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Though many parts of American politics continued to remain constant, the Cold War changed much of both foreign and domestic policy used during the middle of the 20th century.

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(1892) The Sierra Club was an environmental organization that was initially created under Teddy Roosevelt. However, it along with many other environmental organizations helped to advance ecology during the 1950’s. The Sierra Club was also able to influence the government by lobbying and working with other groups such as the ACLU.

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Cold War Social Impacts and Issues: House Unamerican Activities Commission

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Cold War Social Impacts and Issues: House Unamerican Activities Commission

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(1938)  As the Red Scare proliferated throughout the country the HUAC was created in retaliation - identifying any Communist threats to the US. Their tactics involved utilizing extreme pressuring of witnesses and deeming any “difficult” witnesses ‘red’ if they did not comply. Citizens deemed red were subjected to court trials, and some citizens felt their rights were being taken away.

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Origins of the Cold War: Atlantic Charter

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Origins of the Cold War: Atlantic Charter

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(1941) The Atlantic Charter was a document released by Roosevelt and Churchill stating that both countries had common principles and wanted a better future. It called for an end to the power of Nazis and declared an end to the US' policy of neutrality.

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(1943) In 1943, Roosevelt and Churchill met in Casablanca, Morocco to discuss strategy. They decided to reject Stalin's demand of an open front and called for a total surrender of the Axis powers. It marked a downslide in the relationship between the Allies and the Soviet Union.

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Origins of the Cold War: Tehran Conference

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Origins of the Cold War: Tehran Conference

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(November 1943) The Tehran Conference was the first meeting between Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin. They met to discuss strategy and negotiate the desires of each country. The Tehran Conference  helped contribute to the Cold War because there was much disagreement over control of territiories like Poland that went unaddressed between the USSR and other allied countries.

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GCSE History - The Tehran conference in a minute!

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Origins of the Cold War: Yalta Conference

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Origins of the Cold War: Yalta Conference

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(February 1945) The Yalta Conference was held between Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin in the Soviet Union as a peace conference. They agreed to have the USSR fight against Japan, divide Germany into occupation zones, gave compensation to the Soviet Union, and created free elections in the Soviet Union. However there was still disputes with places like Poland which built tension between the powers.

This cartoon is a representation of the Yalta Conference. It shows Stalin, Churchill, and Roosevelt putting a puzzle together on the world. The puzzle represents the divisions made at the conference and the beginnign of Germany being fragmented by occupation zones. The phrase at the bottoms shows that this division created tension between the Soviet Union and others.

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(April 25, 1945) This date marks the beginning of drafting of the United Nations. Similar to the failed League of Nations, the United Nations was an international organization that intended to keep peace and prevent another world war. The US ratified the charter in July. While the United Nations helped to settle some international disputes, others such as issues in Yalta were unaddressed.

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Origins of the Cold War: Potsdam Conference

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Origins of the Cold War: Potsdam Conference

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(July 1945) The Potsdam Conference was a meeting between Truman, Churchill, and Stalin in Germany. The powers decided to divide and demilitarize Germany, including dividing the capital city Berlin. Each country had the power to decide how to rebuild their section of Germany.

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Origins of the Cold War: German Zones of Occupation

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Origins of the Cold War: German Zones of Occupation

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(1945-1949) The Yalta Conference established 4 zones of occupation within Germany. The US, UK, France, and Russia each got a section of both Germany and the capital, Berlin, to rebuild after the war. The Soviet section of Germany eventually became a Communist republic, causing tension with the capitalist allies.  The occupation eventually dissolved into only 2 zones, with the communist section controlled by Soviets and the free section controlled by the US and UK.

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Origins of the Cold War: Satellite Nations

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Origins of the Cold War: Satellite Nations

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(1946-1948) Satellite Nations were the countries in Central and Eastern Europe that remained under Soviet control after WWII. These included Poland, Romania, and Hungary. Many of these countries were ran under communist dictators who were loyal to Russia.

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(1946-1964) Between 1946 and 1964, over 77 million babies were born in America. This time period was dubbed the Baby Boom. Many factors contributed to the boom. There was less stress on marriages due to the end of the war, and the economy was prosperous. The growth of families led to the growth of suburbs and larger homes as well.

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(March 1946) Winston Churchill delivered the "Iron Curtain" speech in Missouri in 1946. In this speech, he established the metaphor that an "iron curtain" had settled upon Europe and separated satellite states from capitalist Western countries. The idea of the iron curtain further separated the USSR from Western Europe and increased tension.

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(November 1946) Dr. Benjamin Spock published Baby and Child Care in 1946 as a guide on how to raise a family. The book centered growing up on children themselves and said that parental needs were subordinate. The guidelines of this book pressured women to stay at home with children despite the growing workforce of women in the 1950's.

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Cold War Politics: Truman Doctrine and Containment

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Cold War Politics: Truman Doctrine and Containment

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(March 1947) In 1947 Truman delivered a series of policies towards the USSR that became known as the Truman Doctrine. He advocated for containment of the USSR, saying their quick acquisition of territory needed to be stopped. This was evident in the US’s aid of Western Europe, increased militarization through Selective Service, and calls for help from other allied countries.

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Cold War Politics: National Security Act of 1947

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Cold War Politics: National Security Act of 1947

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(September 1947)  When the National Security Act of 1947 passed, it did many things to change the national security of the US. It created the Department of Defense to oversee the military, and the Central Intelligence Agency to collect information on people in the US. Having a more secure and organized military helped to ease the minds of many Americans and government officials who feared a war with Russia.

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AP Government: National Security Act 1947

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Cold War Social Impacts and Issues: Alger Hiss

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Cold War Social Impacts and Issues: Alger Hiss

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(1948) Former State Dept. Official, Alger Hiss, is convicted of perjury in regards to his role in the soviet spy ring prior to and during WW2. His problems began when an excommunist accused him of being a communist in the past and passing top secret reports. Hiss denied few if any relations with him, and Chambers dropped the “Pumpkin Papers' ' as copies of documents he passed in the 30s. Some accused the HUAC and Truman’s haters of using him as a red herring and were overreacting, while others claimed the communists had deeply infiltrated politics by now.

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Cold War Social Impacts and Issues: Smith Act & Dennis v. United States

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Cold War Social Impacts and Issues: Smith Act & Dennis v. United States

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(1948) The Smith Act acted in response to the Red Scare forbidding efforts to “advocate, abet, advise, or teach '' communism. The government used this as an excuse to enter prosecutions against communists for their politics stimulating 1st Amendment arguments. In 1948 11 communist party leaders went to court after being found guilty of violating the act - arguing that being persecuted was a violation of the 1st amendment. The court upheld the decision saying there’s a distinction between teaching and advocacy.

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(April 1948) The Marshall Plan gave $12 billion of American money to help rebuild Europe’s economy after WWII. Because Eastern Europe rejected this plan and the financial aid it provided, it furthered the division between Eastern and Western Europe.

This political cartoon shows how industry boomed after the Marshall Plan was passed. Western Europe’s economy began to thrive again after receiving aid. This is demonstrated by the smoke from the factory which shows it is producing again.

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(June 1948-May 1949) In 1948, the Soviet Union restricted rail, water, and road access to all of the Western controlled areas of Berlin. In response, the United States and United Kingdom began airlifting supplies such as food, water, and fuel to the citizens within their portion of Berlin. Planes flew in frequently, with one arriving every 45 seconds at the peak of the airlift. On May 11 of the next year, the Soviet Union lifted the blockade, ending the airlifts.

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Cold War Social Impacts and Issues: McCarthyism

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Cold War Social Impacts and Issues: McCarthyism

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(1949) With Soviets announcing their own atomic bomb threat - Americans began to wonder how they managed to build their own so rapidly and with the reveal that spies had passed on information about the bombs an atmosphere of mistrust went over the country. People began attacking and discriminating against any who refused to denounce communism or were viewed as untrustworthy. Republican senator, Joseph R. McCarthy used this as an opportunity to grow his own reputation - making an array of unsubstantiated accusations towards others - a term that would be regarded as McCarthyism.

“FIRE!”: Illustrated by Herbert Block, demonstrates anti-communist flushing out the flames of liberties by promoting mass hysteria over the spread of communism.

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(October 1949) This date marks the beginning of the communist People’s Republic of China. Mao Zedong took power over the country and communists held all government positions. This large communist government furthered the US’s need for containment and increased the fear of communism growing. While it never joined the Soviet Union, they often sided together in conflicts and held similar economic views.

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Cold War Social Impacts and Issues: McCarran Act

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Cold War Social Impacts and Issues: McCarran Act

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(1950) In lieu of growing concerns that the Truman administration wasn't doing enough to combat communism, Congressmen passed the McCarran Act in an effort to require that “communist‐action” and “communist front” orgs register with the Justice Department. It also increased the statute of limitations, required registration of individuals trained in espionage, authorized exclusion and deportation of Communists, and provided for the detention of potential espionage agents and subversives whenever the president proclaimed an internal security emergency. Truman vetoed it but it was overruled, its measures were constantly challenged in courts and eventually repealed in 1971 during Nixon’s Presidency.

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(April 1950) The National Security Council released the NSC-68 report on how to repair American foreign policy. It stated that America should only rely on itself to contain communism and should take action against any possible communist threat. It called for major military expansion and a high defense budget as well. By establishing this strong position in the realm of containment, the United States made itself a dominant figure in the Cold War.

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(June 1950-July 1953) The Korean War’s beginning was marked by the northern part of Korea that was controlled by communists invading the capitalist southern half. The United States gained approval to send troops to fight for South Korea within a week, and the north part was pushed back past the parallel that divided them again. This caused the Chinese government to intervene and side with the communists. This led to a stalemate, and the territories remained until 1953. An armistice was signed and a militarized zone was placed between the 2 regions.

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Cold War Social Impacts and Issues: Duck and Cover

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Cold War Social Impacts and Issues: Duck and Cover

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(1951) Soviets showing off of their atomic bomb made Americans realize the threat of a catastrophic bomb being dropped was very real. Truman implemented the Federal Civil Defense Administration (FCDA) school drills with the intent to educate the public on how to shield these valves in the event of an attack. The solution was to crawl under one's desk and cover their heads. A short film illustrating how to do so was introduced into classrooms in 1951.

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Post-WWII America: Universal Automatic Computer

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Post-WWII America: Universal Automatic Computer

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(March 1951) The Universal Automatic Computer, or UNIVAC, was invented in 1951 for use with the Census Bureau. It could alphabetize and organize information and perform calculations. After it began to become widely used, it helped calculate the 1952 election result and other research and development.

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Remington Rand UNIVAC Universal Automatic Computer) Commercial

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(1952) Joseph McCarthy was a Republican senator from Wisconsin who was best known for creating a list of 205 government officials he believed were communist. Because of his intense tactics and tendency to throw blame, very few people spoke out against his actions. Truman spoke about his accusations soon after they were made, saying they were a sabotage to the US’ foreign policy. McCarthy believed Truman was placing the interests of his political party over the interests of the country.

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(November 1952) The 1952 election was between Republican Dwight D. Eisenhower and Democrat Adlai Stevenson. Dwight D. Eisenhower and his running mate Nixon won in a landslide. Eisenhower appealed to voters due to his appearance as a regular American and his appeal to the middle class.

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(1954) In 1954, Jonas Salk invented the first vaccination against polio. The following year, the government made the vaccine free for Americans to receive. The creation of the vaccine led to a dramatic drop in both infant mortality and child death rates, along with ushering in a wave of scientific innovation.

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Cold War Social Impacts and Issues: Army McCarthy Hearings

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Cold War Social Impacts and Issues: Army McCarthy Hearings

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(1954) Rep McCarthy gained more notoriety during these hearings targeting army security who in turn charged him with abusing his influence to aid an ally of his. The hearings were among the first to be televised, and when McCartyh tried to emphasize an army lawyer's Communist ties his popular support waned as his insufficient tactics and methods were made clear by the television. He was acquitted but would never recover from this.

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Civil Rights Movement: Brown v. Board of Education

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Civil Rights Movement: Brown v. Board of Education

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(May 17, 1954) The case of Brown v. Board of Education overruled the Plessy v. Ferguson decision that allowed segregation constitutionally. It was intended to desegregate schools but carried over to other public facilities. It was found Plessy v. Ferguson violated the 14th amendment, ending legal segregation. Though this made segregation unconstitutional, another ruling had to be passed to increase the speed of the desegregation.

This political cartoon represents the impact of how Brown vs. Board of Education ended segregation in public schools. The people in the window of the school are white Southerners, and their anger at the cases ruling is depicted on their faces.

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(1955) The beatniks were known for creating literature and art in the 1950’s that heavily scrutinized bureaucracy and life in America. Some notable examples include Allen Ginsberg’s Howl and Jack Kerouac’s On The Road. Works such as these often criticized the strict standards young people in America faced. Alienation of young people and their reputation as rebellious were marks of the 1950’s, and the literature of the time represents this.

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Civil Rights Movement: Montgomery Bus Boycott and Martin Luther King

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Civil Rights Movement: Montgomery Bus Boycott and Martin Luther King

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(December 1, 1955) The Montgomery Bus Boycott started when Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat in a Whites only section of a bus. She was arrested, causing outrage. As a result, a mass boycott where Black people would sit in Whites only buses was organized, putting economic pressure on bus companies and other Montgomery businesses. The boycott led to segregation in public transport being banned in 1956. It also brought Martin Luther King Jr. into the forefront of the civil rights movement. Martin Luther King was a prominent activist in the civil rights movement best known for his “I Have A Dream” speech. He was a member of multiple organizations that protested against inequality.

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(1956) In the 1950’s, a new music genre known as rock and roll emerged. Figures like Elvis, who entered the scene in 1956, became massively popular among Americans. It appealed to many due to its inspiration from many other forms of music, such as blues and western. Rock and roll also played a role in innovating radio and television with the use of recorded music becoming more widespread.

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(June 1956) Under the administration of Eisenhower, a bill was passed approving a 40,000 mile interstate system. The bill was justified saying the roads would be used for national defense and evacuation in case of nuclear attacks. The system would cost $25 billion and faced backlash due to its destruction of homes and environment. However, the US highway system became a major success and is still used today.

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(1957) In 1957, there were over 40 million television sets in use in America. With the growth of television came the growth of many other aspects of American culture, such as advertising and politics. Candidates and politicians could spread information and campaign to millions from a screen. With the spread of sports and consumerism, TVs also contributed to economic growth.

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(January 1957) Congress approved the proposed Eisenhower Doctrine in March of 1957. This doctrine allowed countries to request financial aid from the US if they were being attacked by another country. It specified, however, that this was primarily targeted at countries being threatened by communism. The spread of communism was increasing in the Middle East, and the doctrine was almost enacted to help stop the spread.

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(January 1957) The Southern Christian Leadership Conference, or SCLC, is an organization that helped create many protests during the civil rights movement. It was organized by Ella Baker, who created many grassroots protests against discrimination. By the mid 1960’s, it began to turn more towards violence than some other groups, which furthered the divide in the Civil Rights movement.

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Civil Rights Movement: Little Rock Central High School

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Civil Rights Movement: Little Rock Central High School

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(September 1957) In 1957, Eisenhower ordered the desegregation of Central High School in Little Rock. 9 Black students tried to enter the school but were blocked by an angry mob of White people. In order to stop the obstruction, the National Guard had to be called in. The desegregation marked a movement towards equality in schools even though it was forced by law.

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Post-WWII America: Sputnik and Impact on Education

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Post-WWII America: Sputnik and Impact on Education

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(October 1957) In 1957, the Soviet Union launched Sputnik, the first Earth-orbiting satellite. This prompted America to join a space race with the USSR, launching a satellite in January 1958. The launch of Sputnik also impacted American education. In order to encourage scientific innovation, more federal funding was given to sciences in schools along with research labs. Universities also focused more on specialized skills for students.

This cartoon shows the thinking behind why America seemed to be losing the space race. Despite America’s best effort to advance scientific research and education, it never seemed to catch up to the Soviet Union.

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Social Movements of the 60s: The New Left

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Social Movements of the 60s: The New Left

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(1959) A new political movement arose out of student socialist activism that intersected and frequently took inspiration from African American civil rights activism. They espoused more liberal, radical, marxist political views - opposing war efforts, tradition, capitalism, segregation and other forms of discrimination. They opposed traditional forms of protest favoring mass organizing, direct action, and civil disobedience.

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(1960) By 1960, 1/3 of Americans lived in suburbs. Levittowns were suburban developments designed by William Levitt that mass produced houses, with the first being in Long Island, New York. The combination of Levittowns increasing the availability of houses and the G.I. Bill subsidizing mortgages, homeowning became a major trend among young Americans.

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Sociopolitical Conflicts of the 70s: OPEC

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Sociopolitical Conflicts of the 70s: OPEC

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(1960) Created between five oil-producing developing countries in Baghdad, OPEC intended to coordinate and unify petroleum policies among members in hopes of securing fair and stable prices for petroleum producers; an efficient, economic and regular supply of petroleum to consuming nations; and a fair return on capital to those investing in the industry.

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(April 1960) After the Greensboro Sit-In protest in 1960, the students who participated formed the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, or SNCC. This organization helped to challenge Jim Crow Laws. However, despite the name, it also ended up taking a more militant approach to the civil rights movement.

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(May 1960) The U-2 Incident occured when the Soviet Union shot down an American spy plane and captured the pilot. This event forced Eisenhower to confess to using spies, and the pilot was arrested in the USSR for espionage. This event furthered the conflict between the 2 countries and increased fear of war.

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Cold War Politics: Military Industrial Complex

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Cold War Politics: Military Industrial Complex

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(1961) The military industrial complex consists of a country’s military and all industries that contribute to it. The United States’ was increasingly powerful during the Cold War, as Eisenhower said during his farewell address. Similarly to other wars, civilian companies were producing for the military during the Cold War and militarization increased. More tension was created as the United States military grew.

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(1961) Employed by President Kennedy, flexible response as a defense strategy that relied on multiple options for responding to the Soviet Union, discouraged massive retaliation, and encouraged mutual deterrence at strategic, tactical, and conventional levels. It sought to limit the use of severe nuclear weapons by providing a myriad of other options to go with instead of pulling out “armageddon” whenever a threat was presented.

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(1961) The Freedom Rides, organized by CORE, were designed to test if bus lines had desegregated like they were supposed to. The people who participated in this were often attacked by mobs of angry White people that federal marshals had to be used in some situations. The actions taken by those who rode the buses led president Kennedy to order the desegregation of public transportation and encourage integration.

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(April 1961) The invasion was a wasted initiative taken up by the CIA under Kennedy to get Fidel Castro out of power who had previously overthrew Cuba’s American-backed President. Many Cubans welcomed Castro but Americans disliked him as he was Communist and disliked Americans business practices in Cuba - the two nations officially cut off diplomatic ties after Cuba allied with the USSR. Kennedy hoped the invasion would assert his seriousness about the Cold War but the plan fell apart as Cuba avoided a US air raid, the CIA unknowingly broadcast all details of the plan across Cuba, ships were sunk by coral reefs, and paratroopers arrived at the wrong location. The troops were cornered and forced to surrender after not even a full day of fighting with an overwhelming number of the exiled Cuban soldiers being taken prisoner.

“The Spoils of Our October ‘Victory’”: Jack Knox 1961, based off the title alone you can guess that the illustrator is being sarcastic when he says victory - likely believing Kennedy blundered the whole ordeal and only made matters worse with his attempted meddling in Cuba’s matters.

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Social Movements of the 60s: Cesar Chavez

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Social Movements of the 60s: Cesar Chavez

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(1962) He was the non-violent leader of the United Farm Workers from 1963-1970, who organized laborers in California and in the Southwest to strike against fruit and vegetable companies who refused to provide them with adequate working conditions or fair wages. He managed to unionize numerous mexican-american farm workers through negotiation with employers and organizing.

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Social Movements of the 60s: Rachel Carson Silent Springs

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Social Movements of the 60s: Rachel Carson Silent Springs

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(1962) Rachel Carson voiced the growing concerns of numerous environmentalists of the time who feared the overuse of chemicals (pesticides, insecticides, etc.) and their effects upon the environment and animal population. Carson herself discusses how overuse of pesticides have decimated bird populations culminating in a “silent Spring”. The book was smeared by chemical companies but made the public aware of malpractice resulting in a nationwide ban of DDT and an environmental movement spurring the creation of the Environmental Protection Agency.

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(1962) After a U-2 spy plane spotted a Soviet ballistic missile being assembled in Cuba Pres Kennedy and ExComm debated on how to proceed as the introduction of such missiles spelled a changing in dynamics between the US and USSR. Soviet leader, Nikita Khrushchev, had long abhorred the US’ nuclear weapons targeted towards them from West EU and Turkey and hoped deploying missiles in Cuba would even the playing field. Kennedy issued a blockade to stop further missiles from being deployed and made it clear further action would result in military threats, and then took to the TV to explain about the possible danger off the coast. At the height of the tension Khrushchev sent an offer to remove the missiles from Cuba if the US promised not to invade and Kennedy privately agreed to remove missiles from Turkey - putting an end to the stalemate.

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John F. Kennedy - Cuban Missile Crisis speech

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Social Movements of the 60s: The Feminine Mystique

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Social Movements of the 60s: The Feminine Mystique

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(1963) Betty Friedan in her novel depicted how difficult a woman's life is because she’s forced to prioritize and think solely about her family and never herself as an individual. She claims that middle-class society stifled women’s potential and prevented them from realizing their full potential and talents. It was the catalyst to second-wave feminism, sparking activism for gender equaliry and encouraging women to explore options outside of the “cult of domesticity”.

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Civil Rights Movement: March on Washington

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Civil Rights Movement: March on Washington

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(August 28, 1963) The March on Washington was a protest organized against labor discrimination. The most notable event of the march was MLK’s famous “I Have A Dream” speech. Kennedy opposed the march happening, so after his assassination further attempts were made for civil rights legislation. The march helped build support for the upcoming Civil Rights Act.

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Social Movements of the 60s: Free Speech Movement

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Social Movements of the 60s: Free Speech Movement

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(1964) It was a phenomenon led by college students, beginning at UC Berkeley when students protested against a ban on on-campus political organizing - espousing their right to free speech and academic freedom. These initial acts sent a shockwave through the country with students on various other campuses nationwide doing the same.

This cartoon portrays a typically anti-establishment hippie with a sign advocating against war/violence while bombing a police force building - intending to say that the youth are hypocrites for encouraging violence when its in opposition to authority but disliking it when the government does so (A stupid argument but the guy drawing this was probably old and bitter).

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(Summer 1964) The Freedom Summer was a campaign to get Black people in Mississippi registered to vote. Many Northern student activists volunteered to assist in the registration. The most notable event of the summer was the murder of 3 student activists by KKK members. It also led to the creation of the MFDP.

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(Summer 1964) The Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party, or MFDP, was created to integrate the regular Democratic party. It was led by Fannie Lou Hammer and the group tried to earn seats at the Democratic National Convention. President Lyndon B. Johnson agreed to let the party attend the convention as observers, and the party bitterly accepted. The party dissolved a few years later in 1968.

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Fannie Lou Hamer's Powerful Testimony | Freedom Summer

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Social Movements of the 60s: Hippies and Haight Ashbury

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Social Movements of the 60s: Hippies and Haight Ashbury

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(1965) Hippies were typically members of the white middle-class who supported the New Left and espoused peace and love - embodying the counterculture of the time. They were anti-materialism, avid users of drugs, sex-positive, and nonconformists. Many flocked to the Haight-Ashbury district as rent was low, drugs were easily accessible, and the community was a lot more diverse than other parts of the US. In 1967 hundreds of thousands of hippies flocked to the district in a “summer of love”.

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Civil Rights Movement: De Jure/De Facto Segregation

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Civil Rights Movement: De Jure/De Facto Segregation

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(1965) De jure segregation, which was common in the south, was segregation either permitted or enforced by law. De facto segregation was more common in the north and occured due to social norms and prejudice.

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(February 1965) Malcolm X was a civil rights activist in the 1960’s and a member of the Nation of Islam. His philosophy was that violence should be used if necessary, making him and MLK, two large figures in the movement, somewhat clash. His outspoken views and Black Nationalism led to him being assassinated in 1965. He was killed by a Black Muslim. His death brought about the publication of his autobiography which even furthered his status as an activist and made him an icon of the civil rights movement.

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Civil Rights Movement: Voting Rights Act

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Civil Rights Movement: Voting Rights Act

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(August 1965) The Voting Rights Act, also known as the Civil Rights Act of 1965, provided protection to Black people who were voting. Many events, such as the Selma march and the March on Washington caused President Johnson to propose the bill. As the act passed the goals of the Civil Rights Movement changed, and the political change caused by the bill didn’t end up satisfying the movement.

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(August 1965) The Watts Riot occurred after an act of police violence on a Black bystander in 1965. Ten thousand people participated in the burning of buildings, attack of White people passing, and theft that ended up killing 34 people over the course of a week. The week of rioting finally ended when the National Guard was called in to dispel protesters.

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Social Movements of the 60s: National Organization for Women

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Social Movements of the 60s: National Organization for Women

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(1966) Founded by Betty Friedan, who was also its first president, NOW sought to force the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) to enforce its legal mandate to end sex discrimination. It is a coed org that utilized lobbying, organizing, and litigation to address matters such as child care, pregnancy leave, abortion rights, and pension rights.

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Social Movements of the 60s: American Indian Movement

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Social Movements of the 60s: American Indian Movement

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(1968) Beginning in Minneapolis, MN, when 200 members of the native community united with activists to discuss issues pertaining to the community and how natives could reassert control over their past and future. They spoke out against high unemployment, racism, slum-housing, treaty rights and reclamation of property. They opened the K-12 Heart of the Earth Survival School in 1971, and in 1972, mounted the Trail of Broken Treaties march on Washington, D.C., where they took over the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), in protest of its policies, and with demands for their reform.

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Social Movements of the 60s: Stonewall Riots

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Social Movements of the 60s: Stonewall Riots

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(1969) LGBT individuals flocked to gay bars and clubs as areas of refuge at a time where same-sex relations were illegal. In NYC activists managed to ensure that bars would be preserved but any public displays of queerness was still illegal so police frequently harassed these areas. Crime syndicates saw to profit off the queer community and one of such “straight” bars that were transformed was Stonewall Inn. June 28th the bar was surprised raided and instead of dispersing the crowd became agitated culminating in a 5 day long riot.

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The Stonewall riots - what happened and why | VideoScribe

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(1969) Announced by Nixon, he says that from here on out the US will expect Asian allies to tend to their own military defense. We’d been 4 yrs into the war with nothing to show for it and Nixon promised peace would come. He promised to honor treaties with Asian nations but emphasized that he expected them to operate defensively on their own (aside from nuclear events). He subtyl pulled American troops out to be replaced with the South Vietnamese, and eventually in 1973 Vietnam and the US signed a peace treaty concluding the war

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Social Movements of the 60s: La Raza Unida

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Social Movements of the 60s: La Raza Unida

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(1970) Aka The United People Party was a political org started by Jose Angel Gutierrez with intent of securing better jobs, pay, education, housing, and treatment for Latin Americans. Members grew disillusioned with the growing inequality and dissatisfaction they felt from the Democratic party and sought to take matters into their own hands running numerous Latino candidates and winning many vital positions in city government offices doing so.

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Sociopolitical Conflicts of the 70s: Earth Day

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Sociopolitical Conflicts of the 70s: Earth Day

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(1970) Inspired by the student anti-war protests, Senator Gaylord Nelson of Wisconsin allied with Congressmen, Pete McCloskey. and young activist, Denis Hayes, to create the holiday. Eventually other congressmen and environmental agencies would join up with their group and launch “Earth day” as an international day of celebration and awareness of global environmental issues.

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Earth Day 1970 Part 1: Intro (CBS News with Walter Cronkite)

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Sociopolitical Conflicts of the 70s: Southern Strategy

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Sociopolitical Conflicts of the 70s: Southern Strategy

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(1970) Hoping to obtain a tight majority vote in the 1972 election, President Nixon employed a strategy of enamoring southern voters. He planned to appoint conservatives into the Supreme Court, downplay civil rights, and lie in opposition of school busing to create racial equality. Other Conservative politicians would further this, appealing to white voters in the South by doing nothing (or outright supporting) racism against black people.

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(1972) The USSR sought to match the US in missiles and constructed an anti-ballistic missile defense system around Moscow to protect themselves in the event of an attack. Pres Johnson called for a strategic arms and limitations talk and made plans to limit the development of offensive and defensive strategic systems to stabilize relations between the two entities. Nixon liked this initiative and had formal SALT talks in Helsinki, FInland. Nixon and Soviet General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev signed the ABM Treaty and interim SALT agreement on May 26, 1972, in Moscow. The treaty limited strategic missile defenses to 200 interceptors each and allowed each side to construct two missile defense sites.

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Sociopolitical Conflicts of the 70s: 1972 Election

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Sociopolitical Conflicts of the 70s: 1972 Election

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(1972) Held November 20th, the race was on between George McGovern (D) who led an anti-war campaign against Richard Nixon (R) but whose efforts were curbed by his status as an outsider and a scandal involving his vice-presidential nominee. Nixon won the election in a huge landslide boasting a good economy, ending American involvement in Vietnam, and establishing good relations with China.

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Sociopolitical Conflicts of the 70s: Watergate Scandal

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Sociopolitical Conflicts of the 70s: Watergate Scandal

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(1972) Regarded as one of the worst political scandals in US history, it began when 5 burglars were arrested for breaking into the headquarters of the Democratic party. These burglars intended to secure President Nixon was re-elected and so they made efforts to spy on the DNC. On May 11, 1972 they broke into the offices at the Watergate building, took photographs of secret documents, and placed wiretaps on the phone. On their second initiative towards breaking in the group was caught and subsequently arrested. Nixon managed to keep his name out of the scandal in time of the election by having staff cover it up and denying any knowledge of the event. Behind the scenes Nixon privately offered the burglars hush money and requested that the CIA obstruct the FBI’s investigation - a serious offense.

“Nixon hanging between the tapes”: 1974, Herblock, shows Nixoon doing everything he possibly can to hold onto the tapes while simultaneously failing to retain innocence and composure in the process.

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Social Movements of the 60s: Occupation of Wounded Knee

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Social Movements of the 60s: Occupation of Wounded Knee

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(1973) Since its creation AIM had to deal with severe suppression by the FBI and CIA. Summer of 1973 AIM leader, Russell Means, and some of his followers took over Wounded Knee (a small native community in South Dakota) in protest of a corrupt government, resulting in a standoff between FBI agents and AIM. The event lasted 71 days, with two AIM members being killed, and 12 wounded, as the group surrendered under pretense that officials would investigate their concerns. AIM leaders were tried in court and acquitted of wrongdoing.

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Sociopolitical Conflicts of the 70s: Saturday Night Massacre

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Sociopolitical Conflicts of the 70s: Saturday Night Massacre

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(1973) Prior to the night a group of individuals suspected foul play and looked into the matter with two reporters being provided info from a whistleblower named “Deep Throat”. Some of Nixon’s aides spoke up about tapes of every conversation in the Oval office, which Nixon tried desperately to keep. When special prosecutor Archibald Cox kept demanding the tapes Nixon got a solicitor general to fire him (after failing with the first two). This abuse of power understandably infuriated the nation and Nixon was forced to relent and hire a new prosecutor leading to his resignation from presidency after the court ruled the tapes were not under executive privilege.

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Social Movements of the 60s: Roe v. Wade

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Social Movements of the 60s: Roe v. Wade

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(1973) : In 1970, Jane Roe (a fake name used to protect ones identity in court) filed a lawsuit against Henry Wade, DA of Dallas County, Texas, challenging Texan law which made abortion illegal except by a doctor’s orders to save a woman’s life. Roe alleged that the state laws were unconstitutionally vague and abridged her right of personal privacy, which should be secured by the 1st, th, 5th, 9th, and 14th Amendments.The Court ruled thart  Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment protects against state action the right to privacy, and a woman’s right to choose to have an abortion falls within that right to privacy.

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Sociopolitical Conflicts of the 70s: US v. Nixon

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Sociopolitical Conflicts of the 70s: US v. Nixon

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(1974) The new special prosecutor appointed by Nixon after facing public outcry from firing the other and going against the Justice department, still sought out the tapes Nixon tried so desperately to hide. Nixon asserted “executive privilege” granted him the right to withhold information from other government branches to preserve confidential communications within the executive branch or to secure the national interest. The Court held that nothing present in the constitution could be used to defend against such a blatant exploitation of power - ruling that he must present the tapes and documents. Following the release of the tapes Nixon resigned.

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Sociopolitical Conflicts of the 70s: Nixon Pardoned

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Sociopolitical Conflicts of the 70s: Nixon Pardoned

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(1974) After taking up Nixon’s position as president, President Gerald Ford pardoned Nixon for any of the crimes he committed whilst in power claiming he felt the need to do so after the national division spread across the country due to the Watergate scandal. This effort was widely condemned (and still is) at the time.

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Sociopolitical Conflicts of the 70s: Iranian Revolution

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Sociopolitical Conflicts of the 70s: Iranian Revolution

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(1978) The overthrowing of Iran’s monarchy - the Pahlavi dynasty - with the creation of the Islamic republic under Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, who led the initiative of liberation. Revolutionaries may have been inspired to act against the established regime due to opposing westernization, modernization, and secularization.

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Sociopolitical Conflicts of the 70s: Proposition 13

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Sociopolitical Conflicts of the 70s: Proposition 13

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(1978)  Proposition 13 was a property tax limitation incentive overwhelmingly approved by citizens in California. Reversing many real estate assessments back to 1975 market value levels, limiting the property tax rate, and limiting future increases on the tax to a max of 2% annually.

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Sociopolitical Conflicts of the 70s: Camp David Accords

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Sociopolitical Conflicts of the 70s: Camp David Accords

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(1978) President Carter organized a meeting with Egyptian president Anwar Sadat and Israeli prime minister Menachem Begin to negotiate a peace treaty which, when completed, was less of a peace treaty and more of a concerted framework for future negotiating. The accords created the framework for a future treaty between the two nations but mentioned little regarding how to proceed in regards to Palestinians.

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(1979) Designed to replace the Interim Agreement, SALT II wanted numerical limits on missiles, bans on some missiles, clarification of systems, and verification of provisions. It would have severely limited missile construction and militarization and resulted in actions by each powerhouse being verified via national technical means. Pres Carter asked the senate to throw all of this out of the window after the USSR invaded Afghanistan and it never entered force.

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Sociopolitical Conflicts of the 70s: Iran Hostage Crisis

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Sociopolitical Conflicts of the 70s: Iran Hostage Crisis

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(1979) Following the revolution in Iran, Iranian students seized the U.S. Embassy in Tehran and detained over 50 Americans. President Carter’s administration appeared weak and vacillating in the face of the Iranians but patient diplomacy by Deputy Secretary Warren Christopher eventually resolved the crisis.

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Sociopolitical Conflicts of the 70s: New Federalism

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Sociopolitical Conflicts of the 70s: New Federalism

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(1980) New Federalism was President Nixon's program to utilize revenue sharing to return power and tax dollars to the states and cities - an initiative that returned 30 billion in revenue to the states. This program espoused an attitude of devolution - in which the federal government transfers some of their power and authority to the states, as many social programs were now the responsibility of state/local governments.

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(1983) Proposed by President Reagan, the Strategic Defense Initiative (1983), aka "Star Wars," called for a shield against a nuclear attack. The thought process behind it was that there would be some sort of space based shield that would shoot down nuclear missiles in space - rendering them obsolete. The SDI was considered by many to be unfeasible and in violation of the Anti Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty, yet Congress approved billions of dollars for development.

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(1985) It is the policy of the Reagan administration in supporting anti-Communist insurgents wherever they might be. Reagan took to TV in his State of the Union address to encourage Americans to stand up to the USSR, putting the US back on a path of actively opposing the influence of the Soviets. The Reagan administration focused much of its energy on supporting proxy armies to curbSoviet influence.

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(1985) Gorbachev was the Soviet leader who became the chairman of the Soviet Communist Party in 1985, having a positive attitude towards reforming the Soviet Union. He espoused two policies:

Glasnost: an openness towards ending political repression and a move toward greater political freedom for Soviets

Perestroika: a restructuring of the soviet economy by introducing some free-market practices

He couldn't accomplish these measures alone so he frequently had to collaborate with President Reagan.

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(1985-87) Political scandal in which the Reagan administration secretly sold weapons to Iran in exchange for the release of American hostages. The US would then go on to use the profits from that sale to illegally support right-wing insurgents in Nicaragua solely because they were anti-communist. Once news of the matter reached the US, calls for Reagan’s impeachment arose but he managed to narrowly avoid them when his aides took the blame for all the illegal activity. Later on in the early 90s George W. Bush would pardon all those involved in the matter.

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(1989) The purpose of the Berlin Wall was to keep  Western “fascists” from entering East Germany and undermining the socialists, but it primarily served the objective of stemming mass defections from East to West. As the Cold War began to fade in the East EU, the Soviet Union crumbled, and the people fiercely urged those in power to liberalize and reform,  the spokesperson for East Berlin’s Communist party said individuals could cross the border whenever they pleased.