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1. The difference between education and schooling :
Education is always seen as an unproblematic social good to which all individuals are entitled as of right, it can take place anywhere in any settings

For schooling, it refers to the formal process through which certain types of skills and knowledge are delivered. So there are many pre-designed curriculums for schooling and schooling is always proceeding in specialized settings. eg. Students study in schools which are full of curriculums and they are strictly regulated by rules.

2. cultural reproduction:
It refers to the transmission of cultural productions, such as cultural norms, values, and experiences through which this is achieved between generations

For example, in a working-class family, their children will receive their parents' thinking models related to their study, work, and even prevalent ideologies.

3. Social mobility:
It means the movement of a specific group of people or an individual's strata, such as the class change in society.

when it comes to the field of education, social mobility refers to the movement between different stratifications in the educational system. For example, Social mobility will bring an opportunity for those underachievement students to change their status.

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1.     Education is a social institution which promotes the acquisition of skills, knowledge and the broadening of personal horizons which can take place in many social settings such as family, school, peer groups, etc. For example, job experiences, volunteering, personal experiences, street smarts. While schooling refers to the formal process through which different types of skills and knowledge are delivered, usually through a pre-designed curriculum in specialized settings – schools. For example, following timetables, attending classes, examinations. Schooling is a formal process of education while education can be informal.

2.     Cultural reproduction refers to the accumulation of values, norms, experience and understandings with one another passed through generations. Examples, different religions, social inequalities.

3.     Social mobility is a movement where individuals can either move up or down from their position within the social class system. The link between social mobility and education is in society, individuals will have a higher position if they have better education. This concludes individuals with poor education have lower chances to move to a higher position and vice versa for individuals who have better education, they have a high chance to get a higher position. For example, an individual having a doctor degree will have a higher chance to earn a stable job. A person who is unable to earn a degree will have a lower chance of earning a stable job.

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1. education: learning from peers, and life experiences, by reading or learning things through online sources but also through formal means.

schooling: through educational institutions like schools, universities, or even training colleges.

2. culture reproduction is the mechanism by which existing cultural forms, values, practices, and shared understandings are transmitted from generation to generation, thereby sustaining the continuity of cultural experience across time.

3. Social mobility is the moving of individuals, families, or groups up or down the social ladder in a society, such as moving from low-income to middle class.

Education and society both are inter-related or inter-dependent because both mutually influence each other i.e. complimentary. Without education, how we can build an ideal society, and without society how we can organize the education system.

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Compare and contrast the stratification between different countries: Japan and Finland.

Selction of education:
Finland: 9 to 10 years of all-through comprehensive education.
Japan:  Comprehensive compulsory education up to the end of lower secondary schooling.

Qualification of teacher:
Finland:  Highly qualified teachers (Masters level).
Japan:  Most teachers have four year degrees.

Type of schools:
Finland:  Highly egalitarian system (homogenous schools).

Japan: General academic stream and vocational one( high stratified), and 10% of student attend private schools up to lower sec, then 29% of student go to private high schools.

Selection of educational resources:
Japan:  Limited autonomy in developing curricula or choosing textbooks.

Finland: Universal literacy and state controlled education.

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1.1. Education is a wider concept that includes both formal and informal means of gaining knowledge. . An example of education is attending college and studying. Schooling is the first stage of formal education in most countries.  An example of schooling is someone attending classes at a university.

2. cultural reproduction is the social process through which culture is reproduced across generations, especially through the socializing influence of major institutions.e.g., social inequality, privilege, elite status, ethnicity

3.Social mobility is the movement of individuals, families, households, or other categories of people within or between social strata in a society. It is a change in social status relative to one's current social location within a given society. Education is often seen as a strong driver of social mobility.

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1.Bernstein suggests a correlation between social class and the use of either elaborated or restricted code. He argues that in the working class you are likely to find the use of the restricted code, whereas in the middle class you find the use of both the restricted and elaborated codes.

2.Restricted code refers to the simple structure, heavy use of personal pronouns and tag questions, syntactic choices are relatively predictable language expressions.

3. elaborated codes refer to those language expressions that are complete and complex in structure, use complex grammatical forms such as clauses and conjunctions more often, and well show the personality characteristics and language accomplishment of speakers.

4.Complexity language guidelines are more suitable for academic education systems than restricted language guidelines. Complexity language guidelines make more use of subordinate clauses and conjunctions, and can better express the personality of the speaker.

5. According to Bourdieu, cultural reproduction is the social process through which culture is reproduced across generations, especially through the socializing influence of major institutions.

6.They thought Bernstein's theory was unfair to different classes of people.

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What was Bernstein’s study focused on?

It focuses on the way of using the language of the relationship between the school education, and the relationship between education stratification and social stratification.

What does an elaborated code mean? Provide an example.

Elaborated code is more explicit, more thorough, and does not require the listener to read between the lines.

.It refers that a style of speaking in which the meaning of words can be individualized to suit the demands of particular situations. For example, Elaborated codes have a longer, more complicated sentence structure that uses uncommon words and thoughts.

What does a restricted code mean? Provide an example.

It means a way of using language containing many unstated assumptions that speakers except others know. The restricted code is less formal with shorter phrases interjected into the middle or end of thought to confirm understanding. For example, “you know”, “you know what I mean”, “right?” and “don’t you think?”.

According to Bernstein, which code of speech prepares students for the demands of academic education systems? Explain your answer.

An elaborated code, because it can better express what the teacher wants to tell in class. This teaching method is clearer. And it will be better to make students understand abstract ideas

How is Bernstein’s theory related to debates on cultural reproduction and cultural capital?

Because most of the teachers in school come from the middle class and they develop the elaborate code in schools, those students who come from the middle class will feel comfortable with their school environment while working-class family students will have struggled in school, which means the middle-class students will get natural advantages in schooling. So it has relatively related to cultural reproduction and cultural capital.

Criticisms:
Some critics argue that his theory is a deficit hypothesis because it sees working-class culture as lacking something essential, and thus the theory tends to be an elitist one.

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1. What are the key findings of the Sutton Trust social mobility survey?

Sutton Trust social mobility survey has found Britons who went to private schools have a higher chance to work in high professions compared to the rest of the population. Although 7% of Britons are privately educated, research has found 39% of leading professions consists of former fee-paying pupils with leading professions.

2. Why does Dr. Luke Heselwood regard the findings as scandalous?

These findings are scandalous according to Dr. Heselwood is because the education system requires improvements as pupils with disadvantageous have a difficult time to enter elite universities. The survey does not tackle the situation to change social mobility by taking consideration on financial barriers, adopting contextual recruitments, admissions practices and social segregation in schools.

3. What is the difference between private schools and state schools?

Private schools are financed by their own parents while state schools and funded by the government. Private schools are usually picked because they are able to provide the academic resources for children to study while for state schools, the funding's provided by the government might not be sufficient and the resources they will receive for education may not be sufficient.

4. Which professions do the privately educated dominate the most? What does this suggest in terms of social mobility?

Some of the professions which most heavily dominated by the privately educated include senior judges (65 per cent), civil servant permanent secretaries (59 per cent), House of Lords (57 per cent), and Foreign and Commonwealth Office diplomats (52 per cent).

5. What are the key recommendations by the report in order to improve social mobility?

First, solve economic barriers, adopt situational enrollment practices, and solve the problem of social segregation in schools. Second, day schools should be open to students based on grades rather than money. Third, improve the academic performance of poor students, and they can apply to better universities.

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1. Those students who come from the private schools are more likely to work in top professions.

2. Because the educational system should give those students who come from different backgrounds the same opportunities to make achievement for equality. But now in Britain's high stratified educational system, the figure has illustrated that this requirement still hasn't been realized.

3. Whilst independent schools are overseen by a board of governors or trustees, private schools are run by the owners, and thus are comparatively more selective. On the contrary, government-funded schools are labelled as state schools, as most provide education free of charge.

4.

enior judges (65 per cent), civil servant permanent secretaries (59 per cent), House of

Lords (57 per cent), and Foreign and Commonwealth Office diplomats (52 per cent)

5. Ensure the talents of people from all backgrounds are made use of.

These include tackling financial barriers to specific industries and professions, especially by paying internships of significant length, and adopting contextual recruitment and admissions practices

In addition, we should open up independent day schools to all pupils based on merit not money as demonstrated by our successful Open Access scheme

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1.Functionalism emphasizes the consensus and order that exist in society, focusing on social stability and shared public values. From this perspective, disorganization in the system, such as deviant behavior, leads to change because societal components must adjust to achieve stability. When one part of the system is dysfunctional, it affects all other parts and creates social problems, prompting social change

2.Education serves several functions for society. These include (a) socialization, (b) social integration, (c) social placement, and (d) social and cultural innovation.

3. Because functionalists argue that as long as students are given the same opportunities, they will finally reach the same achievement, inequality in society is inevitable just to the awarding system of society.

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1.  Functionalists believes that the society works best where each individuals have their own specific role in the society. It is better to have less conflict in the society as functionalist believes society is based on a structural system.

2. The function of education in a functionalist perspective is it acts as a median for individuals to train for the skills that are needed in the workplace and the broader economy. It also includes the sharing of social norms and values in education as well as sorting out people to their appropriate roles.
Education helps maintain society by socializing young people into values of achievement, competition, and equality of opportunity. strengthening social solidarity.

3. With the development of industrialization, the social structure is becoming more and more equal. Education is an important social mechanism to surpass the social status of others, and students should obtain corresponding status through their achievements.

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Activity 2 Cheng Chen, Ruoyue Mo, Xuanxuan Zhu

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Activity 2 Cheng Chen, Ruoyue Mo, Xuanxuan Zhu

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1)The myth of meritocracy is that a person's social status and position are determined solely by his or her academic achievements, regardless of his or her family, race, or nationality.

2)A 2003 study by researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the University of Chicago found widespread racial discrimination in hiring practices at local workplaces. Candidates with "black-sounding" names were 50 per cent less likely to be interviewed than those with "white-sounding" names. The study shows that racial discrimination and other unfair structures make the meritocratic system of functionalism difficult to achieve.

3)We agree, because in China, education is compulsory from primary school to high school, and everyone has equal opportunities to receive education and then go to different levels of schools through their own ability.

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1.  Meritocracy refers by receiving multiple achievements, individuals are able to move upward on social mobility through their merits regardless of their social position. However, the myth of meritocracy is in the society, it is not attainable as society still determines individuals based on their social class or backgrounds. For example, students with privileges are able to receive higher education due to their background instead of their merits.

2. They focus too much on the positive functions that institutions perform, ignoring the negative ways in which institutions and socialization can have on certain people. Feminists for example argue that the traditional nuclear family, which is seen as necessary by Parsons, oppresses women, as they are expected to fulfill the housewife role, which ultimately makes women dependent on men for an income, and ends up benefitting men who benefit from women’s emotional and domesticlaborr. They also ignore the really ‘dark side of family life’ – domestic violence.

3. Actually no, because functionalism only focuses on the positive perspective of society and social mobility, however, people from different backgrounds don't share the same norms. It exaggerates the subjective initiative of people, considering that as long as give the same opportunities, some people with the same talent and skills will finally reach the same achievement, but it ignores the objective material resources and the fact of the society.

I believe that the educational system does not provide equal opportunity to everyone. People with different race and background has received poor treatment and was unable to receive proper education. Also, people with wealth privileges are monopolizing the  higher education system which is unfair to those who are in the working class or middle-class

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Group 1（Ruoyue Mo， Xuanxuan Zhu，Chen Cheng）

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Group 1（Ruoyue Mo， Xuanxuan Zhu，Chen Cheng）

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1. Children from some rich families can receive more educational resources.

2. Various irrational social structures that resemble racial discriminational prevent education from being "'the great equalizer"

3. Functionalism defines people's future position in society based on their original family, while conflict theory looks at your ability regardless of your original family.

4. Due to ethnic differences, family status, and nationality. The educational level of citizens is greatly different. For example, black slaves set up their own schools with the help of whites, but they were by no means equal. Quality education will always belong to white people.

5. In China, education level inequality caused by family causes is a serious problem. For example, students from superior families usually choose to enter high-quality schools or study abroad. However, students from poor families whose academic ability is not up to standard can only choose to learn vocational skills in vocational schools or directly go to social work.

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1.    Challenges of inequality in education is children having different class, race and ethnicity receive different treatments. Some school systems are unable to have the same resources and tools to receive education. Students with low socioeconomic status are not given the same opportunities as students with higher status. The lack of finance towards public school has attracted low quality teachers and that can hinder the students from studying properly.

2.  Education is not the ‘great equalizer’. The education system is flawed as there are students who are not able to receive the same resources and tools. For example, private schools and public schools. People prefer private schools because they are more qualified and can provide good education for their children. This circumstance has widened the inequality between the middle-class and working class. Education can only be ‘the great equalizer’ if schools funding is not decided by property tax or the economic situation because this will only benefit rich kids from state aid while poor kids can’t access to any education.

3 For functionalism considers education will offer equal opportunities for students to realize social mobility, when people have an education, they will share the norms and values of society, and society will reward  best-qualified people for occupying the most important positions within a social system.

4. Social inequality persists through a system that appears to be fair but is biased in the favour of those already in power. Students' background will determine their study length in school and then determine their future. When students study in schools, they will contact the hidden- curriculum, which can be seen as the discipline and hierarchy in society. As a result, education becomes a means of reproducing the social inequalities found in capitalist societies.  For example, in the video, some schools will choose their students with their skin color, and it will cause different consequences for those students.

5. U s' education is still in the myth of meritocracy. Most people believe that they can upward mobility from hard-working and talent because they are given the same opportunity. In China, there is the same situation with Us, China's schools are highly stratified and the educational system is under strict rules. Students can become useful people only through education, it is the normal idea in China.

The education system in Indonesia is flawed because there are few public schools funded by the government. Since Indonesia consists of poverty, the high tuition fee of education is only available for those who are wealthy. People who are below the poverty line are more concerned with the needs of their daily life. Another problem is their curriculum as the government is still looking for the best curriculum. Students must learn more than 10 subjects and that could be difficult for students to focus. This show Indonesia education system is unable to provide everyone and their access to resources are not available to all.

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Group 1 (Ruoyue, Asuka, Janice) Activity2

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Group 1 (Ruoyue, Asuka, Janice) Activity2

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1.I agree because I think education should provide students with equal opportunities to achieve social mobility, but conflict theory ignores this and leaves people to define their worth only by their family status, which I find very unconvincing

2. I agree where conflict theory is focused on conflict rather than the benefits of order and stability. It is stated how education is a system based on meritocracy. The conflict theory finds faults in the education system and focuses on the social inequality and the movement of social mobility. They also focuses on how middle-class are ruling over the education system and working-class students have middle-class knowledge imposed on them, which leads to a disadvantage.

3. I don't think the conflict theory isn't based on empirical and scientific reality. As long as we look at the situation of society, for example, in the UK,  most high position jobs are embraced by those students who come from a middle or higher class. And during these years, even though extreme poverty is gradually eliminated, relative poverty hasn't, there is still a gap between different classes, and we find that it's difficult for individuals to realize upward mobility. Education seems to still reproduce such reality to some extent via stratification.

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1. they argue that education is not a source of social mobility in modern industrial societies but a means for the ruling or wealthy classes to cement their privileged social position. For example, in the families of rich people, they have obtained the best educational resources, so their future career direction is also arranged by their family.

2. Because the conflict theory focuses on class conflicts, there are already inequalities in education, and educational resources favor the privileged family, which means that theorists focus on conflict, rather than the benefit of order and stability.

3.Conflict theory mainly emphasizes the equality of interests between classes and the same views. But in the real world, educational resources are unevenly distributed due to class inequality, so we think Conflict theorists' claims are not based on empirics or scientific reality.

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1. Journalism is the activity of gathering, assessing, creating, and presenting news and information.

2. Information promotes the development of society through news reporting, which has a very huge political, economic and cultural impact on modern society. The press tries to inform its reader objectively about what is happening in their community, country and the world at large.

3. Yes, because it has the capacity and the potential to reach a large audience in remote locations and provide accurate information.

4. Works of newspaper, and magazines.

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1. Media Music is a commonly used term to describe music specifically written for use in film, tv production, commercials, radio, gaming, corporate videos the internet and more. Media Music is used for a vast number of media uses. Everything from "hold music" to the top Hollywood blockbusters use Media Music. It is also a form of communication of sharing values and it could also be based from cultural life.

2. Music media allows us to learn more about music and art forms. Music media is also able to share ones culture and values. It can also be used as a source of communication to change a person's perspective.

3. Yes, because music is well known around the world and in many places such as malls have music.

4. The example of music media would be in movies or radios

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1. Broadcasting: actually, there is no related broadcasting majors in both of these two universities, but we find some similar majors and there courses:
Compulsory modules ModuleCreditsAssessmentMaking Media

Making Media

Media Audiences

Media Evolution And The Professional Landscape

Media Industries

Media Texts And Genres2

Year 2

Compulsory Representations

Media Technologies

News Media

The Media, Power And Politics

Elective Photography

Global Communications Strategy And Critique

Music And Events Pr And Management

Radio And Sound Production

Storytelling In Film, Television And Beyond

Tv And Video News Skills

Year 3

Optional modulesModuleCreditsPlacement Year-

Final year

Globalisation And The Media

Postcolonial Media Culture

Researching For The Media

2.Digitual culture:modules and subjects of digital culture: first year: Introduction to Social Research

Data Visualisation, Introduction to Digital Methods Research, Digital Media & Society@UoS

, Digital Media and Society. the second year: Advancing with Digital Methods, Digital Media and Social Change, Digital Storytelling, Social Research Design, and Methods. the third year: Dissertation in Digital Media and Society

Conclusion: we find that all of these majors will provide students with fundamental theories firstly, and then turn to practical courses. When taking these modules, students will initially understand the theory and methods among these modules, for example, the students from Sheffield Hallam University will have the overall media course in the first year, but when they have understood the theory and the methodology, then they will turn to some practice, such as a presentation or work placement.

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Sheffield: 1. essential journalism 2.Live News Production 3.Court Reporting 4. Media Law for Journalists

Sheffield Hallam University.:
Year 1
Making Media, Making media2, Media Audiences, Media Evolution And The Professional Landscape, Media Industries, Media Texts And Genres

Year 2
Media, Identities And Representations, Media Technologies, News Media, The Media, Power And Politics.

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1.
Functionalism is a theoretical perspective that pays attention to the functions of social structures such as systems, hierarchies, and norms in society and it also focused on the purpose of consciousness and behavior.

2.
Durkheim believed that people's norms and beliefs constitute a collective consciousness, which connects individuals to form a social structure, this theory is a typical functionalist.
Because the core of its theory is social norms and people's emotions based on social norms, so we choose marriage as an example.

3、4
Status conferral:
Due to the coverage of the mass media, the status of individuals or groups has improved.
Examples: many influencers head up organizations because of their status and fame.

Enforcement of social norms:
it refers to the idea that, by making deviations from social norms known to the public, the media force people to take a stand on whether the behavior was right or wrong and in doing so reinforce existing group norms.

Example: Cult propaganda

4.
We agree. Functionalism is good for the mass media. Through the media, it provides continuous information flow. The media socializes us, strengthens social norms, and improves collective awareness.

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1.Functionalism is a theoretical perspective that focuses on the functions performed in society by social structures such as institutions, hierarchies, and norms.

2. Social Facts are one of Emile Durkheim’s most significant contributions to sociology. Social facts are things such as institutions, norms, and values which exist external to the individual and constrain the individual. And functionalism focus on the function of different parts of the society to create stability. For example, norms and values can be useful to maintain and balance society because they can give people the right behavior codes. And institutions can benefit society with authority.

3.and 4. a) Status conferral refers to the importance of a person or group through mass media. A public figure that is well known through social media that can change the perspective of a society.

For example, a public figure such as the president can change the society.

3 b) Enforcement of social norm refers to the movement of social norms and values known to the public, and where the media should take a side on which behaviour is acceptable or not.

For example: The case of Johnny Depp and Amber Heard.

5：
Edison: I agree with the functionalists' positioning of media, which endow individuals or groups with social status through reports, and make People's Daily behaviors conform to the public through reports of public behaviors. In the past, the media is not developed, a country can have a variety of cultural, and social statuses will be faster, given the speed to the public, it also conforms to the Mertonon and non's view, media reported by individuals and groups to give social status, social norms of enforcement through the media to let people know that deviate from social norms of behavior, To provide a collective experience for members of society.

Asuka； In my opinion, Functionlism's ideas are not absolutely correct or incorrect. For instance, in its theory related to the function of the society and the social facts, it does can bring these benefits to the society and make that stable. But what should be considered is that it ignores the flaw of the media, and just exaggerate its advantages of that. Sometimes media can also become the element that makes society dangerous, for example, it can become the weapon of politics.

Janice: functionalism believes that mass media is a factor that stabilizes the society, however, its not entirely true. It has its pros and cons where people can be swayed by the media easily and that can lead to undecisive outcomes

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Activity 2 Group1 (Asuka, Moreen, Edison)

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Activity 2 Group1 (Asuka, Moreen, Edison)

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1. Medias can disseminate and share information with society, and thus dominate the ideology of the society. For example, In China socialism is the mainstream type of society, and the media always share the benefits of that and its related norms and values. But in the Western society, people focus on the liberalism, and the media always emphasize the significance of freedom and democracy.

2. Gatekeeping is the process through which information is filtered for dissemination, be it publication, broadcasting, the Internet, or some other type of communication. Example：Administrative assistants limiting who speaks with decision-makers.

3:In some cases, though policy is largely decided by the government, the big media sets the tone. Large media control the direction of public opinion in society, which may intensify people's stereotyping of race, gender, ethnicity and society. While today's media try to change this stereotype, they often take it in the wrong direction, leading to symbolic rather than actual diversity. For example, women are often portrayed as vulnerable groups in movies or advertisements, which gives people a wrong impression of women and makes them more likely to be objectified or sexualized.

4.
Moreen：stories representing the views of racial minority groups, women, LGBT individuals, and working class people are typically underrepresented。

Asuka：The Conflict theory argues people are passive to accept the information from media, ignoring some advantages of that.

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Activity2 Group 1(Moreen, Asuka, Edison)

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Activity2 Group 1(Moreen, Asuka, Edison)

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1. Medias can disseminate and share information with society, and thus dominate the ideology of the society. For example, In China socialism is the mainstream type of society, and the media always share the benefits of that and its related norms and values. But in the Western society, people focus on the liberalism, and the media always emphasize the significance of freedom and democracy.

2. Gatekeeping is the process through which information is filtered for dissemination, be it publication, broadcasting, the Internet, or some other type of communication. Example：Administrative assistants limiting who speaks with decision-makers.

3:In some cases, though policy is largely decided by the government, the big media sets the tone. Large media control the direction of public opinion in society, which may intensify people's stereotyping of race, gender, ethnicity and society. While today's media try to change this stereotype, they often take it in the wrong direction, leading to symbolic rather than actual diversity. For example, women are often portrayed as vulnerable groups in movies or advertisements, which gives people a wrong impression of women and makes them more likely to be objectified or sexualized.

4.
Moreen：stories representing the views of racial minority groups, women, LGBT individuals, and working class people are typically underrepresented。

Asuka：The Conflict theory argues people are passive to accept the information from media, ignoring some advantages of that.

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1. leads to self-imposed limitations on what you can achieve and allows for negative perceptions to go unchallenged.

2.These notions of who black people are were created by white storytellers throughout history carefully crafted to dehumanize and erase the multiplicity of black people's existence. colourism meaning：prejudice or discrimination against individuals with a dark skin tone, typically among people of the same ethnic or racial group.

media：In current pop culture we are often shown racist caricatures

3. Sometimes this accent will become the object of stereotype and prejudice, which will make people perceive an unjustice image related to those person from these regions in the reality.

4. Because in daily life, people always spent mass time using mass media, for example, those mass media have strong power to challenge and change the people's perceptions of the content disseminated by media, and hence some people might bring those stereotypes or discriminations into the real world, and we even can't know the real intention of these creators.

5. Asuka: I agree with some views of the conflict theory on mass media. The conflict theory argues that those media are dominated by social capital, so people should consider the underlying intentions among this information. For example, as we are talking about the prejudice and racism of contending media, the media will enhance those unequal opinions to specific people, but sometimes media also can bring some positive information to us. We can always get others' kindness in some specific news, and it will also develop our norms and views about the world. So we should dialectically consider the function of media.

Moreen: I agree that in the media people tend to stereotype certain groups of people because of power, for example racial inequality can lead the media to attack the lower races and praise the higher races

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1. The black actors/actresses are prejudiced in the black community. These stereotypes were created based on the history of black people and the movies presented are affecting the black community negatively. The shows use the black actors/actresses to show their social standing and this affect may prevent the black community from climbing the social mobility.

2. Some crimes are more known in other countries. This stereotype has made society believe that mafias or others crimes are associated by people who come are Latino, Russian or Middle Eastern. This can affect the community where society portrays these people are dangerous and should be avoided when in reality, no one is the same.

3. Some crimes are more known in other countries. This stereotype has made society believe that mafias or others crimes are associated by people who come are Latino, Russian or Middle Eastern. This can affect the community where society portrays these people are dangerous and should be avoided when in reality, no one is the same.

4. The media may face prejudice and unfair treatment of vulnerable groups in society, unequal .

5. Conflict theory argues where mass media is controlled by social capital and the information shared may be biased and unjust. This can lead to prejudice and creating stereotypes among different people in society. For example, in Indonesia, mass media portrays Chinese-Indonesian to not be able to rule the country because they are not fully Indonesian.

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Page1
1. Website.
2. The Infant Formula Shortage

3. anonymous
4. It's not reliable, because its content is ridiculous

Page 2

1. This source is about saving an endangered octopus.

2. It consists of information about the species and why its endangered, it also provides how to help.

3. Lyle Zapato. He is the CEO of Zapato and studied in Kelvinic University

4. This source is reliable because the author can be seen to have proper education.

page 3
1. website news
2. Obama Signs Executive Order Banning The Pledge Of Allegiance In Schools Nationwide

3. By ABC news
4. It's not reliable because its content is full of racism and discrimination.

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1. the onion
2.Milk powder shortage and infant health
3.no author
4.It's not very reliable because it's not peer-reviewed and it's not academic, and we don't even know the author's name.

1.Zpi, a blog from the Internet
2.Tree octopus, an endangered species
3.no autor
4.It's not very reliable because it's not peer-reviewed and it's not academic, and we don't even know the author's name.

1.By Jimmy Rustling, ABC News -
2.Obama Signs Executive Order Banning The Pledge Of Allegiance In Schools Nationwide
3.no author
4.It's not very reliable because it's not peer-reviewed and it's not academic, and we don't even know the author's name.

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1. an illegal act for which someone can be punished by the government, Conduct that offends moral boundaries

2. Violated the state criminal law

3. Crime includes abnormal behavior but abnormal behavior does not include crime but  falls outside the scope of accepted norms and values

4.  We consider they are not. Because the decision of whether a person is a criminal or deviant should depend on people's subjective discussion, and the standard of that changed with time. For example, the terms of the law changed with time, and some behaviors which are criminal and deviant before now might be legalized, and vice versa, just like in England law used to ban homosexual marriage but now it is ratified by the act of parliament.

5. In England abortion was illegal in the past but now is legalized via the abortion act. In some specific and professional institutions, women can choose to abortion.

6. Drug deal such as cocaine is legalized in some states in the US, but is forbidden such as in China and most countries.

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1.
Crime is a violation of the law for us and needs to be punished.

2.
Whether a person's behavior violates national laws and is harmful to society, such as robbery, 🤬, or murder.

3.
Deviance is behavior that violates social norms and arouses negative social reactions, such as streaking, getting drunk, and out-of-control, providing sexual services.

crime is behavior that is considered so serious that it violates formal laws prohibiting such behavior, such as child abuse and domestic violence.

4.
It is objective. Deviance refers to abnormal behavior caused by people in some circumstances, but it is very likely to evolve into criminal behavior.

5.
The US states of Colorado and Washington legalized marijuana in 2012, but before that, it was a tightly regulated drug under the UN and its use was a criminal offense.

6.
Cheng chen:
For example, in China, the act of holding a gun is a serious crime against the law; But in some states, guns are allowed.
Xuanxuan Zhu:
Surrogacy is absolutely prohibited in China and a crime. But it is legal in Ukraine. because the poverty rate is so high that  Ukrainian women have to start the sex industry. The Ukrainian government did not curb such behavior but allowed it. This industry, which is illegal in most countries, has become a way to save GDP in Ukraine, so Ukraine has a new name - "European Uterus".

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Chen

1.The rock boys in the second picture seem to be more likely to be labeled, because the specially dressed group is more alien than the smokers, and may be less recognized than the smokers.

Asuka

Picture one, smoking in some public areas is banned.

Asuka
2. Picture a is normally been seen in our daily life but picture b is unusual, however, in most countries, both of them are not criminal.

Edison

2， The two acts have different audiences. There are a lot more people who smoke than there are in rock culture. Neither is a crime, and both of them are not deviant.

Asuka

3. From society's normal perspective, this circumstance is not normal, and most people may dislike the strange act.

Cheng Chen

People in the second group are more likely to be seen as deviant than those in the first. Smoking is considered normal behavior by most people, but in the second group, very few people are exposed to their culture. So the second group is more likely to be seen as strange.

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1.
B
Because it goes against mainstream aesthetic trends. For example, a student dressed like this might be considered a bad student or deviant

2.
A is smoking. This behavior is not good for health, and b is a non-mainstream way of dressing. Neither of them commits a crime. It's normal.

3.
B is more likely to be called a deviant because b's behavior is not accepted by the public and is considered abnormal and unconventional.

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1.  1)it clarifies social norms and increases social conformity 2)it strengthens social bonds among the people reacting to the deviant 3) leads to positive social change and challenges.

2. 1. Defines the cultural values and norms, 2. clarifies moral boundariesres. 3. Enables society to become more cohesive. 4. Promote society changes

3. The number of deviance in society depends on whether that society has provided sufficient means to achieve culturally defined goods

4. Conflict theory argues norms and laws reflect the interests of the powerful and the powerful will label behavior that will threaten their power of them. For example, in a capitalist society, focus on the holly of the private property, so the stealing will become deviance that breaks the interest of those powers.

5. From a Functionalism perspective, they argue that crime happened when the rules of the society have not been meaningful to regulate people, and lose their influence, and the criminal will promote social changes. While the conflict theory argues that the criminal is a breach of the law which is the reflection of the interests of the ruling class

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1. 1) it clarifies norms and increases conformity, 2) it strengthens social bonds among the people reacting to the deviant, and 3) it can help lead to positive social change and challenges to people's

2. a）Deviance affirms cultural values and norms. b)Responding to deviance clarifies moral boundaries. c）Responding to deviance promotes social unity. d) Deviance encourages social change.

3. strain theory proposal that pressure derived from social factors, such as lack of income or lack of quality education, drives individuals to commit a crime.

4. In conflict theory, deviant behaviours are actions that do not comply with social institutions. The institution's ability to change norms, wealth, or status comes into conflict with the individual. The legal rights of poor folks might be ignored, while the middle-class side with the elites rather than the poor.  Example: Thieves are seen as deviant while corporate criminals are not, even though they all steal from other people. Some government officials may take advantage of their power to seek some benefits, or even go beyond their own functions.

5. Social conflict theory is all about inequality in society. It proposes that laws and norms reflect the interests of powerful members of society. It suggests that who or what is labeled as deviant depends on who has the most power. Functionalist believe that crime is actually beneficial for society – for example it can improve social integration and social regulation. The Functionalist analysis of crime starts with society as a whole. It seeks to explain crime by looking at the nature of society, rather than at individuals.

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1.：White collar crime refers to a part of people with power or high economic status who take advantage of their position to commit crimes.

2. It is relevant to conflict theory because the classification of crime emphasizes the different crime conducted by different classes in the society, this is conflict theory's viewpoint

3. 1）Corporate crime, means that criminals always proceed by individuals on the behalf of a company. While occupational crime means those people in the company commit the crime against the company and get profit from that.

4. Embezzlement, bribery, insider trading, and tax invasion are the typical crime of white-collar crimes. tax invasion means people fail to hand in relevant taxes to divisions deliberately. For example, the famous Argentina football player Messi was convicted of 21month imprisonment because of this crime in Spain. Embezzlement means withdrawing the resouces or profit for the individual's gains.

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Zhida
1. Yes, because according to statistics, even though there is no obvious or direct legislation connected to color, however, the distribution of crime in the population tends to be significantly different. For example, the ratio of the black young man of going to jail is higher than getting married, and the probability of those black people being incarcerated is much higher than white men.

Xuanxuan

1. I think so, because their constitution discriminates against color or race, 31% of people in the United States are in prison, while Hispanics account for 16%, and if people are poorer black men, they are more likely to go to prison than others.

Zhida

2. Yes, sharing different cultural norms is more likely to result in various consequences. For example, those people who come from the upper class will know the definition of crime and their behavior will be taught not to beyond that boundary. Most people they meet are always elites. But for those people who come from the lower class, are more likely to be influenced by others and the cultural norms they confronted will be less linked to law. Law is the production of the ruling class which judges whether a behavior is subject to crime, those people who come from the upper classes will finally benefit from that.

Xuanxuan

2.  Different social groups have different cultural norms and different judgments of crime. Research shows that in the United States, violent crime in the southern region is higher than elsewhere. They attribute violence to a subculture, which originated from Irish immigrants to the United States in the early 18th century. This value includes fan people's dislike of government and authority. Through the spread of culture, the Scots-Irish migrants and their descendants slowly began to favor evangelical Protestantism. these values have been integrated into their lives, so the cities with larger than average Protestant populations tend to have higher rates of violent crime.

3. Those colored people, most of them have lower status in the economic system, and sometimes the law will create some perverse incentives, which causes unequal enforcement and leads to an unequal consconsequencesr instance, even though the drug prohibition doesn't bind with the color of people, those colored people still are the group of people who is more likely to contact with those cultural norms related to drug abuse.

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1. According to the data given in the video, only 1% of Americans are in prison in the United States and black people are more likely to be in jail than they are to be married and have children.

The US criminal justice system is not Colour Blind, and according to supplemental homicide reports (SHR) submitted by local law enforcement to the FBI between 2005 and 2010, in cases involving white shooters and white victims, shootings were ruled justified less than 2% of the time. If the shooter is black and the victim is white, the reasonable homicide verdict rate drops to nearly 1 percent. However, if the shooter was white and the victim was black, it was ruled reasonable in 9.5% of cases in non-Stand Your Ground (SYG) states. In the SYG state, the figure is even higher - nearly 17%. (John Roman, 2013)

2. Yes, because part of the crime is due to cultural differences, sometimes the criminal behavior of the guilty party is not illegal. When people do it with impunity and legal liability they may do it for their own sake

3. Racial disparity in the criminal justice system exists when the proportion of a racial or ethnic group withinthe control of the system is greater than the prpro-portionf such groups in the general population.

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1. Counterintelligence is an activity aimed at protecting an agency's intelligence program from an opposition's intelligence service.

2. Every day the US will experience thousands of attacks of intelligence most coming from outer countries. In China, there are also some relevant crimes related to Spy activities. For instance, according to PRC criminal law, people who conduct spy activities will be imprisoned more than 10 years, and even be convicted death penalty.

3. It will cost  the American economy hundreds of billions of dollars per year and puts our national security at risk

4. Solutions:

Protect the secrets of the U.S. Intelligence Community

protect the nation’s critical assets, like our advanced technologies and sensitive information in the defense, intelligence, economic, financial, public health, and science and technology sectors.

Counter the activities of foreign spies

Keep weapons of mass destruction from falling into the wrong hands.

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1.D
A senator is more likely to become a member of the power elite because senators are always linked with the parliament in a country, and hence have the power of legislative, issuing relevant rules to uphold their profits. For example, in China, the representatives of the national people's congress(the parliament of China) are chosen from different provinces distinguished administrators, and some commercial elites and they can use the legislative from the constitution to vote for choosing apparatchiks.

2. c
The celebrities have a close connection with the upper elites of the society who have the power to change the law or utilize the law adequately and hence have more opportunities to prevent the tribunal. For instance, Lee Kin-hee, South Korea's richest man, and the former president of Samsung, was sentenced to two years' probation for bribery in 1996, and three years' probation for illegal business operations in 2008.  In 2009, the president acquitted him for contributing to the 2018 Pyeongchang Winter Olympics.

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1. When women commit a crime, they not only break the law but also the norms of females.

2. the example given means that the upper-class women who had more resources than other women from the lower classes still commit the crime of steal, and this phenomenon is interpreted as a mental disease. And women break both the norms of females and law .

3. For example, in China, if a woman kills a person, she will be argued as having psychiatric disorders or losing her image as a normal woman, while the man committing the crime, will just be regarded as a simple murderer and the intrinsic nature of man create this accident. So there is a serious difference and inequality between gender from a crime perspective.

4. Feminists focus on how the inequalities between genders will have an impact on crime. For example, gender differences will make a difference in some sexual crimes. According to the Metoo movement, women always become victims of sexual offenses. And some laws are used to cause the inequality situation between gender. For instance, the woman might be pregnant because of being raped by others, however, she lost the right to abortion in the past.  Because of the patriarchal society, women are regulated by society and should confront the inequality between gender.

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1. D
Senators are more likely to be members of the power elite most of the time. They usually have far higher power than the average person and are at the center of power. They can decide on a code of conduct that often helps them avoid punishment while committing their own crimes. Therefore, people with state power are more likely to become power elites than ordinary people because of their special power and discourse power.

2.C
Shangc is the leader of a financial company. He raped a woman and was reported online by the girl. However, the public security not only did not help to file the case, but also favored this criminal

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1. The criminal justice system treats women more harshly than men.

2. Women in the upper class have more advantages and capital, but still use loopholes to launder money and evade taxes, which is said to be a mental illness.

3. In China, 23% of wives are killed and 3% of dead husbands, while the probability of men being sentenced to death is 2.1%, and the likelihood of women being sentenced to death is 59.1%. This means that women are much more likely to be convicted of felonies than men.

4. Feminist analysis focuses on the way gender inequality influences the opportunities to commit crime and the definition, detection, and prosecution of crime. Prior to 1969 there were excessive restrictions on abortion, including waiting times, mandatory counselling and making abortion extremely difficult. This meant that hundreds of women died or were injured each year while undergoing illegal abortions. It was not until 1988 when the Supreme Court of Canada ruled to overturn this law that it was recognised that women had the ability to make their own choice about the procedure after consulting a doctor

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1. the state: a political and legal entity
boarder: a clearly defined territory, what is internal and external to the state

2. permanent population:the total number of people alive at a given area within a period

3. central goverment: They all control the territory. They control the administration of the territory they pass rules, create laws, etc. They control internal state

4. sovereign:  possessing supreme or ultimate power. this means is that all states in principle are free from interference from the outside in their domestic affairs And states.

5. Recognize: acknowledge the existence. For example State B and State A recognize each other that they are A political and legal entity.

6.monopoly on the use of force: The central government can control the legitimate use of force within their territory

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1. Western Sahara can be considered a state. Western Sahara has not only an international population, with clear borders and a central government but also an indigenous population.

2. Nagorny-Karabakh cannot be considered a state. First of all, the national boundaries of the state are not obvious, there is no central government, the international level is not recognized by the world, and the population is low.

3. Somaliland can't be seen as a state because it hasn't been recognized internationally.

4. Somalia can't be regarded as a state because it has been in a situation of the non - government and does not have a central government.

5. Haiti can be seen as a state because it has a central government, even though it is a dictatorial government, the permanent population, recognization, and the sovereignty after the UN stabilization force baked out from this state.

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1. border: the clearly defined territory, what is internal and external territory to the state.

2. population: the permanent population in the state.

3. central government: they have certain responsibilities, all control the territory and the administration of the territory they pass rules and create laws. the central government basically runs everything internal to the state. An example of a central government is the Federal Government of the United States of America. The government controls 50 states with their state governments and constitutions and six particular territories like Puerto Rico.

4. Sovereign or sovereignty  It means a state has the power to deal with its internal or domestic affairs without the interference of other countries. For example, Hongkong is an integral part of China, and any voices which not recognize it are violence against Chinese sovereignty.

5. Recognization It means that the state should be recognized by each other. For example, the Chinese central government considers Taiwan to be subject to China and not an independent country, but the US government always denies this fact even though from a historical perspective Taiwan has become a part of China for a long time.

6. Monopoly on the use of force, which means that the central government of a state has the power to control the legitimate use of force inside the state. For instance, the administrative divisional has discretionary power to take charge of public safety by which the constitution gives their relevant power to do that.

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1.Western Sahara is a state because it has a leader and resident population, and a clear dividing line between the west and east. They also have civilian autonomy and their own liberation Army, and are recognized by many governments as full members of the African Union

2.Nagorno-Karabakh is not a state, because when Karabakh declared itself an independent republic, it has not been recognised by other countries. Armenia itself has never officially recognised the region's independence.

3. Somaliland is not a state, although it has effective government institutions, a police force and its own population and has declared its independence (with sovereignty and borders), it is not recognized internationally.

4.Somalia country is a state because in 2012, when a new internationally-backed government was installed, Somalia has been inching towards stability, which means that it has a central government.

5.Haiti is a state, Haiti became an independent country in the 19th century which means it has sovereignty and borders, but it also has a central government controlled military officers and citizens

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1. Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela was a South African anti-apartheid activist who served as the first president of South Africa from 1994 to 1999.

2.Jacinda Kate Laurell Ardern is a New Zealand politician who has been serving as the 40th prime minister of New Zealand and leader of the Labour Party since 2017.

3.Alexander Boris de Pfeffel Johnson is a British politician serving as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and Leader of the Conservative Party since 2019.
4.Justin Trudeau Canadian politician

5.Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi was a Libyan revolutionary, politician and political theorist.
6. Mswati III is the king of Eswatini and head of the Swazi royal family. Mswati III is the king of Eswatini and head of the Swazi royal family.

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1.  High-speed trains in China connect almost different provinces and facilitate the development of tourism. People can hike around the whole country at a lower time cost, and it will bring more opportunities for those rural districts to realize urbanization.

The development of airplanes boosts transportation between different countries and continents, politicians in a country can easily go to another country and have a conference with its leader, which could facilitate the conversation between different countries from a political perspective.

Transportation has always been an important part of economic operation, and most economic growth is closely related to the integrity of transportation. For example, the subway has undergone many years of improvement and development, and it is very different from the original subway. Now the subway is not only fast but also has lines almost all over the city. In the past, people might waste a lot of time on the way to work because of commuting, but the subway has no such problem. The subway rarely encounters a series of problems such as traffic jams. Besides, the high-speed subway and its characteristics throughout the city make it faster for people to go to work and more convenient to move around the city.

2. The development of ICT, such as mobile phones, enables different countries' people to share their country's cultures and landscapes through the internet. For example, Christmas day is a traditional festival in western countries, however, it become prevalent in some Eastern countries such as Japan.

In addition, become the development of ICT, during the period of covid-19, most people can go out since lockdown, but they can still purchase goods online and take some important meetings online, and their process of work can proceed through their laptops, pads, and mobile phones. This will hold the development of economy

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Transport

1.Airplanes allow people to travel around the world, which not only promotes the GDP development of different countries, but also enables people from different countries to interact with each other, which also facilitates cultural integration and exchange.

2. Ships are the main mode of international trade and the main means of transportation for economic development and friendly exchanges. At the same time, it makes it more convenient for ethnic and cultural exchanges. If civilizations cannot communicate and learn from each other, civilizations cannot move forward.

ICT

1.Twitter's ability to spread this over a wider audience through innovative techniques should attract more users, which means that through this software, people can get to know friends around the world and learn about the culture and news of various countries.

2.Television, for example, the BBC. It allows people in different countries to have access to all kinds of news, it allows countries to have a deep understanding of the current situation in other countries and it can report on the economic development of different countries, it allows people to know the economic situation in different countries.

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1. According to Steger, globalization refers to the dynamic social process that is transforming independence and weakening nationality to globality.

2. All types of globalization are an uneven process and vary in different districts, hence the commentaries on its impact, function, and so forth are different from scholars. Due to the globalization is only a process and no one can predict the outcome of that, scholars can only define the scale of globalization according to their feelings, just like the probable said. Because no one knows the fact and the outcome of that, the opinions will be various and it will turn into the controversy of globalization.

3. Globality is a social condition characterized by tight global economic, social, political, and environmental interconnections. Globality is one of the conditions the outcome of globalization, however, it can be transformed into other forms ultimately during the process of globalization.

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1. A process of human development, the global economy, politics, culture, and interconnection and flow of the environment.

2.  1)Like the blind man in the fable, each globalization researcher is right to a certain extent because they correctly identify an important aspect of the phenomenon in question. However, they arbitrarily try to reduce a complex phenomenon like globalization to a single field corresponding to their own expertise.
2)More and more researchers have begun to heed this call for a genuine multidimensional approach to globalization that avoids pernicious reductionism
3)The metaphor is about which dimension contains the essence of globalization

3. 1)The term “globality” primarily refers to individual and collective consciousness is focused increasingly at the global level and away from the national level. It is characterized by intense global economic, political, cultural, and environmental interlinkages and flows that render irrelevant most of the borders and boundaries that currently exist.
2)it is the social condition, potentially the end-point of globalization.

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1. economy: the video gives the example of the number of exports which increased 30-fold in 60 years, at the same time, the number of multinational corporations experienced a significant increase in these years and these corporations benefited a lot from globalization.

Cultural: the invasion of other countries' culture boost the diversity of culture and now most goods from different cultures can be purchased in the same country.

Political: Gives the example on which there is no significant boundary of some global issues such as climate change, terrorism, and financial crisis. In addition, the video also provides us with some examples of organizations, such as G20, Uno, and even Non-government organizations.

2. Many countries have benefited from globalization, such as newly industrialized countries such as South Korea, as well as fast-growing China, Brazil and India. They use foreign direct investment and infrastructure to build factories and sell products to international markets around the world. For sub-Saharan African countries, these countries are not prepared to face fierce international competition, and they are not attractive to foreign investors.

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1. Economic
In the past 60 years, international exports have increased 30-fold and multinational companies have proliferated.

Politic
Globalization has led to more national blocs, such as the European Union, THE G-20, UNO, ngos and so on.

Culture
Globalization has reduced cultural diversity. The culture of the strong countries becomes the dominant culture while the culture of the weak countries gradually decreases its spread.

2.In short, the winners of globalization are always those countries that partly control global trends and cultural winds. However, most small countries can only rely on these big powers and gradually lose their dominant power and cultural diversity. Their own cultural changes and economic growth depend on the actions of these big powers.

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1.
a. First, the food itself is in many countries an integral aspect of the culture. Second, restaurants can influence the mores and habits in societies where they operate. For example, the traditional food hamburger is a sympol of fast food culture from USA and Mconald's or KFC is the procudtion of fast food culture as a restaurant. In India, firstly, coffee itself is prevalent and Indians consider coffee as an essential element of life, while their lifestyle is taking a break and socializing with each other when drinking coffee. Starbucks offers such an environment and place for those Indians which fulfill the requirement.

b. Yes, but apart from those two approaches, consumerism also boosts the development of these multinational corporations. Because there are fewer competitive native corporations, and with the advertising of consumerism, people used to choose those products produced by these corporations even though some of them are expensive since purchasing expensive and foreign commodities is also regarded as a reflection of fashion or rich to some extent.

2.
a. The 2007 Academy Award winner for Best Picture, "Infernal Affairs" is a remake of the Chinese film "Infernal Affairs" and many of the Hollywood studios, producers and actors are not born American.

b. Many foreign films include Chinese mythological creatures, such as the dragon in The Hurt Locker. There is also a lot of architecture that is a combination of East and West

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1)
a.
American customs and habits that influence society through food
b. The unique atmosphere of Starbucks has influenced the coffee culture of Italy. Compared with local coffee shops in Italy, Starbucks has a more suitable place for young people to relax and communicate. This advantage makes most young people in Italy choose to rest in Starbucks, which makes young people usually contact starbucks instead of Italian coffee.

2)
a. With the globalisation of the economy, American culture has formed a powerful American force. For example, brand companies such as Adidas and Nike have impacted the Chinese cultural market, causing some teenagers to worship and yearn for the United States, while others have focussed on Western culture.
b. The movie Mulan is a good example. Mulan is a Chinese legend and the movie is made by Disney in the United States. The costumes of the characters in Mulan are not only traditional Chinese costumes, but also the makeup of the characters is not all traditional Chinese makeup. These costumes are a mix of cultures and motifs from many countries.

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For A: I think there should be more factories abroad, even if they don't meet the ILO standards. First of all, these standards are only restrictions for ordinary people in poor areas. There are not many people who can reach this standard, but there are not many people who need to enter factories to maintain their lives in poor areas. If factories are required to comply with the standards, many people cannot maintain their daily life, which makes them face a more severe situation. The other. These factories can boost manufacturing in a disguised way and can help many companies save a lot of costs, stoset up more factories to create more jobs for the people at the bottom.

For B: Companies should not be allowed to open until they meet the requirement of the ILO, because:
1. labor conditions can best be improved over time by promoting development that improves productivity.
2. Those companies which don't meet the requirement of the ILO will exploit native resources in some developing countries, and it will take a big challenge to those domestic.
3. It will encourage developing countries to improve their labor laws and strengthen their enforcement of those laws, simultaneously. This could help both developing and developed country workers.
4. As an example, because of the Economic liberalization promoted by  Margaret Thatcher, in the beginning, Uk did appeal to many multinational companies investing in the UK, and in that period, the Uk government invest most of the revenues in these companies. However, as long as the resources were running out, these companies exit the market of the Uk with more human resources and techniques, and the Uk government should take the responsibility for the consequence of that, which impair the economic development of the UK indirectly

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Companies should not be allowed to open factories with working conditions that do not meet basic ILO (International Labour Organization) standards.

Xuanxuan： I'd like to offer them a tour of the vast garbage dump here in Phnom Penh. The miasma of toxic stink leaves you gasping, breezes batter you with filth, and even the rats look forlorn’ This means that illegal factories often discharge wastewater containing chemicals, oil, domestic waste, and other dirt directly into surface or community water sources, such as rivers.

Ruoyue： Sweatshops can have a huge impact on people's health. Employees in these factories work long hours for little pay and the environment in the factories is poor. For example, some employees in these factories are exposed to radiation and eventually die of leukemia or other cancers.

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Cheng:
I think there should be more factories abroad, even if they don't meet the ILO standards. First of all, these standards are only restrictions for ordinary people in poor areas. There are not many people who can reach this standard, but there are not many people who need to enter factories to maintain their lives in poor areas. If factories are required to comply with the standards, many people cannot maintain their daily life, which makes them face a more severe situation. The other. These factories can boost manufacturing in a disguised way, and can help many companies save a lot of costs, so as to set up more factories to create more jobs for the people at the bottom.

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Globalists: Globalization is the inevitable trend of development, and any attempt to resist it is doomed to failure.

Transformationalists： argue that the precise forms taken by globalization are not inevitable and may be reversible.

Internationalists: The significance of globalization as a new phase has been exaggerated. They argue that most economic and social activity is regional, not global and that the nation-state still plays an important role. Globalization is unpredictable

Globalist v. Internationalist: 1. The migration across nation-states boundaries. 2. Whether The pattern of trade has changed since the 19th century. 3. The transition of communication with high tech

Globalist v. Transformationalist: They all agree that globalization is seen as an inevitable development and that human intervention, especially through traditional political institutions such as the nation-state, is irresistible or has a significant impact. But Transformationalists believe it can be reversed at this time

Evidence：

1. Some countries have attempted to resist the pressure of the global market, for example, by refusing to devalue currencies or sustaining welfare expenditure. 2. The existence of some organizations, such as NATO, is no more than that of an alliance between sovereign nations.

Transformationalist v. Internationalist: A third-transformationalist approach agrees with the inter-nationalists that the globalists have exaggerated their case.  They argue that nation-states remain militarily. economically and politically powerful.  However, while some skepticism is justified, they also believe that it is foolhardy to dismiss the notion of globalization or underestimate its material impacts and effects.

Evidence of Transformationalist v. Internationalist:

1. The existence of some nation-state unions such as the EU and NATO breaks the traditional situation between nations. 2. The growth of new forms of governance through a proliferation of transnational interconnections between nation governments, non-government organizations, and institutions, such as the world trade organization

c. Which of the positions seem more convincing to you? Why?
Transformationalist, the world integrity does change significantly through these years with the help of the development of technology and science. However, the state didn't lose its status from the global perspective. For example, a state government can reduce imports by issuing relevant policies, such as in North Korea.  The state still plays an important role in today's background of globalization.

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1. Globalists is inevitable, it only means the long-term and long-term trend of increasing penetration and interdependence of the world economy. Various countries' cultures exchange and integrate, turning the earth into a global village and people's relationships become closer. It is also irreversible for various countries' cultures to communicate and integrate to turn the earth into a global village and make people closer together because it is the result of a strong innovation trend that will not stop.

2. Globalism in the view of internationalists is evitable and reversible. Globalization is an exaggerated existence, they believe that most economic and social activities are regional, and the national international plays a very important role.

3. transformationalists are controllable and reversible. For example, countries can close borders, ban trade or immigration, and control the flow of information on the Internet to a certain extent.

b.
Because Globalists that it is interwoven around national cultures. But internationalists argue that globalisation is less hyperbolic and that most economic activity is regional.

c.
Globalist v. Transformationalist
The flow of culture is not one way, from the west to the developing world; it is a two-way exchange in which Western culture is also influenced, changed and enriched by cultures in the developing world.

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a. Internationalist
b. positive globalists

c. Transformationalist
D. internationalist

E: internationalist
F: pessimistic globalist
G：pessimistic globalist

# data[].attributes.body
a. internationalist
b. positive globalist
c. Transformationlist
d. Internationalist
e. pessimistic globalist
f. pessimistic globalist
g. pessimistic globalist

# data[].attributes.body
1.Globalists see globalization as a legitimate process, a new era in human history, where nations, economies become interdependent and many individual countries become a global community

2.Internationalists are critical of globalization, believing that today's international processes are becoming regionalized rather than globalized, and do not believe that the current economy is moving toward global capitalism transnationally. Businesses are still tied to their home countries and national borders are as important as ever.

3. The transformationist view sees it as having neither a specific cause nor a specific effect. They argue that national governments are changing and perhaps becoming less important, but it is difficult to describe the change. The world order is changing into any particular pattern. They are uncertain, just in the development of a new world order design, and they say that there are many factors that influence changes in the world landscape, but the results of these changes are not known.

4.We think the globalists would make more sense. We believe that it is an important process for global culture to enter a new era, during which the cultural and economic integration of each country is a very important historical process and more reasonable.