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Human Rights are defined as the basic rights and freedoms which belong to every person in the world, from birth until death (Equality and Human Rights Commission, 2019).

A persons human rights cannot be taken away from the individual as they apply to each person to protect them (Equality and Human Rights Commission, 2019).

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life and liberty,

not to be tortured,

expression and consciousness,

marry and own property,

access education,

not to be mistreated and wrongly punished, and

have and express opinions (Equality and Human Rights Commission, 2019)

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The Magna Carta included the rights for the Church to be free of Government interference, the right for citizens to inherit property, and the right to a trial with a jury of peers (United for Human Rights, 2022).

This charter was the first piece of legislation which acknowledged the fact that the Kings and Queens of England were subjected to the laws just like their subjects were (Equality and Human Rights Commission, 2018). This can be witnessed in clauses 39 and 40, which established that no-one, not even the King, is above the law (Parker, 2015)

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The English Bill of Rights was a fundamental piece of British political history as it limited the powers of the Monarchy and set out the rights of Parliament (Equality and Human Rights Commission, 2017). This Bill of rights enabled citizens to petition the Monarch, freedom from cruel and unusual punishment, and freedom from being fined without a trial (Equality and Human Rights Commission, 2017).

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During Adolf Hitler and his Nazi Parties reign in the 1930's and 40's, around six million Jews and many others such as Romani's, homosexuals and disabled people perished (Weller, 2017). These groups were classed as minorities and were intimidated by the Nazi party, they intimidated the, took their money and property, and forced them to leave the country (Weller, 2017). Hitler had a 'final solution' to get rid of these groups by gathering them and creating concentration camps where the Jews experienced systematic cruelty, beatings, starvation, and torture as part of their every day lives (Weller, 2017). The news of these inhumane concentration camps shocked the world, once the Allied forces had defeated the Nazi party, they united to agree on the minimum standards of dignity which applied to all human beings (Weller, 2017). The standards became known as Human Rights, and were recorded in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and were made enforceable in Europe under the Human Rights Convention (Weller, 2017).

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Eleanor Roosevelt and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1949.

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Eleanor Roosevelt and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1949.

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In 1948, 50 representatives from the member states of the United Nations came together under the guidance of Eleanor Roosevelt, where they devised a list of 30 articles of human rights to ensure that each human being across the world would be protected (Amnesty Organisation, 2017).

Eleanor Roosevelt was heavily involved in civil rights and social activism and was later appointed the chair of the UN commission on Human Rights (Amnesty Organisation, 2017).

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Below are some articles which are included in the United Declaration of Human Rights (Amnesty, 2017).

Article 1 - We are all born free and should be treated the same and equal.

Article 2 - The rights from the UDHR belong to everyone.

Article 3 - Everyone has the right to life and to live in freedom and safety.

Article 7 - The law is the same for everyone and it must treat everyone equally.

Article 16 - Everyone has the right to marry whomever they like and cannot be forced to marry anyone.

Article 18 - Everyone has the right to freedom to believe or think what they like, including the belief and practice of any religion.

Article 23 - Each person has the right to seek employment, to choose which career we please and to work for a fair salary, which allows the person to be able to live a fulfilling life.

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The Council of Europe set out the following rights to ensure that all human beings are protected from the injustices which the Jews suffered during Hitler's reign and to ensure people never had to relive the experience (Weller, 2017). These rights belong to everyone and were made enforceable in Europe by the Human Rights Convention (Weller, 2017) -

rights to a fair trial

rights to liberty and security

freedom of slavery and human trafficking

right to equality and freedom from discrimination

right to family life

freedom of speech

freedom of torture and ill - treatment

right to privacy

right to property

right to life

freedom of religion and belief

freedom of assembly

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(Equality and Human Rights Commission, 2017)

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European Convention of Human Rights 1953

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European Convention of Human Rights 1953

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This convention guarantees each person would be protected from unfair and harmful practices and secures specific rights and freedoms (Equality and Human Rights Commission, 2017). The ECHR incudes 16 articles and protocols, such as

Article 7 - the right not to be punished for something that wasn't against the law at the time of the crime

Article 11 - freedom of assembly

Protocol 1, Article 2 - the right to education

Protocol 13 - the abolishment of the death penalty (Equality and Human Rights Commission, 2017).

Once the treaty had been agreed upon and finalised by all 47 member states, the convention was signed in Rome on 4th November 1950, but did not become effective until 3rd September 1953 (Equality and Human Rights Commission, 2017).

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The European Court of Human Rights is a Human Rights judicial body based in Strasbourg, France; created by the Council of Europe in 1959 (Equality and Human Rights Commission, 2017). The Courts role in law is to make sure that member states respect the rights and freedoms of their citizens (Equality and Human Rights Commission, 2017). Since the court opened, it has seen over 10,000 judgements regarding violations of Human Rights (Equality and Human Rights Commission, 2017).

The Court of Human Rights is made up of 47 elected judges from each member state, they examine complaints of alleged violations of human rights (Equality and Human Rights Commission, 2017). Once the judges have decided whether there has been a violation, a written judgement is given out, and the country in question must comply with what the court states in the letter (Equality and Human Rights Commission, 2017).

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There were many acts which set out different rights for individuals including -

1965 Race Relations Act

1975 Sex Discrimination Act

1979 Convention on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women

1984 UN Convention against torture and degrading treatment and punishment

1989 The Rights of a Child

1995 Disability Discrimination Act

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When Nelson Mandela was freed in 1990, after serving 27 years in prison, he negotiated with state President F. W de Klerk in the hopes of bringing peace and freedom to a racially divided South Africa (United Nations, N.D). Mandela then began to lead the fight for Human Rights for all to ensure that everybody is born free and equal (United Nations, N.D). Mandela wanted to promote the right to dignity and a decent life for all.

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The Human Rights Act 1998 includes the rights set out by the European Convention of Human Rights into British Law (Equality and Human Rights Commission, 2019).
The act includes a set of articles which determine the fundamental rights and freedoms that everyone in the UK is entitled to (Equality and Human Rights Commission, 2019).
The Human Rights Act came into practice in the UK in October 2000 (Equality and Human Rights Commission, 2019).

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(Equality and Human Rights Commission, 2017)

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Protection of Rights provided by the Human Rights Act 1998

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Protection of Rights provided by the Human Rights Act 1998

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Protections provided by the Human Rights Act

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Protections provided by the Human Rights Act

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The Human Rights in Britain are protected by the Human Rights Act 1998, this act did not create Human Rights for British people, the rights and freedoms within the act were determined by the ECHR (Equality and Human Rights Commission, 2017).

The act enables individuals to have their rights protected by applying them to British domestic law (Equality and Human Rights Commission, 2017). The Human Rights Act also protects an individuals rights by removing the need for British citizens to travel to the Strasbourg Court and taking their violations straight to British Courts (Equality and Human Rights Commission, 2017).

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Before the implementation of the Human Rights Act 1998, British citizens had to take their cases directly to the Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg, which was an expensive and slow process, and the court was also suffering from a backlog of cases (Leslie, N.D). By bringing the Conventions rights and freedoms into domestic British law, the Human Rights Act made the British courts readily available for cases of violated human rights (Leslie, N.D).

The Human Rights Act significantly improved access to justice and allowed breaches of rights to be challenged in British courts, which reduced the gap between rights and their enforceability (Leslie, N.D).

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After the Human Rights Act 1998, there were several Acts implemented to further protected the rights of all Human beings, these included -

UN Convention on the rights of persons with disabilities 2008

The Equality Act 2010 (Equality and Human Rights Commission, 2017).

Both of these acts brought together 116 separate pieces of legislation to ensure that there was a streamlined framework in order to protect the rights of individuals (Equality and Human Rights Commission, 2017). The Disabilities Act 2008 was also the first piece of legislation of the 21st centaury which reaffirms that disabled people had the same rights as all other individuals and ensuring they are equal citizens (Equality and Human Rights Commission, 2017).