Long-term monitoring, geothermal instrumentation.

Gary Griggs, Distinguished Professor of Earth & Planetary Sciences: Coastal zone and ranges from coastal evolution and development, through shoreline processes, coastal hazards and coastal engineering, and sea level rise.

Bruce Jaffe, Research Associate: Coastal geologic and physical processes, ranging from surf-zone sediment transport and hydrodynamics to interpretation and modeling of paleotsunami deposits.

Ana Christina Ravelo, Professor and Chair of Ocean Sciences, Director of Geophysics & Planetary Physics: Stable isotope geochemistry, paleoceanography, paleoclimatology.

Eli Silver, Professor Emeritus of Earth & Planetary Sciences: Active processes and mechanisms of continental margin evolution, focusing on subduction.

James Zachos, Professor of Earth & Planetary Sciences: Problems related to the biological, chemical, and climatic evolution of late Cretaceous and Cenozoic oceans.

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The Marine and Coastal Geology cluster group includes a diverse group of Earth scientists who work on the geological evolution of ocean basins extending from the coastal zone where most human interactions occur, to the active continental margins where oceanic plates are subducted and continental accretion occurs, to ocean ridges where new lithosphere is created and seafloor spreading takes place.

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https://www.forbes.com/advisor/in/personal-finance/how-governments-reduce-inflation/

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Inflation is the increase in the price of goods and services in an economy. It translates to reducing the purchasing power of a currency. Measured by the Consumer Price Index (CPI), Inflation shows the impact of price changes for various products and services; it provides a single value representation of the increase in prices.

For any economy, inflation is a complicated phenomenon. While moderate inflation is suitable, it can create a disastrous economic situation if it exceeds a certain level. Here's what causes inflation, how to curb it and what measures a government can take to control it.

Different Factors Affecting Inflation in an Economy

Growing Economy and Money Supply: When the money supply increases, liquidity rises, people's purchasing power grows, and therefore, they're willing to spend on necessities and luxuries. The increased demand for goods and services allows suppliers to raise prices. While an increased money supply may sound good, it also has its drawbacks, like devaluation of the domestic currency and contributing to inflation.

Disruption in Supply: When there is increased demand, the supply chain is negatively affected due to various factors. For example, during the pandemic, the supply of many goods was disrupted as customers were unwilling to spend much. When there is a demand-supply parity, the prices of goods and services increase as there is a shortage.

Poor Government Policies: The government must take specific measures to restrain the demand to a certain level. Inefficient decisions like not adjusting the interest rates in line with inflation every year, not managing the money supply within the country, among others, all lead to the inflation rate rising beyond control.

Inflation in India

There are two indices that are used to measure inflation in India - the consumer price index (CPI) and the wholesale price index (WPI). These two measure inflation on a monthly basis taking into account different approaches to calculate the change in prices of goods and services. The study helps the government and the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) to understand the price change in the market and thus keep a tab on inflation.

June CPI climbed to 7.01% compared with 6.26% last year while WPI stood at 15.18% vs. 12.07% last year.

Here are some factors that are influencing inflation in India:

Crude Oil Prices: The oil price shock has significantly contributed to the rising inflation in all oil-importing countries. In recent years, there have been a good number of fluctuations in oil prices, which has also led to high volatility in the commodity market. The increased inflation rate in April 2022 was primarily due to the costs of crude petroleum, natural gas, mineral oils, and essential metals. The fuel and light retail prices increase was 10.80% in April this year compared to 7.52% in March.

Brent crude was trading at $120 per barrel levels from March-June, hitting $139 per barrel, the highest since June 2008. With the fall in demand for crude and the rise in recession fear, the price sank to $99.9 per barrel.

Russia Ukraine War: The retail Inflation rose mainly because of the rising prices of food and other essential items. India imports a significant portion of sunflower oil from Ukraine, which is the major exporter of this commodity. Moreover, Ukraine is also a substantial exporter of fertilizers for India. Due to war situations, uncertainties, and trade cut-offs, there has been a supply shortage in these commodities instead of a never-ending rise in demand. This deficit in demand and supply has further induced the inflation of essential items.

Rupee Depreciation: For over a decade, the rupee has depreciated against the US dollar. It has seen a fall of more than

Rupee Depreciation: For over a decade, the rupee has depreciated against the US dollar. It has seen a fall of more than 7% in the last year. The USD has been growing strong against major currencies in the world.

How Can the Indian Government Control Inflation?

Being an import-oriented country, India has to purchase (import) raw materials and other goods at a higher price due to higher dollar value. Importing at a high cost increases the cost of production, leading to higher costs of the final goods or services, thereby causing Inflation in the Consumer Price Index.

The government uses monetary and fiscal measures to control Inflation.

Monetary Policies

One significant monetary way to curb Inflation is to control the money supply in the economy. If the money supply goes down, the demand for goods will reduce, causing a price fall. Another way to curb the money supply is when the government withdraws specific paper notes or coins from circulation. Lowering the lending rate for commercial banks allows money circulation to be controlled. The Central Bank can also block commercial banks' money by issuing government securities.

Fiscal Policies

The two essential components of a fiscal policy are government revenue and expenditure. The government can change its tax rates to increase revenue or efficiently manage expenditure. An inflationary gap is created when the demand is higher than the supply. The government can tackle this in two ways.

One, by decreasing the overall government expenditure and transfer payments. Two, increasing the tax rates leads to decreased individual demand and a drop in the economy's money supply.

Steps the Indian Government Has Taken to Curb Inflation

With the CPI number touching a high of 7.79%, the RBI Governor has announced several steps to control price rise in the country:

The RBI has consecutively hiked the repo rates in May and June. The rate hike by 0.90% in the two months. The RBI is expected to hike it further to control Inflation.

The government has announced an excise tax cut on petrol and diesel. The government will bear a shortfall of INR 1 lakh crore due to the excise duty cut on petrol and diesel. With the fall in the per barrel rate of crude oil, there has been a further reduction in the fuel prices in India.

The government announced a reduction in the import duty on critical raw materials for production and inputs for the steel and plastic industry-the reduced cost of production, thereby causing stability in the prices of the final goods.

The government permitted duty-free imports of 20 lakh tons of crude sunflower oil for the next two years.

The government has capped the sugar export and banned wheat exports altogether. It is mainly to maintain adequate stock and food security within the country and to cool off prices.

Bottom Line

Given the excessive volatility in global crude oil prices since late February, inflation is likely to remain volatile. The rate is contingent upon future oil and commodity price developments. Considering RBI's past measures, we can also successfully predict India's central bank taking additional rate hike measures to reduce inflation within acceptable limits.

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Inflation is the increase in the price of goods and services in an economy. It translates to reducing the purchasing power of a currency. Measured by the Consumer Price Index (CPI), Inflation shows the impact of price changes for various products and services; it provides a single value representati

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https://www.businessinsider.com/most-commonly-broken-laws-in-america-2013-10

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Most people probably consider themselves law-abiding citizens. They don't kill, steal, or drive without car insurance.

But people do break a law here and there, sometimes flagrantly and other times without even thinking.

Either from ignorance or nonchalance, people commit these 13 infractions pretty often.

Connecting to unsecured Wi-Fi

Because of vague language in the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (CFAA) - phrases like "without authorization" and "obtain information" - connecting to an unsecured WiFi network or violating a company's or website's online terms of services (which few people read) could technically get you charged with a felony.

Almost all states have basic computer-protection laws, too. But you probably won't get arrested for nabbing a free connection when you pass a coffee shop. Then again, this guy did.

Singing Happy Birthday, Christmas songs, or the Macarena in public

Depending on the circumstances (like volume and number of people), singing popular songs in public might constitute copyright infringement. Back in the '90s, the American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers (ASCAP) asked the Girl Scouts to pay royalties for teaching campers the Macarena. True story.

Also, if you have an Internet connection and use said connection to download a movie, song, book, or some type of copyright-protected work, you've violated federal copyright law.

Playing poker for money at home

Believe it or not, some states prohibit even a friendly game of poker in the comfort and privacy of your home - if it involves money. For example, Mississippi forbids all gambling, except for charitable reasons (and on a cruise). And New Jersey only allows gambling authorized by the state.

Even states that do allow some gambling have specific restrictions for profitable, private card games. Connecticut's statute, for example, requires home gamblers to have a "bona fide social relationship."

Check your state's law here.

Speeding

Anybody who's ever gotten behind the wheel of a car has probably driven over the speed limit. It's still dangerous. Speeding is a major factor in roughly a third of road fatalities despite progress in other areas like drunk driving and use of seat belts, according to the The Governors Highway Safety Association.

New York state Police issued more than 600,000 speeding tickets in 2011 alone, according to traffic safety data.

Currently, 33 states have a primary seatbelt enforcement law, meaning police can ticket a driver or passenger for not wearing a seat belt without committing any other traffic infractions. In 16 of these, primary enforcement also covers rear seats. Even more states have mandatory seat belt laws regarding young drivers.

The national "Click It Or Ticket" campaign has only increased law enforcement's focus on the offense. And rightly so. In 2009, about 90 people died every day in car accidents, the CDC found.

Thirty-one states ban any cellphone use by novice drivers.

Forty-one ban texting while driving. All but four have primary enforcement laws (which don't require any other infractions for a ticket). Six more ban texting for novice drivers.

Twelve states ban all drivers from using hand-held cellphones. All of them have primary enforcement laws.

Even if some of us don't talk or text while behind the wheel, we at least use GPS apps. Admit it.

Underage drinking

In 2012, 12.9% of young people between 12 and 17 reported using alcohol, and 7.2% of that age group reported binge drinking, according to the National Survey on Drug Use and Health. People age 12 to 20 consume 11% of all alcohol in the country - even thought they can't legally drink, according to the CDC.

States technically have the right to set their own minimum drinking ages, but Congress gives them tax incentives to keep young people from drinking. Currently, all states abide by the Federal Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984, which sets the minimum age to consume alcohol in the U.S. at 21.

Many states allow parents to give their kids alcohol before 21. Depending on their blood-alcohol level and behavior following drinking, parents can face charges though, such as negligence or child abuse.

Smoking weed

In 2012, 7.3% of Americans 12 or older reported using marijuana on a regular basis, according to the latest National Survey On Drug Use And Health. Granted, some of them may engage medically, not recreationally. Right now, 20 states allow medicinal marijuana, according to ProCon.org. And even those who smoke for fun get a pass in Colorado and Washington.

You can't usually get arrested for just being high, but you could get in worse trouble if cops actually find weed on you. In 2012, 42% of all drug arrests were for pot possession, according to FBI data.

Peeing outside

Poor, drunk college students.

Most states completely prohibit the public display of genitalia (minus Oregon, which only outlaws it "with the intent of arousing sexual desire"), Slate's Brian Palmer has explained. Public indecency could land you a spot on the sex-offender registry, too.

And if people can see you in your birthday suit, you can get arrested. Virginia police cuffed a guy having breakfast in his own kitchen because a woman and her 7-year-old son walked by and saw him, the New York Daily News reported.

Failing to update your driver license when you move

Not telling your state's Department of Motor Vehicles you moved and then consequently not updating the information on your driver license could result in tickets and even a license suspension. States vary with timing, though. D.C. only gives you five days to inform it of a change.

Both federal and state laws make possessing or using medication not prescribed to you illegal. But people get nearly 60% of prescription drugs used non-medically from family and friends, according to the American College of Preventative Medicine.

Not getting a dog license

Some people may think licensing your dog just makes it easier to find it if it runs away. Almost all states, however, require that you register dogs of a certain age with your municipality. It's not expensive - usually between $20 to $100. New Jersey even lets you do it online.

Jaywalking

Jaywalking is ubiquitous in cities and suburbs alike. Although no federal law prohibits walking across the street without a crosswalk, most cities do occasionally ticket the infraction. In recent years Los Angeles has charged up to $190 for jaywalking. But New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg admitted a crackdown just isn't practical, Politicker reported.

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Even law-abiding citizens break most of these laws every day.

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The problem with self-driving cars | VentureBeat

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The future is here, and it looks nothing like we expected. As we approach the 10-year anniversary of Alexnet, we have to critically examine the successes and failures of machine learning.

We are looking out from a higher plateau.

We have achieved things in computer vision, natural language processing and speech recognition that would have been unthinkable just a few years ago. By all accounts, the accuracy of our AI systems exceeds the wildest imaginations of yesteryear.

And yet, it's not enough.

We were wrong about the future. Every prediction about self-driving cars has been wrong. We are not living in a future of autonomous cyborgs, and something else has come into focus.

Augmentation over automation.

Humans crave control. It is one of our deepest, most instinctual desires. There is no world where we give it up. One of the biggest misunderstandings of the AI community today is that people become comfortable with automation over time. As the reliability of automated solutions is proven, the microwave background comfort of society steadily rises.

This is false.

The history of technology is not the history of automation. It is the history of control and abstraction. We are tool-builders, so uncomfortable with experiences beyond our control that for thousands of years we developed entire civilizations and mythos around the movement of the heavens. So it is with all technology.

And so it is with AI.

Since the early days, the problem with self-driving cars has been obvious: there's no control. When we look at the successful implementations of self-driving cars - now several years old - we see lane assist and parallel parking. We see situations and use cases where the control pane between human and machine is obvious. In all other situations, where the goal has been the pursuit of mythical level 5 autonomy, self-driving cars have failed miserably.

Technology is not the bottleneck.

In 1925 we had a radio-controlled car navigating the streets of New York City through a busy traffic jam without a driver behind the wheel. At the 1939 World's Fair, Norman Geddes' Futurama exhibit outlined a plausible smart highway system that would effectively use magnetized spikes - like electromagnetic fiducials - embedded in the road to guide cars. He predicted that autonomous cars would be the dominant form of transportation by the 1960s.

Of course, he was wrong too.

Not about the technology though. No, "smart highways" have been tremendously successful and straightforward where they've been implemented. Even without additional infrastructure, we've got self-driving cars today that are more than capable of driving as safely as humans. Yet, even with more than $80 billion flowing into the field from 2014 to 2017, we have no self-driving cars. For reference, the $108 billion the U.S. federal government committed to public transit over a 5-year period was the largest investment the country has ever made in public transportation.

The difference of course, is that I can actually ride a train.

The problem, fundamentally, is that nobody has bothered to think about the new control panes that we're trying to enable. The question was never about automating driving. That's a myopic, closed-minded way of thinking. The question is about how to transform the transit experience.

Cars suck.

They're big, loud, smelly and basically the most inefficient form of transportation someone could imagine. They're the most expensive thing a person owns after their home, but they don't create value. It's not an asset that anybody wants to own, it's an asset that people have to own. It's a regressive tax that destroys the planet and subsidizes the highways that blight our cities. It's an expensive, dangerous hunk of metal that sits unused in an expensive garage nearly 100% of the time.

And making them self-driving solves approximately none of these problems. That's the problem. When we spend too much time focusing on the quasi-mythical state of full automation, we ignore the impactful problems that sit in front of us. Uber was successful because you could call a car with the press of a button. Leases are successful, despite the cost, because it's a different control pane for the car. These are new transit experiences.

So, where's the actual opportunity?

I think that companies like Zoox have an interesting and compelling thesis. By focusing on the rider experience, and critically by designing a highly novel interface for teleguidance, I think they have a real shot of delivering something useful out of the self-driving car frenzy. I think it's important to realize, though, that their teleguidance system is not some temporary bridge to get from here to there. The teleguidance system and its supporting architecture is arguably a more defensible breakthrough for them than any algorithmic advantage. That, combined with a model that eliminates ownership delivers a compelling vision. Of ... ya know ... a bus.

Don't be distracted.

I haven't used Zoox's teleguidance system. I don't know for certain that it is more efficient than driving, but at least they're pointed in the right direction. We have to stop thinking about self-driving cars as fully autonomous. When level 5 autonomy is always right around the corner, there's no need to think about all the messy intermediate states. The truth is that those messy intermediate states are the whole point.

This is the crux of the problem with self-driving cars.

If you're an investor looking for the first company that's going to "solve" self-driving cars, you're barking up the wrong tree. The winner is the company that can actually deliver improved unit economics on the operation of a vehicle. Until we solve that problem, all of the closed track demos and all of the vanity metrics in the world mean nothing. We're dreaming about the end of a race when we haven't even figured out how to take the first step.

And the barrier isn't machine learning.

It's user experience.
Slater Victoroff is founder and CTO of Indico Data. Read More From DataDecisionMakers

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The future is here, and it looks nothing like we expected. As we approach the 10-year anniversary of Alexnet, we have to critically examine the successes and failures of machine learning. We are looking out from a higher plateau.

# data[].attributes.body
https://venturebeat.com/datadecisionmakers/the-problem-with-self-driving-cars/

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The future is here, and it looks nothing like we expected. As we approach the 10-year anniversary of Alexnet, we have to critically examine the successes and failures of machine learning.

We are looking out from a higher plateau.

We have achieved things in computer vision, natural language processing and speech recognition that would have been unthinkable just a few years ago. By all accounts, the accuracy of our AI systems exceeds the wildest imaginations of yesteryear.

And yet, it's not enough.

We were wrong about the future. Every prediction about self-driving cars has been wrong. We are not living in a future of autonomous cyborgs, and something else has come into focus.

Augmentation over automation.

Humans crave control. It is one of our deepest, most instinctual desires. There is no world where we give it up. One of the biggest misunderstandings of the AI community today is that people become comfortable with automation over time. As the reliability of automated solutions is proven, the microwave background comfort of society steadily rises.

This is false.

The history of technology is not the history of automation. It is the history of control and abstraction. We are tool-builders, so uncomfortable with experiences beyond our control that for thousands of years we developed entire civilizations and mythos around the movement of the heavens. So it is with all technology.

And so it is with AI.

Since the early days, the problem with self-driving cars has been obvious: there's no control. When we look at the successful implementations of self-driving cars - now several years old - we see lane assist and parallel parking. We see situations and use cases where the control pane between human and machine is obvious. In all other situations, where the goal has been the pursuit of mythical level 5 autonomy, self-driving cars have failed miserably.

Technology is not the bottleneck.

In 1925 we had a radio-controlled car navigating the streets of New York City through a busy traffic jam without a driver behind the wheel. At the 1939 World's Fair, Norman Geddes' Futurama exhibit outlined a plausible smart highway system that would effectively use magnetized spikes - like electromagnetic fiducials - embedded in the road to guide cars. He predicted that autonomous cars would be the dominant form of transportation by the 1960s.

Of course, he was wrong too.

Not about the technology though. No, "smart highways" have been tremendously successful and straightforward where they've been implemented. Even without additional infrastructure, we've got self-driving cars today that are more than capable of driving as safely as humans. Yet, even with more than $80 billion flowing into the field from 2014 to 2017, we have no self-driving cars. For reference, the $108 billion the U.S. federal government committed to public transit over a 5-year period was the largest investment the country has ever made in public transportation.

The difference of course, is that I can actually ride a train.

The problem, fundamentally, is that nobody has bothered to think about the new control panes that we're trying to enable. The question was never about automating driving. That's a myopic, closed-minded way of thinking. The question is about how to transform the transit experience.

Cars suck.

They're big, loud, smelly and basically the most inefficient form of transportation someone could imagine. They're the most expensive thing a person owns after their home, but they don't create value. It's not an asset that anybody wants to own, it's an asset that people have to own. It's a regressive tax that destroys the planet and subsidizes the highways that blight our cities. It's an expensive, dangerous hunk of metal that sits unused in an expensive garage nearly 100% of the time.

And making them self-driving solves approximately none of these problems. That's the problem. When we spend too much time focusing on the quasi-mythical state of full automation, we ignore the impactful problems that sit in front of us. Uber was successful because you could call a car with the press of a button. Leases are successful, despite the cost, because it's a different control pane for the car. These are new transit experiences.

So, where's the actual opportunity?

I think that companies like Zoox have an interesting and compelling thesis. By focusing on the rider experience, and critically by designing a highly novel interface for teleguidance, I think they have a real shot of delivering something useful out of the self-driving car frenzy. I think it's important to realize, though, that their teleguidance system is not some temporary bridge to get from here to there. The teleguidance system and its supporting architecture is arguably a more defensible breakthrough for them than any algorithmic advantage. That, combined with a model that eliminates ownership delivers a compelling vision. Of ... ya know ... a bus.

Don't be distracted.

I haven't used Zoox's teleguidance system. I don't know for certain that it is more efficient than driving, but at least they're pointed in the right direction. We have to stop thinking about self-driving cars as fully autonomous. When level 5 autonomy is always right around the corner, there's no need to think about all the messy intermediate states. The truth is that those messy intermediate states are the whole point.

This is the crux of the problem with self-driving cars.

If you're an investor looking for the first company that's going to "solve" self-driving cars, you're barking up the wrong tree. The winner is the company that can actually deliver improved unit economics on the operation of a vehicle. Until we solve that problem, all of the closed track demos and all of the vanity metrics in the world mean nothing. We're dreaming about the end of a race when we haven't even figured out how to take the first step.

And the barrier isn't machine learning.

It's user experience.
Slater Victoroff is founder and CTO of Indico Data. Read More From DataDecisionMakers

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The future is here, and it looks nothing like we expected. As we approach the 10-year anniversary of Alexnet, we have to critically examine the successes and failures of machine learning. We are looking out from a higher plateau.

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https://mustangnews.net/food-the-problem-the-solution/

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Food: the problem, the solution - Mustang News

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The fact remains that everyday, in parts of the world, people are starving for food. Another fact remains that everyday food is wasted.

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Heading back to the gym? Beware these common workout injuries

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Shoulder, low-back and knee injuries are the most common exercise-induced ailments that land people in the doctor’s office. Here’s how to avoid them.

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Hwang Mi-sun used to watch over her baby son as he slept at their home in Seoul, to listen to every laboured breath.

From a young age he suffered from respiratory problems.

He's now four years old and has been given various drugs including strong steroid treatment to try to help. But after his fourth trip to hospital, the doctor had another piece of advice.

Mrs Hwang was told to keep her young son inside to save him from South Korea's toxic air.

"It was sad that my child started to learn not just words like mum and dad, but also fine dust so early on," she told me. "I even thought moving out of the country but I really want to live in Korea. So I'm going to do whatever I can help to solve the problem."

She decided to start campaigning and joined a group called Mothers Against Fine Dust, which stages protests and lobbies the government about the pollution.

The "fine dust" they're concerned about refers to sand which is picked up from Mongolian and Chinese deserts on prevailing winds during certain times of the year and blown to the peninsula.

But the almost romantic description hides the reality facing Koreans.

This air also contains carcinogens, invisible nano particles known as PM2.5 which can penetrate deep into the respiratory system and trigger a variety of illnesses including cancer. The lungs of children and the elderly are particularly susceptible.

Earlier this year, the levels of microfine dust particles PM 2.5 was recorded at 118 micrograms per cubic metre, the highest since monitoring began in 2015, according to the National Institute of Environmental Research.

Mrs Hwang moved her family out of Seoul to the suburbs to try to save her son from breathing in the worst of the "fine dust". But still she wanted to do more. Her campaign group was allowed to give evidence to politicians at the National Assembly.

The public hearing was fraught with emotion as mother after mother detailed the effects the pollution was having on their family. Many brought their toddlers who sat on their laps wearing face masks.

"Air pollution violates our basic right to breathe. I don't think it is a country if we don't even have the right to breathe," said one.

"Children just want to go outside and play. Nothing special, just to enjoy the change of seasons. To think that we are taking that away from them is heartbreaking," said another.

South Koreans are growing increasingly concerned about the effects the pollution is having on their health - 97% of people asked by the ministry of environment last year said air pollution was causing them physical or psychological pain.

The government's response has been to declare the "fine dust' as a social disaster to release emergency funding.

Asia's fourth largest economy has spent billions over several decades to defend itself against the threat of war from its North Korean neighbour - now it has to turn its attention to the effects the air is having on its population.

But is this new enemy from within or without?

Experts can't agree. Some say the polluted air comes from China - studies have suggested that as much as 60% of South Korea's air pollution comes from its western neighbour's industrial sites and coal plants.

Others say the problem lies closer to home.

Dangerous pollutants on the wind

To try to find out, officials from the environment ministry have been taking to the skies over the Yellow Sea, between the Korean peninsula and China.

We were allowed to go with them. It is incredibly cramped inside the specially adapted aeroplane, but they managed to give me a brief tour. We had to squeeze into tiny spaces between the various computers and numerous measuring devices.

Above a revving engine, the head researcher tells me the idea is to take samples of the air as we fly over the peninsula and measure them for various carcinogens and pollutants.

The instruments can tell which kind of particles come from certain industries such as coal power plants and which dangerous pollutants are carried by the wind. It will help give the scientists clues as to whether the bad air originated in China or South Korea.

As we climb above the peninsula, we soar near some of South Korea's own power plants. Coal generates about 40% of the country's total electricity, followed by nuclear and gas. Last year, South Korean coal imports hit a record high.

The government has closed down a number of ageing plants, but there are plans to build new ones in the next five years which has angered those campaigning for cleaner air.

Before we took flight I'd spoken to to Lee Ji-eon from the non-profit organisation, the Korean Federation for Environmental Movements (KFEM).

"All plans to build new coal plants should be halted," he said. "We also need to come up with a roadmap to reduce the share of coal-fired power generated electricity to below 20% by 2030. "

The government hasn't quite gone that far, but it has unveiled a new energy master plan to increase the amount of renewable energy it generates to 20% by 2030.

A political issue

Back on board, and after an hour flying over the Yellow Sea, there is no longer a view outside my window. The air is not just hazy, it is so thick only shreds of light make their way through. We are about 500m above sea level and the scientists are busy recording various readings of sulphur dioxide and what was described to me as black carbon.

The head researcher Ahn Joon-young is pointing out some of his findings. It seems the closer we get to China, the more polluted the air is becoming. On this day at least.

"My research goal is: where does this pollution come from, how much is it coming to Korea, and what is it we have to collaborate with other countries [on] to reduce our air pollution," he tells me.

"I am finding higher concentrations of black carbon and sulphur dioxide over the sea than we found inland. That means that some pollutants have travelled from another region to Korea."

When I ask him where they may have travelled from he laughs a little nervously.

"It is a political issue, I hear," he says.

Too little, too late?

He may not want to name China on camera, but other South Korean officials have been far more forthright.

The mayor of Seoul, Park Won-soon, said earlier this year that environmental researchers had concluded that China was responsible for 50-60% of South Korea's pollution problem.

China has stated on a number of occasions that it is not entirely to blame for South Korea's air quality and has urged Seoul to take more responsibility.

Lee Ji-eon from KFEM agrees. "Pointing the finger of blame at others will never solve the problem - especially as there are things we can do.

"If we are asking China to take action, it would make a more convincing argument if we have dealt with our own problems first. For instance, we clearly know diesel cars contribute the most to urban fine dust and yet the total number of diesel cars has increased which is the clear indication of policy failure."

South Korea's President Moon Jae-in has appointed the former United Nations Secretary General Ban Ki-moon as a fine dust tsar.

He stressed the need to identify the source of the dust first before drafting further policies and we await the findings from a month of flights over the Yellow Sea.

Environmentalists have welcomed this appointment, and the research, but they believe that is still too little and already it is too late for those suffering serious health problems.

Every year, 18,000 people are thought to die from pollution related illnesses in South Korea, according to the World Health Organization.

The issue also seems to drift in and out of newspaper headlines and the public consciousness along with the seasons. Politicians come under pressure to solve the problem only when the fine dust is at its worst during spring and winter.

But people such as Hwang Mi-Sun are always aware that their families are at risk. She believes drastic action is needed now if South Korea is to save the health of its next generation.

"I don't ask for much. I just want my children to run outside under a blue sky and play with the soil on the ground. That's my biggest wish."

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South Korea pollution: Is China the cause of 'fine dust'?

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Hwang Mi-sun used to watch over her baby son as he slept at their home in Seoul, to listen to every laboured breath. From a young age he suffered from respiratory problems. He's now four years old and has been given various drugs including strong steroid treatment to try to help.

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Deadly ‘bomb cyclone’ storm slams California, toppling trees and causing blackouts

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At least one person was killed in the low-pressure system that brought widespread rain, damaging gusts that knocked glass out of skyscrapers and left tens of thousands without power.

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https://www.apa.org/monitor/2020/10/cover-police-brutality

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Psychologists' research is pinpointing the factors that lead to overly aggressive, biased policing-and intervention that can prevent it

Cite this

Abrams, Z. (2020, October 1). What works to reduce police brutality. Monitor on Psychology, 51(7). https://www.apa.org/monitor/2020/10/cover-police-brutality

When the Las Vegas Police Department applied a psychology-informed "hands off" policy for officers involved in foot chases, use of force dropped by 23%. In Seattle, officers trained in a "procedural justice" intervention designed in part by psychologists used force up to 40% less. These are just a few examples of the work the field is doing to address police brutality.

"There's much more openness to the idea of concrete change among police departments," says Joel Dvoskin, PhD, ABPP, a clinical and forensic psychologist and past president of APA's Div. 18 (Psychologists in Public Service).

That shift is backed by support from the public. Since 2016, the share of Americans who say that police use the right amount of force, treat racial and ethnic groups equally and hold officers accountable for misconduct has declined substantially, according to the Pew Research Center ( Majority of Public Favors Giving Civilians the Power to Sue Officers for Misconduct , 2020).

Psychologists have already played a critical role in the reform process-from collecting data on biased police stops, searches and use of force to designing and delivering interventions that reduce the chances that police will rely on stereotypes, for instance by limiting the amount of discretion officers have during searches.

Now, psychologists are promoting those interventions to more police departments, conducting research to determine how well they work and continuing to collect and organize data on police behavior and department culture.

"Criminal justice-police, courts, prisons-has been called an evidence-free zone," says Tom Tyler, PhD, a professor of psychology at Yale Law School and an expert in the psychology of justice. "People in positions of power tend to make policy decisions based on intuition and common sense-presumptions that we as psychologists recognize are often in error."

"What's really needed is an evidence-informed model of criminal justice," he says. "And a lot of that evidence can come from psychologists."

Psychological research in action

In 2015, President Obama's Task Force on 21st Century Policing reviewed scientific data on policing, recommending major policy changes at the federal level to improve oversight, training, officer wellness and more ( Final Report of the President's Task Force on 21st Century Policing , 2015).

Federal efforts have slowed in recent years, with most changes happening at the local level. But with around 18,000 police departments nationwide, that response has been fragmented and inconsistent ( National Sources of Law Enforcement Employment Data, Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2016).

Still, psychologists have forged ahead with efforts that are making a difference. One key contribution involves spurring policy changes and interventions based on psychological insights.

"One of the most influential approaches coming from psychology is training in procedurally just policing," says Calvin Lai, PhD, an assistant professor of psychological and brain sciences at Washington University in St. Louis.

That approach aims to increase the public's trust in police by drawing on psychological research on justice and fairness. It involves teaching officers strategies such as explaining to citizens why they've been stopped and how it will benefit public safety ( Principles of Procedurally Just Policing , The Justice Collaboratory at Yale Law School, 2018).

"We know that the policing model of using force to compel compliance lowers the crime rate but does not build trust," says Tyler, who has developed and studied models of procedurally just policing. "The crime rate has declined about 75% in the last 30 years, but public trust in the police hasn't increased at all."

His research has shown that what community members really want is for police to treat them with respect and to give them a voice-a chance to explain their situation before action is taken. People also want to know that police are sincere, care about the well-being of their community, and act in an unbiased and consistent way-for example, by explaining the rules they use and how they're applying them.

A study in Seattle randomly assigned officers to receive training in procedurally just policing, leading to a reduction in use of force of between 15% and 40%, depending on the situation (Owens, E., et al., Criminology & Public Policy , Vol. 17 , No. 1, 2018).

"It seems to be doing what we'd hope in terms of promoting better relationships between police officers and community members," says Lai.

The Center for Policing Equity (CPE), led by psychologist Phillip Atiba Goff, PhD, of Yale University, has also led a number of psychology-driven policy changes in police departments around the country. In an effort to cut down on high-adrenaline encounters-where police officers are more likely to rely on stereotypes-Goff urged the Las Vegas Police Department to bar officers involved in a foot pursuit from handling suspects when the chase ends. The policy led to a 23% drop in use of force at the department, an 11% reduction in officer injury and a simultaneous drop in racial disparities in use of force data. CPE has also pioneered efforts to recruit racially and ethnically diverse officer candidates and to make immigration enforcement more consistent.

Another key area that psychological interventions target is implicit bias, which has been documented across a range of domains and populations ( State of the Science: Implicit Bias Review, Kirwan Institute, 2017). One study led by Jennifer Eberhardt, PhD, professor of psychology at Stanford University, reviewed body camera footage and found that police officers in Oakland, California, treated Black people with less respect than whites (Voigt, R., et al., PNAS , Vol. 114, No. 25, 2017).

Eberhardt and others, including Lorie Fridell, PhD, a professor of criminology at the University of South Florida, have designed and begun to deliver training programs on implicit bias to law enforcement agencies around the country (" Producing Bias-Free Policing: A Science-Based Approach," Springer Publishing, 2017).

Those programs, which typically mix instruction, discussion and role-playing, aim to help agencies reduce high-discretion policing and hold officers accountable for biased practices. But there's no standardized curriculum-and experts say more research is needed to determine whether implicit bias training has a lasting impact and how such training can work alongside other agency reform efforts.

"There seem to be some forms of training that are effective, but the studies on these interventions are still pretty limited," says Lai. "We just don't know that much one way or the other."

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The power of peer intervention

Another intervention that has shown promise for reducing violence among police is known as Project ABLE, or Active Bystandership for Law Enforcement. Based on the work of psychologist Ervin Staub, PhD, an emeritus professor at the University of Massachusetts Amherst and past president of APA's Div. 48 (Society for the Study of Peace, Conflict and Violence), the program promotes a culture of peer intervention. It teaches officers to prevent their peers from perpetrating unnecessary violence, which can save both lives and careers. Developed by the New Orleans Police Department in 2014 and originally named Ethical Policing Is Courageous (EPIC), Project ABLE is now being adopted by all police departments in New Hampshire and Washington state, as well as those in Baltimore, Boston, Philadelphia, several other cities and the FBI National Academy.

When an officer commits an act of unnecessary violence, his colleagues face a tough choice, Dvoskin says. Report the act and get a reputation as a "rat"-which may mean your next call for backup goes unanswered-or lie, which is a crime.

"What if, instead, you can prevent the bad thing from happening in the first place?" he says. "What if you manifested your loyalty to a fellow officer by helping him or her stay out of trouble?"

Staub says minor interventions can be highly effective. During recent protests of confederate monuments in New Orleans, an officer stopped a peer from attacking demonstrators by putting an arm around his shoulder. Trainees also apply strategies taught by the program to themselves. One officer in New Orleans reported using EPIC to avoid retaliating against a protester who had spit in her face.

That sort of behavior requires culture change. Police officers need to get comfortable both giving and receiving such interventions-and that culture must be modeled and supported by the highest levels of leadership within an organization, Dvoskin says.

To test his model of active bystandership, Staub studied examples of group violence, such as genocide, observing how hostility and violence evolve progressively. He has also conducted experimental research to understand how people respond to emergencies depending on the actions of those around them. In one study, participants' helping behavior in response to a simulated emergency ranged from 25% to 100% of the time depending on a confederate's response to the emergency. He also found that those who are asked to help once are more likely to volunteer later (Staub, E., " The Roots of Goodness and Resistance to Evil," Oxford University Press, 2015).

Now, Project ABLE has support from Georgetown University and the international law firm Sheppard Mullin, which will help fund free training in active bystandership for any interested U.S. police department-and they've had hundreds of inquiries since June. Dvoskin, Staub and their team are now working to standardize lesson plans and policy guidelines.

"If this training is introduced in many police departments and done effectively, I believe that policing in America will be transformed," Staub says.

Understanding and changing officer behavior

Psychologists are also helping agencies collect, report and understand data on their officers' behavior-data that can point to further policy changes to reduce unnecessary violence and racial bias.

Simply changing the definition of a "police stop," for instance, can help identify patterns of racial profiling that might otherwise be missed, says social psychologist Jack Glaser, PhD, a professor at the University of California, Berkeley's Goldman School of Public Policy. Glaser has advised the California attorney general's office on how to collect policing data, including revising the regulations on police stop reporting.

"Some police-civilian encounters are very casual and are not typically recognized as stops-but they are done with investigatory intent and can escalate to a detention," he says.

For example, a pedestrian might voluntarily speak with a police officer who says, "Hi, can I ask you a question?"-but that conversation could lead to a search and even an arrest. Those stops typically aren't reported, so racial bias in such practices could go unchecked.

Glaser has also partnered with CPE for a nationwide effort to aggregate data on police behavior with the National Justice Database, which draws from nearly 100 police departments representing more than a third of the U.S. population. He has worked to standardize and harmonize that data-which includes hundreds of thousands of entries on police stops, searches and use of force and can vary a lot from one agency to the next-so that researchers can start making comparisons and looking for larger trends.

Glaser says reporting officer behavioral data in different ways can paint a very different picture about whether racial disparities exist-so it's important to get it right. For example, some departments consider officer presence or unholstering a weapon instances of police use of force, while others do not.

Goff, Glaser and their team delved into police use of force data to explore why some researchers, such as economist Roland Fryer, PhD, of Harvard University, have reported no racial differences in officer-involved shootings (Fryer, R.G., Journal of Political Economy , Vol. 127, No. 3, 2019). Their preliminary analysis shows that racial disparities may not exist in all officer-involved shootings, but that there's a clear bias against African Americans when the victim is unarmed.

"Given that the protest movement is overwhelmingly about unarmed people getting killed by police, that seems to be the most important data point-but it seems to be getting lost," Glaser says.

One major takeaway from the National Justice Database so far is that police are more likely to display racial bias when they conduct a "high-discretion search"-usually done on a hunch in ambiguous circumstances-versus a "low-discretion search," a more routine activity, for instance when a person has already been detained for a crime. When the California Highway Patrol banned high-discretion searches, racial disparities began to level off ( Racial & Identity Profiling Advisory Board Annual Report , 2020).

"The obvious implication there is to try and minimize high-discretion searches," Glaser says. "The tremendous amount of discretion given to police promotes decision-making under ambiguity and uncertainty, which psychologists know is ripe for stereotype influence."

Screening officer candidates

Other psychologists have worked to adapt the police selection process to address the issue of implicit bias. Portland-based forensic psychologist David Corey, PhD, ABPP, has urged departments to add "cultural competence" as a criterion for screening law enforcement officers. "On the surface, the implicit bias literature is dismally depressing, because it tells us that everybody has automatic stereotypes that operate unconsciously and affect behavior," says Corey, who also founded the American Board of Police and Public Safety Psychology.

Because of measurement issues, it's not practical to screen candidates for policing jobs based on their implicit biases. But studies show that some personality dimensions can help officers temper those biases (Ben-Porath, Y.S., " Interpreting the MMPI-2-RF," University of Minnesota Press, 2012). Specifically, people high in executive functioning, emotional regulation skills and metacognitive abilities are better able to prevent implicit biases from affecting their behavior. A capacity for theory of mind formation-the ability to anticipate how others will behave based on their actions or tone of voice-also helps officers learn to bypass their initial instincts.

"Those competencies render implicit bias more malleable," says Corey. "So, my focus, and that of a growing number of colleagues around the country, is to evaluate applicants for those qualities."

The Portland Police Bureau, as well as several other agencies in the Pacific Northwest, have added such measures to their selection battery.

Answering more questions

Looking ahead, psychologists are working to address gaps in the data in crucial areas such as use of force, says Shauna Laughna, PhD, ABPP, a Florida-based police and public safety psychologist and chair of APA Div. 18's Police and Public Safety section. She adds that recruitment, training, discipline and retention of personnel can vary greatly across the 18,000 law enforcement agencies in the United States. That points to a need for more data, standardized measures-for instance, what constitutes excessive use of force-and a comprehensive national database on policing incidents.

"Attempting to generalize from data gathered at one agency to another may not always be prudent," she says.

As reform efforts continue at the local and state levels, there's one other essential thing the field can do, says Colby Mills, PhD, a clinical psychologist who works with the Fairfax County Police Department in Virginia: Provide more formal training opportunities for police psychologists, including during graduate school and in the form of continuing education. The limited police psychology coursework currently available within forensic psychology programs often does not include adequate training on the culture, ethics and special skills required to do such work, he says.

"It takes a lot of courage for a police officer to reach out to a mental health professional, because of the stigmas and the pressures they experience," Mills says. "But once they do it, we owe it to them to provide a qualified professional who knows what they face and understands their culture."

Critical incident response

In addition to their involvement with department-wide training efforts, psychologists are also increasingly providing ongoing mental health services, for instance after an officer-involved shooting occurs, says Colby Mills, PhD, a clinical psychologist who contracts with the Fairfax County Police Department in Virginia.

Along with peer support officers and the station's police chaplain, Mills deploys immediately after a critical incident occurs and delivers Stress First Aid, a model developed for the military that can support officers in processing emotions ( Stress First Aid for Law Enforcement, National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, 2016).

"We want to strike a balance where we offer support without implying that an officer will automatically need help to recover," Mills says.

The Fairfax County Police Department works with about a dozen psychologists who provide critical incident response, therapy, psychoeducation, consultations and pre-employment screenings.

"In general, police and public safety agencies are starting to embrace these sorts of psychological services more and more," Mills says.

Further reading

A Meta-Analysis of Procedures to Change Implicit Measures
Forscher, P.S., et al. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 2019

The Science of Justice: Race, Arrests and Police Use of Force
Goff, P.A., et al. Center for Policing Equity, 2016

Preventing Violence and Promoting Active Bystandership and Peace: My Life in Research and Applications
Staub, E., Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 2018

Recommended Reading

APA's Recommendations for Police Reform

1. Promote community policing

2. Ban chokeholds and strangleholds

3. Invest in crisis intervention teams

4. Increase the number of mental health professionals in law enforcement agencies

5. Involve psychologists in multidisciplinary teams to implement police reforms

6. Encourage partnerships between mental health organizations and local law enforcement

7. Discourage police management policies and practices that can trigger implicit and explicit biases

8. Strengthen data collection

9. Bolster research

Read more about APA's recommendations online.

Contact APA

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Psychologists' research pinpoints the factors that lead to overly aggressive, biased policing-and intervention that can prevent it.

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한글로 된 자료로 올려서 다시 올립니다
https://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/what-we-do/medical-issues

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Learn about how MSF responds around the world

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마약 문제 다루기 | NIH 건강 뉴스

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Preventing and Treating Drug Abuse

Drug abuse can be a painful experience-for the person who has the problem, and for family and friends who may feel helpless in the face of the disease. But there are things you can do if you know or suspect that someone close to you has a drug problem.

Certain drugs can change the structure and inner workings of the brain. With repeated use, they affect a person's self-control and interfere with the ability to resist the urge to take the drug. Not being able to stop taking a drug even though you know it's harmful is the hallmark of addiction.

A drug doesn't have to be illegal to cause this effect. People can become addicted to alcohol, nicotine, or even prescription drugs when they use them in ways other than prescribed or use someone else's prescription.

People are particularly vulnerable to using drugs when going through major life transitions. For adults, this might mean during a divorce or after losing a job. For children and teens, this can mean changing schools or other major upheavals in their lives.

But kids may experiment with drug use for many different reasons. "It could be a greater availability of drugs in a school with older students, or it could be that social activities are changing, or that they are trying to deal with stress," says Dr. Bethany Deeds, an NIH expert on drug abuse prevention. Parents may need to pay more attention to their children during these periods.

The teenage years are a critical time to prevent drug use. Trying drugs as a teenager increases your chance of developing substance use disorders. The earlier the age of first use, the higher the risk of later addiction. But addiction also happens to adults. Adults are at increased risk of addiction when they encounter prescription pain-relieving drugs after a surgery or because of a chronic pain problem. People with a history of addiction should be particularly careful with opioid pain relievers and make sure to tell their doctors about past drug use.

There are many signs that may indicate a loved one is having a problem with drugs. They might lose interest in things that they used to enjoy or start to isolate themselves. Teens' grades may drop. They may start skipping classes.

"They may violate curfew or appear irritable, sedated, or disheveled," says child psychiatrist Dr. Geetha Subramaniam, an NIH expert on substance use. Parents may also come across drug paraphernalia, such as water pipes or needles, or notice a strange smell.

"Once drug use progresses, it becomes less of a social thing and more of a compulsive thing-which means the person spends a lot of time using drugs," Subramaniam says.

If a loved one is using drugs, encourage them to talk to their primary care doctor. It can be easier to have this conversation with a doctor than a family member. Not all drug treatment requires long stays in residential treatment centers. For someone in the early stages of a substance use problem, a conversation with a doctor or another professional may be enough to get them the help they need. Doctors can help the person think about their drug use, understand the risk for addiction, and come up with a plan for change.

Substance use disorder can often be treated on an outpatient basis. But that doesn't mean it's easy to treat. Substance use disorder is a complicated disease. Drugs can cause changes in the brain that make it extremely difficult to quit without medical help.

For certain substances, it can be dangerous to stop the drug without medical intervention. Some people may need to be in a hospital for a short time for detoxification, when the drug leaves their body. This can help keep them as safe and comfortable as possible. Patients should talk with their doctors about medications that treat addiction to alcohol or opioids, such as heroin and prescription pain relievers.

Recovering from a substance use disorder requires retraining the brain. A person who's been addicted to drugs will have to relearn all sorts of things, from what to do when they're bored to who to hang out with. NIH has developed a customizable wallet card to help people identify and learn to avoid their triggers, the things that make them feel like using drugs. You can order the card for free at drugpubs.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugs-brain-wallet-card.

"You have to learn ways to deal with triggers, learn about negative peers, learn about relapse, [and] learn coping skills," Subramaniam says.

NIH-funded scientists are studying ways to stop addiction long before it starts-in childhood. Dr. Daniel Shaw at the University of Pittsburgh is looking at whether teaching healthy caregiving strategies to parents can help promote self-regulation skills in children and prevent substance abuse later on.

Starting when children are two years old, Shaw's study enrolls families at risk of substance use problems in a program called the Family Check-Up. It's one of several parenting programs that have been studied by NIH-funded researchers.

During the program, a parenting consultant visits the home to observe the parents' relationship with their child. Parents complete several questionnaires about their own and their family's well-being. This includes any behavior problems they are experiencing with their child. Parents learn which of their children's problem behaviors might lead to more serious issues, such as substance abuse, down the road. The consultant also talks with the parents about possible ways to change how they interact with their child. Many parents then meet with the consultants for follow-up sessions about how to improve their parenting skills.

Children whose parents are in the program have fewer behavioral problems and do better when they get to school. Shaw and his colleagues are now following these children through their teenage years to see how the program affects their chances of developing a substance abuse problem. You can find video clips explaining different ways parents can respond to their teens on the NIH Family Checkup website at www.drugabuse.gov/family-checkup.

Even if their teen has already started using drugs, parents can still step in. They can keep closer tabs on who their children's friends are and what they're doing. Parents can also help by finding new activities that will introduce their children to new friends and fill up the after-school hours-prime time for getting into trouble. "They don't like it at first," Shaw says. But finding other teens with similar interests can help teens form new habits and put them on a healthier path.

A substance use problem is a chronic disease that requires lifestyle adjustments and long-term treatment, like diabetes or high blood pressure. Even relapse can be a normal part of the process-not a sign of failure, but a sign that the treatment needs to be adjusted. With good care, people who have substance use disorders can live healthy, productive lives.

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Preventing and Treating Drug Abuse Drug abuse can be a painful experience-for the person who has the problem, and for family and friends who may feel helpless in the face of the disease. But there are things you can do if you know or suspect that someone close to you has a drug problem.

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No more silence: Women speak up about 'natal' family violence | Delhi News - Times of India (indiatimes.com)

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No more silence: Women speak up about ‘natal’ family violence | Delhi News - Times of India

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Raeesa was just 13 years old when her father wanted to marry her off. Her refusal infuriated him so much that he along with her brother shut her in he

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2023학년 3학년 1학기 영어독해와 작문 수행평가 장민혁

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30125 홍의찬 영어수행평가

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3학년 영독 수행평가!

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2023학년 3학년 1학기 영어독해와 작문 수행평가(30803 김동환)

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https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2022/06/28/national/socialAffairs/Korea-drug-narcotics/20220628185624495.html

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Korea gets druggier and teens are the youngest victims

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Korea is developing a teen drug problem, its size difficult to estimate. One indication: over 100 million individual purchases every year of drugs from overseas, according to the Supreme Prosecutor’s Office.

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1. 글쓰기와 관련한 나의 관심 분야는?

2. 1) 검색한 원문 제목과 2) 자신이 쓴 글의 제목을 영어로 쓰세요.

3. 내가 제시한 문제점은? (우리말로 자세히 쓰시오)

4. 내가 찾은 해결책은? (우리말로 자세히 쓰시오)

5. 자기평가 : 1) 영어 쓰기를 준비하는 데 어떻게 노력을 기울였나요?

(영어쓰기를 하면서 어려웠던 점과 극복 방법 중심으로)

6. 자기평가 : 2) 영어쓰기를 준비하는데 얼마나 노력을 기울였나요?

1(거의 없음) | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5(아주 많음)

7. 수행평가를 마치고 난 후의 소감이나 느낌은?

8. 기타: 영어 선생님께 하고 싶은 말(수업 또는 수행평가 관련)

9. 페들렛에 게시된 친구들의 제출물을 살펴보고, 칭찬하고 싶은 친구와 그 이유를 써주세요.

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3학년 1학기 수행평가 자기평가

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1. 평소 방에서 지낼때 공기 순환이 잘 이루어지지 않아 굉장히 답답하고 더웠던 기억이 있어서 글쓰기 주제를 이것으로 정했다.
2.원문(기사) 제목:(How to Cool a Home with an Air Circulator) 쓴 글의 제목:(Circulating air in my home)
3.제시한 문제점: 우리 집이 구조적으로 공기 순환에 문제가 있어 순환이 잘 이루어지지 않았고, 이 상태를 유지하면 여름에 너무나도 더워질 것이다.
4.제시한 해결책: 인터넷에서 공기를 순환시킬 방법이 있을지 찾아보다 에어 서큘레이터가 공기의 순환을 잘 도와준다는것을 깨달았고 이에관해 찾아보며 서큘레이터가 선풍기보다 순환에 좋다는것, 에어컨과 함께서용하면 좋다는것 등을 깨달았고 이를 통해 서큘레이터로 문제 를 해결했다.
5. 쓰기를 하면서는 주로 the나 an같은 관사들의 위치가 헷갈렸던것이 어려웠다. 이는 문법적 오류를 찾아줄 사이트를 이용하거나 온라인으로 작성중 한글의 오류 표시를 통해 잘못된 것을 찾고, 이를 수정해나가며 극복했다.
6.자기평가:4
7.수행평가를 보고 나서 직접적으로 하나의 글을 작성하는것이 내가 평소 갖고있던 잘못된 문법이나 실수등을 찾아낼 수 있어서 나 자신을 다시 고쳐잡을 수 있었는 시간을 보낸것 같다.

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1. 의료 관련 분야
2. 마약 문제  HOW TO TACKLE THE DRUG PROBLEMS IN KOREA
3. 1). 최근에 한국의 유명인들 사이에서 마약 문제가 많이 발생한다
2). 마약을 쉽게 구매 가능하다.
3). 나이에 상관없이 마약문제가 발생 가능하다.
4). 마약은 중독이 심해 혼자 해결하기 어렵다.
4. 1). 어릴 때부터 마약의.위험성에 관하여 교육한다.
2). 마약 단속의 인력을 추가한다.
3). 의료성 마약 물질 처방을 줄인다.
4). 마약 치료센터를 늘인다.
5. 다른 것들의 비해 매우 노력함 / 모르는 단어의 뜻과 발음를 찾아보고 외우는 것을 싫어하는 본인이 그 싫어하는 마음을 접고 열심히 외웠다. 하나하나 써보며 외우고 입으로도 발음하며 외웠다.
6. 5점
7. 내가 원래 알던 단어의 발음이 잘못 되었던 점이 많아 이 수행을 통해 깨닫고 수정하며 모르는 단어를 사용하여 단어의 지식이 늘었다는 것을 체감하게 되었음을 느꼈다.
8. perfect 하십니다.
9. 영우 - 아픈데도 수업시간에 열심히 참여하며 집에서도 외워 시험을 치룬 것에 칭찬한다.

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1)Manchester missing cat reunited with family after six years
2)How to find missing cat
3)애완고양이가 사라졌을때를 미리 예방해두지 않는다면 애완고양이를 다시 찾기 어렵다.
4)고양이의 몸에 인식칩을 이식한다,고양이에게 GPS목걸이를 달아준다.
5)애완고양이 실종 사례들을 찾아보고 실종된 고양이들을 찾을수 있는 방법들을 찾아보고 예방할 수 있는 방법들을 찾아보았다.

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1. 해양학+지질학(해양지질학)
2.
3. 해수면 상승, 엘니뇨, 오염수, 베링해협 급변화
4. 블루카본 조성,
5.

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1. 해양학+지질학(해양지질학)
2. INSTITUTE of MARINE SCIENCES 기사들, Coastal hazards can be addressed!
3. 해수면상승, 엘니뇨 문제 가속화, 오염수 방류, 배링해협 지역의 급변화
4. 블루카본 형성, 화석연료줄이고, 탄소중립 목표 달성, 일라이트 광물이 독성가스를 흡수하고, 분해한다, 데이터 수집과 분석을 통해 해결책 모색 중
5. 가장 큰 노력은 오염수 문제 해결책을 찾을때 일라이트라는 광물이 있다는 것을 찾는데 시간이 오래걸렸다.
6. (5점)
7. 해석하는데 많은 어려움이 있었다. 단어를 너무 몰라서 단어 공부하는데 어려움이 있었다.

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1. 환경
2. 1) marine pollution 2) marine pollution
3. 바다 오염이 심해지고 있고 바다 오염은 우리에게 직접적인 해를 줄 수 있다.
4. 플라스틱 사용 절제, 화학 비료 사용 감소, 온실 가스 배출 감소
5. 자료들을 찾아보고 핵심적인 부분만 요약하여 정리하였다.
6. 5점
7. 영어 자료는 한 번도 찾아 본 적이 없었는데 다음에는 다른 수행에서도 영어 자료를 함께 찾아봐야겠다.

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1.상경계열
2.US interest rates could go higher than expected/ Korea’s damage from US interest rate hike
3.미국의 금리 인상으로 인해 우리나라의 국내 자금 유출 심화
4.금리를 올리자
5. 경제적 문제가 요즘 심해서 뭐든지 가져다가 쓰면 됐지만 그것보다 미국의 금리 인상으로 인해 다른 나라의 피해가 얼마나 심해졌는지 알기 위해서 기사를 찾을라고 했지만 금리 인상만 집중적으로 퍼져있어서 어떤 문제가 있는지 찾기 어려웠다 하지만 많은 검색을 하면서 무슨 문제가 있는지 알 수 있었다.
6.4점
7. 영어쓰기는 잘했지만 외우는 걸 잘못해서 아쉬운 거 같다
8.x
9.x

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1

Air Pollution Caused By Global Food Production Is Killing More Than 890,000 People A Year, Study Finds
2
Does the food industry cause air pollution?
3
식품산업의 운송과 농업에서 매년 89만명의 조기 사망에 영향을 주는 미세먼지, 암모니아, 온실가스가 배출되고, 음식이 낭비되는 문제점
4
운송에서 친환경 연료를 사용하고, 쓰래기 소각을 줄이며, 우리, 즉 시민들이 지역에서 친환경적으로 생산되는 농산물을 소비하는것이다.
5
기사가 상당히 길어서 이해하는데 어려움이 있었지만, 평소 관심이 있던 식품산업의 문제에 관한 내용이었기 때문에 이해하면서 읽어내려갔다.
6
4
7

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1)인공지능
2)The Impact of Artificial Intelligence - Widespread Job Losses/overhauling our entire  education system
3) 인공지능으로 인해 많은 직업이 사라질 것이고 사람들의 직업을 잃는 것에 대한 걱정이 커지고 있다
4) 사람들이 다시 기술을 습득할 수 있는 학습 수단을 제공하고 기초 교육 이외의 교육이 필요하다는 것을 받아들여야 한다
5) 기사의 내용을 잘라서 붙이면서 내용이 자연스럽고 문법적 오류가 없도록 하는 것이 힘들었지만 선생님의 조언과 문법 수정 사이트를 통해 해결했다
6) 4
7) 평소에 영어로 된 자료는 잘 찾아보지 않았는데 수행평가를 준비하면서 영어 자료를 찾아보는 것도 나쁘지 않겠다고 느꼈다

# data[].attributes.body
1.경찰
2.What workd to reduce police brutality
3.경찰의 인종차별적인 언행과 사람을 제압하는 중에 나오는 불필요한 폭력에 대한 문제
4. 바디캠를 통해 제압의 과정을 촬영, 심리적인 훈련으로 경찰들의 폭력성제어
5.문제점에 대해서 제대로 파악했는지에 대해 다시 확인해보았고 해결책이 문제점과 관련하여 얼마나 도움이 되는지와 쓰지않은 여러 다른 해결책을 찾아보았다.
6. 5
7. 관심분야의 문제점들이 무엇이있는지 어떤 사건이있는지 알게되었다.

# data[].attributes.body
1. 사육사, 특수동물학
2–1. Ontario’s roadside zoo problem – 6 commonly asked questions answered
2–2. Roadside zoo in need attention
3. 길거리 동물원은 포획된 동물들, 동물원 직원들, 방문객 등을 보호하기 위한 보건 규정이 없어 낡고 낮은 장벽 외 안전장치가 없어 만지거나 먹이를 주는 행동은 부상을 주고 사육장은 동물들이 자연스럽게 행동할 수 있는 공간이 없는 매우 작은 크기이고 동물원들은 피난처, 사생활, 풍부함, 위생 등이 부족하여 좌절, 스트레스 등을 정형행동으로 나타낸다 또 멸종위기종을 거의 보호하지 않으며 다시 방생하지 않고 교육적으로도 표지판에 동물의 이름만 나타나고 때로는 동물의 나이, 생년월일 및/또는 종 이름만 있다
4. 세계 동물 보호 운동에 동참하거나 캠페인에 후원을 하거나 야생동물을 애완동물로 기르는 등 동물을 억압학거나 고통을 줄 것 같은 행동을 하지 않은다
5. 영어로 동물과 동물원을 찾는데 나오지 않아 온갖 단어를 넣고 빼며 동물원의 문제와 해결방안을 찾는 것과 영어를 한글로 바꾸어 부드럽게 만들고 다시 문법에 맞게 바꾸는 것
6. 5
7. 길거리 동물원이 있다는건 알았지만 조사 후 이런 심각한 상태에 동물원은 동물원이라 부르면 안되고 동물들에 감옥이나 다름없다 생각했다
8. 영어실력이 부족한 사람도 누구나 노력만 하면 할 수 있는 수행 평가들을 준비해 주셔서 감사합니다 선생님 같은 영어쌤 처음입니다 감사합니다

# data[].attributes.body
1. 사육사, 동물
2–1.Ontario’s roadside zoo problem – 6 commonly asked questions answered
2–2.Roadside zoo in need attention
3.

# data[].attributes.body
1. 사회복지학과
2. 1)Turkey earthquake: Where did it hit and why was it so deadly?
2)Solutions to minimize earthquick damage.
3. 강도 높은 지진으로 인해 지진 기반 시설이 약한곳의 지진피해가 큰 것.
4. 법 제정을 통해 내진 설계를 의무화 하거나

# data[].attributes.body
1. 물리치료학
2. 원문제목 Effects of Personal Low-Frequency Stimulation Device on Myalgia: A Randomized Controlled Trial 글제목 Low frequency treatment
3. 무리한 운동후 발생하는 근육통증상문제
4.저주파치료
5. 저주파치료에 대한 설명과 작용효과에 대해 자세히 서술된 논문을 찾는데 어려움이 있어 이 부분을 집중적으로 조사했다
6. 5점
7. 스스로 근육통문제를 지각하고 올바른 치료방법을 탐색하고 치료효과를 알수있는 영어논문을 분석하는 과정에서 영어독해능력과 물리치료학적 기술에 가까워진것같아 좋았다

# data[].attributes.body
1. 글쓰기와 관련환 나의 관심 분야
의료
2. 검색한 원문제목과 자신이 쓴 글의 제목
Sleeping sickness
3. 내가 제시한 문제점
수면병이 얼마나 위험한지
4. 내가 찾은 해결책은
인적, 물적 자원에 대한 막대한 투자가 필요하다       는 것
5. 영어 쓰기를 준비하는데 어떤 노력을 했나요
새벽을 새가며 한 문장을 먼저 대충 외우고 다음       으로 노트에 쓰면서 외웠음
6. 영어쓰기를 준비하는데 얼마나 노력을 기울였나요
5555555
7. 수행평가를 마치고 난 후 소감
노력한만큼 실수 없이 다 써서 편안하다

# data[].attributes.body
1.기계공학과
2.자율주행자동차,self driving cars
3.자율주행차가 보행자를 감지하지 못하면 사고가 발생 할 수 있다, 개인 정보 보호 문제를 일으킬 수 있다, 일자리가 감소한다.
4.운전자가 주의를 기울인다, 개인정보보호법울 만든다, 자율주행시스템에 따른 일자리를 제공해야한다.
5.
6.5
7. 자율주행자동차에 대해 더 자세히 알게 되었고 내가 제시한 문제점을 내가 직접 해결하고 싶다는 생각이 들었다

# data[].attributes.body
1. 사제
2-1.Lack of Grain Exports Driving Global Hunger to Famine Levels, as War in Ukraine Continues, Speakers Warn Security Council
2-2. The link between war and the food crisis
3. 전쟁으로인한 세계적인 식량 위기
4.전쟁을 멈춘다, 음식을 낭비하지 말자, 곤충을 미래 식량으로 사용한다
5. 영어 쓰기를 준비하면서 영어 문장을 외워서 쓰는 것이 가장 어려웠고 영어 문장을 계속 반복해서 써보았다
6. 3
7. 수행퍙가를 준비하면서 내가 외운것은 아마도 실수 없이 써서 후련했지만 못 외운 문장들이 있어서 조금 아쉽다

# data[].attributes.body
1. 평소에 미세먼지 때문에 마스크를 자주 쓰고 다니게 되어 미세먼지에 대해 관심이 있었다

2. South Korea pollution: Is China the cause of 'fine dust'?

For our respiratory health

3. 중국의 공장이나 발전소의 무분별한 가동으로 인해 막대한 미세먼지가 생성되고 그것이 황사와 함께 우리나라로 넘어와 호흡기에 치명적인 영향을 준다

4. 중국 정부의 동의를 얻어 공장과 발전소에 미세먼지 저감장치를 설치하거나 kf94이상의 마스크를 써서 호흡기를 보호한다

5. 한번도 본적 없던 영어 본문을 뒤지며 내가 원하는 주제의 기사를 찾는것이 어려웠고 막상 찾은 기사도 재대로 알아먹지 못해 힘들었다. 또한 문법을 맞추며 여러 조건들에 충족하며 영어로 작문을 하는것 또한 어려웠다

6. 5

7. 수행평가를 통해 평소에 영어로 쓰던 글이 얼마나 문법이 엉망인지 알게 되었고 모르는 단어들이 넘치는 것으로 보아 단어를 더 많이 외울 필요성 또한 느끼게 되는 계기가 되었던 것 같다

8. 유예기간을 많이 주셔서 감사합니다

9. 반 모두
다들 수행평가를 위해 노력했기 때문이다

# data[].attributes.body
1. 자연

2. Deadly bomb cyclone storm slams California, causing intense winds, blackouts, havoc

2. Cyclone contrast method

3. 사이클론으로 인한 피해로 많은 인원이 피해를 입었다.

4. 사이클론으로 인한 사고를 대비하기 위해서 주변의

위험요소를 확인하고 조심한다.

5. 영어 쓰기를 준비하면서 영어를 비록 잘하지는 않지만 번역기를 사용하면서까지 열심히하였다.

6. 4점
7. 영어는 잘하지 못해서 아쉬웠다.

# data[].attributes.body
1. 사회복지학과
2. 1)Turkey earthquake: Where did it hit and why was it so deadly?
2)Solutions to minimize earthquick damage.
3. 강도 높은 지진으로 인해 지진 기반 시설이 약한곳의 지진피해가 큰 것.
4. 시에서는 법 제정을 통해 내진 설계를 의무화 하고 사회 공동체는 지진 대비 관련한 정보를 알리는 캠페인을 하고 개개인들은 미리 본인들의 거주지가 지진에 취약한지 확인하고 비상 연락망을 확보하고 재난 발생시를 대비한 비상품을 구비해둔다.
5. 우선 주제를 선정하기 위해 최근에 세계적으로 대두됐던 이슈들을 찾아보았고 지진을 근본적으로 해결하기는 어렵기 때문에 지진 발생시에 생길 피해를 최소화할 수 있는 방법들을 시(정부), 사회공동체, 그리고 개개인들이 각각 할 수 있는 것들을 찾아보고 정리하여 글로 썼다.
6. 4점
7. 영어 관련 수행평가라서 외국 기사를 찾아보는데 전에는 알지 못했던 질이 좋은 정보들이 많다는 것을 알게 되었다.
8. X
9. X

# data[].attributes.body
1. 나는 식품쪽에 관심이 있어서 식품과 연관된 기사를 찾아 썼다
2.  achieving eco-friendliness with agriculture and food
농업과 식품으로 친환경을 달성
3. 분배와 생산의 문제점 및 단일작물 재배를 문제점으로 내세웠다
4. calpoly organic farm은 농경을위해 지속가능한 수행과 교육을 하고 있다. slow food global movement 를 통해 공평하고 깨끗하게 먹는방법을 배울수 있다. via zero waste club은 쓰레기 매립지애 있는 쓰레기들을 감소 목표로 하고 있다
5. 영어쓰기를 준비하는데 하루에 5문장씩 1~2시간 정도 투자해서 총 이틀정도 걸리고 외울때마다 계속 전문장을 쓰면서 이어붙이기를 할려고 노력했다
6. 4
7. 물론 그래도 외워야되는게 귀찮고 힘들지만 나의 진로랑 관련된 기사를 찾고 외웠다는데 나름 뿌듯하고 다음에는 한국기사를 찾아보고 싶었다
8. 생기부좀 잘 써주시면 감사하겠습니다

# data[].attributes.body
1)Manchester missing cat reunited with family after six years
2)How to find missing cat
3)애완고양이가 사라졌을때를 미리 예방해두지 않는다면 애완고양이를 다시 찾기 어렵다.
4)고양이의 몸에 인식칩을 이식한다,고양이에게 GPS목걸이를 달아준다.
5)애완고양이 실종 사례들을 찾아보고 실종된 고양이들을 찾을수 있는 방법들을 찾아보고 예방할 수 있는 방법들을 찾아보았다.
6)3점
7)평소에 읽어보지 않았던 영어 뉴스를 처음부터 끝까지 읽어보고 해석하고 분석하고 영어 뉴스를 통해 글까지 쓰는 활동을 해서 재미있었고 유익했다.
8)
9)친구들이 소감문을 열심히 잘 쓴 것 같다.

# data[].attributes.body
1. 경제

2. How Do Governments Reduce Inflation? / Indian Goverment's efforts to overcome the country's inflation.

3. 인도는 최근 석유가격 증가와 자국화폐 가치 하락과 러시아-우크라이나 전쟁, 그리고 코로나19 로 인해 인플레이션이 발생했다.

4. 인도는 대표적 인플레이션 해결 방법인 시중 통화율과 이자율을 조정하는 통화 정책을 통해서 인도 중앙은행에서 수출의 중점과 새로운 결제 시스템을 통해서 완화했고, 정부에서 직접적으로 국가 경제를 원하는 방향으로 이끌기 위해 재정수치를 변동시키는 재정 정책을 통해 식량 안보와 적자 인하를 목표로 하고있다.

5. 영어 쓰기 준비하는데 처음 보는 단어를 외워 문장을 이해하려고 노력했다, 또한 8번에서 적은 문장이 확실한 자료인지 확인하기 위해 노력했다.

6. 개인적으로 매우 긴 문장들을 처음 암기해보는 시간이라서 5정도 기울인 것 같다.

7. 내가 적은 문장의 많은 문법들이 들어있어서 영어 공부에 도움이 되었다. 또한 경제와 관련된 자료를 분석하고 검증하는 것이 흥미로웠다.

# data[].attributes.body
1. 사회복지학과

2.
1) Causes, Effects and Solutions to food Insecurity (Lack of Access to Food)
2) We should have an interest in global food shortages!!

3. 불공정 거래 무역, 많은 음식물 쓰레기 그리고 자연재해 등의 문제점을 제시하여 주로 농사로 식생활을 이어가는 사람들에게 일어날 수 있는 문제점들을 찾아보았으며 이것은 곧 기아로 이어질 수 있는 더욱 심각한 문제로 생각하였다.

4. 이러한 음식과 관련한 문제들에 더욱 관심을 가지고 작은 행동일지라도 이러한 문제들을 해결할 수 있도록 해결 방안을 찾아보고 기아로 인해 고통 받고 있는 아이들을 위해 후원을 하거나 세계적인 기아 문제에 관심을 기울이는 캠페인에 참여하여 더욱 목소리를 키워서 사람들이 관심을 갖도록 유도하는 것도 좋은 해결 방안이라고 생각하였다.

5. 영어 쓰기를 준비하기 위해 먼저 사회복지분야와 음식의 연관된 문제점이 무엇이 있는지 고민해 보고 전 세계적으로 사라지지 않은 문제점인 '기아'를 주제로 삼아 기아 문제가 발생하기 이전에 어떠한 원인으로 발생하였는지 찾아보았다.

6. 5점

7. 수행평가를 마치고 난 후 평소에는 "기아 문제가 그냥 심각한 문제이다."라고만 생각했지만 이번 수행평가로 인해 기아 문제가 어떤 원인으로 일어나는지에 대해 제대로 알게 되었고 어떤 원인으로 발생되는지 알아보면서 기아 문제에 대해 더욱 관심을 가지게 되었다. 그리고 만약 기아 문제에 별로 관심이 없는 사람이 있다면 그 사람에게 기아 문제가 얼마나 심각한 것인지 알려줄 것이다.

# data[].attributes.body
1.동물자원,축산
2. 1)How we're rising to the nutrition and health challenges of animal production
2) We need to use god animal feed
3.동물사료의 대한 문제점
4.동물 사료의 항생제 성분을 사용하느 것을
줄이고 많은 효소들을 사용하여 동물의 수를 증가시키고 건강이 나빠지는 것을 줄이자
5.영어가 잘 외워지지 않아서 힘들었고
계속 쓰면서 외웠다
6. 4
7.영어쓰기에서 외운 것보다 너무 못써서 속상하고
다음에는 더 노력해서 외워야겠다
8.수행평가를 자신의 진로의 맞게 할 수 있다는 점이 매우 좋았고 다양한 자료를 찾아봐서 자신의
분야에 대해 더 잘 알아볼 수 있는 수행이여서
유익했던거 같다

# data[].attributes.body
1.경찰
2.Police looking for suspect from I-75 high-speed crash
5.노력을 안했다
6.|2|
7.좀 귀찮아 하지 말고 할걸
8.다른 남은 수행평가들은 최선을 다해서 하겠습니다
9.다들 열심히 잘했다