# data[].attributes.body
1. Legal Obligations after Divorce

19th century:

Civil marriage introduced in 1875 (German Empire).

Divorce only possible for specific faults (e.g. adultery).

Husbands legally obliged to maintain wives if they were “innocent.”

Debtor could be freed from paying maintenance if it was nearly impossible to do so

Being freed was impossible if they had a child

Today:

Unterhaltspflicht (maintenance) for ex-spouse only if one cannot support themselves (e.g. caring for small children, illness).

Child support (Kindesunterhalt) always required from the parent not living with the child, based on income and the “Düsseldorfer Tabelle.”

2. Division of Property and Assets

Then:

Married women lost control of property; assets usually belonged to husband.

Now:

Default marital property regime is Zugewinngemeinschaft (community of accrued gains).

Each spouse keeps their own property, but the increase in value during marriage is split equally at divorce unless a prenuptial agreement (Ehevertrag) states otherwise.

Pensions are shared through Versorgungsausgleich.

3. Economic Independence

Then:

Women needed husband’s consent to work until 1958 (Gesetz über die Gleichberechtigung von Mann und Frau).

Limited employment opportunities, strong economic dependency.

Now:

Full legal equality in employment and banking.

Government support like Unterhaltsvorschuss (advance child support) and social benefits help single parents.

Still wage gap and challenges balancing work and childcare.

4. Social Consequences

Then:

Heavy stigma: divorced women were socially marginalized, often blamed for marital failure.

Now:

Divorce widely accepted; about one-third of marriages end in divorce.

Some disadvantages remain: single mothers face higher poverty risk and housing difficulties.

Emotional and Psychological Impact:

- Woman often report lower levels of emotional distress and social isolation immediately after separation then men.

- Women may experience relief, particularly after conflict-ridden marriages.

-  Social Networks and Integration:

- Both men and women tend to maintain contact with friends and family, but some report shrinking social circles.

- Woman are less likely to lose social connections post-divorce, particularly if their social life was couple-centered.

- Women often rely more on family and female peer networks for emotional support.

- Repartnering and New Relationships:

- Woman are generally less likely to remarry or form new cohabiting partnerships after divorce.

- Women, especially single mothers, face structural barriers to repartnering (e.g., childcare responsibilities, financial dependence).

- Over time, the gap in repartnering rates between genders narrows.

- Stigma and Social Perception:

- Social stigma around divorce has significantly decreased in Germany and is now widely accepted.

- Divorce is seen as a normal life event, especially in urban areas.

- Single parenthood is increasingly normalized, though some judgment may persist in conservative regions.

- Gender Differences in Social Outcomes:

- Woman are less vulnerable to social withdrawal and loss of community ties.

- Woman face greater caregiving burdens but often develop stronger informal support networks.

5. Legal Framework & Recent Reform

Key historical steps:

1977 Erstes EheRG introduced no-fault divorce (breakdown principle instead of blame).

Recent example:

2021 reforms simplified digital filing of divorce petitions and updated child-support guidelines (Düsseldorfer Tabelle adjustments).

Restrictions that still exist today

Minimum one-year separation period (Trennungsjahr) before filing for divorce (except in cases of extreme hardship).

Parental responsibility shared unless court decides otherwise.

# data[].attributes.body
Before: Most of the women could only dream about a job after divorce

# data[].attributes.body
They were published in newspapers as shamings

# data[].attributes.body
It made divorce no longer a parliamentary process, meaning less complex and less expensive. But only in theory, it was still expensive.

# data[].attributes.body
In the 19th century, divorce was rare, restricted and highly stigmatised.

Today, divorce is accessible, socially accepted and legally regulated.

Legal obligations after divorce

Divorce was only possible with proof of fault like adultery, cruelty, abandonment. Fathers usually got custody and alimony was rare and tied to proving fault.

Since 1969 there are No-fault divances in California. Custody is often shared and alimony is based on need and earning capacity.

Division of Property

Married women had almost no property rights. Even after divorce the property stayed with the man

Everything earned during marriage is split 50150. Separate property from before marriage stays with owner.

Economic Independence

After divorce, women were depended on family due to the little access to education, jobs or income

women still have a pay gap. Single moms have a higher risk of poverty.

Social Consequences

Divorced women were seen as immoral or failed. They were often excluded from respectable society or remarriage.

Divore is socially normalized, but there are still disadvantages like single parenting, financial stress, housing insecurity.

Lega Framework& Reforms

Women had no say in contracts and had to proof fault for a divorce.

The child support guidelines are better and the no-fault divorce is gone.

Conclusion

Divorce was rare, stigmatized, women were legally and economically disadvantaged

Divorce is accessible, accepted and fairer. Women still face economic challanges

# data[].attributes.body
Many couples "lived in sin", which was living together without martying each other, to dodge the downsides of a divorce.

# data[].attributes.body
Men needed to prove adultery, while Women needed to prove cruelty or desertion next to adultery.

# data[].attributes.body
It says the children go to the man

# data[].attributes.body
Divorced women get the same rights as single women.

# data[].attributes.body
Divorce was seen as "a disruption of the social order", even after the  Matrimonial Causes Act 1857.

# data[].attributes.body
Late 19th century Britain became less adverse towards divorces, partially because of newer education and financial indipendence of women.