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I grew up in cook county Illinois, more specifically, the east side. cook county has a below average poverty rate and we have a below average household income. i grew up in a decent house with my family. The east side technically speaking isn't a great neighborhood. cook county isnt a very diverse neighborhood and most of its population is African american and Mexican. growing up i didnt have a lot of friends and i never fit in. before my parents split we were somewhat financially stable, but then after we became very poor and had to live in severe poverty for 4 years. After we got out of that we became financially stable again. i am able to go to this great school and bring all the life lessons and all of my experiences along with me.

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The definition of power is to the right to govern or rule or determine. Usually power works by someone who is older and has more authority like higher education (teacher) or is older than you . Sometimes power can also work  with an elected position like President, Senator, and Congressmen. my family and my peers are going help me accomplish the goals that want to achieve to become successful

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the town that i grew is called cook county and i lived there for 7 years with my two brother,two sisters, my dad and my mom, until we moved when i was 7. the average household income of the town i grew up in (cook county) is $43,000 and the average household income of Darien is $100,000. that is 60,000 dollars more than the average household income in cook county.

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i spent a quarter of my middle school years at this school until i moved to hickory hills in the 4th grade. on the data shown above it shows that the school i went to barely meets the benchmark for state level, especially when it comes to funding their own schools, and they barely hold up on funding their own students.

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the neighborhood that i grew up in has been a very low income neighborhood for over 15 years. i was one out of the few lucky one in the neighborhood that was able to grow up with parents that made middle class income. the neighborhood i lived in has a extremely low poverty level average. this neighborhood is considered lower-class and many people have labeled it as a very "ghetto" neighborhood.

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60617, Chicago, IL Real Estate & Homes for Sale | RE/MAX

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Search the most complete 60617, real estate listings for sale. Find 60617, homes for sale, real estate, apartments, condos, townhomes, mobile homes, multi-family units, farm and land lots with RE/MAX's powerful search tools.

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Gallistel elementary was the very first middle school i went to out of 4 that ive been at. i went to schools all throughout Indiana and Illinois . all the schools ive went to never made me feel comfortable because of the way that some of the teachers would treat their students, including myself. i always hated how some teachers thought that they had the absolute power over you because you are young. so i want to change that when i get older.

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this is a photo of me and my sister,grandpa, and cousins in the pool at my house. i had a lot of fun that day and ill never forget my family. i also know that my family would never forget about me, no matter what decisions i make. i think one of the biggest things to become successful and powerful is support. some people get their support from friends but i get my full support from my family and i know that with my family by my side they'll help build me into a very powerful and successful person

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Power comes in many forms within society. It can be demonstrated by the school authority, people, and more commonly, the government. where i used to live in was( Cook County) was created on January 15th 1831 by an act of the Illinois State Legislature as the 54th county established in Illinois.

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Cook County can help you find what you need.

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Cook County Government, Illinois | Cook County

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Cook County contains 134 municipalities in its region, the most well known being the City of Chicago - which is the County seat where the central offices of Cook County are located.

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i think that family plays a big role in a lot of the things that you can say. i grew up in a very big family that ive always been very close with and that also has taught me to believe in myself no matter what and to always be true to others. That is why family plays such a big role in my beliefs

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i'll admit it but my peers have always played a slight role in my beliefs and ideology. in a sense its not such a bad thing because they rely on me and i know i can rely on them, so we each other out whenever we need it, like for example, when they are having boy problems or family problems, ill give them my opinion and advice, and i know they'll do the same for me

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I grew up in a religious household, now im not gonna lie and say that we were very religious,  like we didnt very often  go to church and my parents never pressured religion on me, they kind of just told me  what it was a about and encouraged me to believe in it, they are very religious though, we always tried to follow the "rules" as much a possible.  i did do my first communion and my confirmation.I am catholic and i love being catholic. on Wikipedia in the county i used to live it shows that only  59.6% of the population was claimed as members by religious congregations

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Cook County is the most populous county in the U.S. state of Illinois and the second-most-populous county in the United States, after Los Angeles County, California. More than 40% of all residents of Illinois live within Cook County. As of 2020, the population was 5,275,541. Its county seat is Chicago, the most populous city in Illinois and the third-most-populous city in the United States.

Cook County was incorporated in 1831 and named for Daniel Pope Cook, an early Illinois statesman. It achieved its present boundaries in 1839. During the first half of the 20th century it had the absolute majority of Illinois's population. Within one hundred years the county recorded explosive population growth going from a trading post village with a little over 600 residents to four million citizens, rivalling Paris by the Great Depression.

There are more than 800 local governmental units and nearly 130 municipalities located wholly or partially within Cook County, the largest of which is Chicago. The city is home to approximately 54% of the entire county's population. The part of the county outside of the Chicago and Evanston city limits is divided into 29 townships; these often divide or share governmental services with local municipalities. Townships within Chicago were abolished in 1902 but are retained for real estate assessment purposes. Evanston Township was formerly coterminous with the City of Evanston but was abolished in 2014. County government is overseen by the Cook County Board, and countywide state government offices include the Circuit Court of Cook County, the Cook County State's Attorney, the Cook County Sheriff, and the Cook County Assessor.

Geographically, the county is the sixth-largest in Illinois by land area and the largest by total area. It shares the state's Lake Michigan shoreline with Lake County. Including its lake area, Cook County has a total area of 1,635 square miles (4,234.6 km ²), the largest county in Illinois, of which 945 square miles (2,447.5 km ²) is land and 690 square miles (1,787.1 km ²) (42.16%) is water. Land-use in Cook County is mostly urban and densely populated. Within Cook County, the State of Illinois took advantage of its Lake Michigan access and the Chicago Portage, beginning with the construction of the Illinois and Michigan Canal in 1848. This helped make the region a central transit hub for the nation. Chicago, with its location on the Great Lakes and via the St. Lawrence Seaway, is a global port city, giving Cook County an international shipping port.

Cook County's population is larger than that of 28 different U.S. states and territories, and larger than the population of 11 of the 13 Canadian provinces and territories. Cook County is included in the Chicago metropolitan Combined Statistical Area (CSA), which has a population of approximately 10 million people.

Cook County was created on January 15, 1831, out of Putnam County by an act of the Illinois General Assembly. It was the 54th county established in Illinois and was named after Daniel Cook, one of the earliest and youngest statesmen in Illinois history. He served as the second U.S. Representative from Illinois and the state's first Attorney General. In 1839, DuPage County was carved out of Cook County.

Cook County from 1831 to 1836

Cook County 1836-39 after the creation of McHenry and Will Counties

Cook County was reduced to its current size in 1839 by the creation of DuPage County.

The shape of Cook County and the neighboring counties has remained the same since DuPage County was formed. The population in each county and the split of agriculture compared to residential and industrial activity has changed dramatically over the intervening decades to 2020. The county began with 10,201 people in the Census of 1840, growing steadily to 5,150,233 people estimated for 2019 by the US Census. Growth was rapid in the 19th century, with the County reaching 2.4 million people by 1910. In the 20th century, the County reached 5.1 million population, and has stayed near that level into the 21st century.

Cook County is nearly completely developed, with little agricultural land remaining near the outer county boundaries.

According to the 2000 Census there were 1,974,181 households, out of which 30.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.0% were married couples living together, 15.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.7% were non-families. 29.4% of all households were someone living alone including 9.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.68 and the average family size was 3.38.

In the county, the population age distribution was: 26.0% under the age of 18, 9.9% from 18 to 24, 31.7% from 25 to 44, 20.7% from 45 to 64, and 11.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.5 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $45,922, and the median income for a family was $53,784. Males had a median income of $40,690 versus $31,298 for females. The per capita income for the county was $23,227. About 10.6% of families and 13.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18.9% of those under age 18 and 10.3% of those age 65 or over.

As of the fourth quarter of 2021, the median home value in Cook County was $299,571, an increase of 11.7% from the prior year.

According to Census Bureau estimates, the county's population had decreased by 3.4% between the 2000 census and the 2010 census (5,194,675). The county's population had grown slightly again by 2017 (5,211,263).

As of the 2010 Census, the population of the county was 5,194,675, White Americans made up 55.4% of Cook County's population; non-Hispanic whites represented 43.9% of the population. African Americans made up 24.8% of the population. Native Americans made up 0.4% of Cook County's population. Asian Americans made up 6.2% of the population (1.8% Indian, 1.2% Filipino, 1.2% Chinese, 0.7% Korean, 0.3% Vietnamese, 0.2% Japanese, 0.8% Other). Pacific Islander Americans made up less than 0.1% of the population. People from other races made up 10.6% of the population; people from two or more races made up 2.5% of the county's population. Hispanics and Latinos (of any race) made up 24.0% of Cook County's population.

As of the 2000 Census, there were 5,376,741 people, 1,974,181 households, and 1,269,398 families residing in the county. The population density was 5,686 people per square mile (2,195/km ²). There were 2,096,121 housing units at an average density of 2,216 per square mile (856/km ²). The racial makeup of the county was 56.27% white, 26.14% Black or African American, 0.29% Native American, 4.84% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islanders, 9.88% from other races, and 2.53% from two or more races. 19.93% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 9.1% were of Polish, 8.1% German, 7.9% Irish and 5.7% Italian ancestry. 17.63% reported speaking Spanish at home; 3.13% speak Polish.

Whites (Hispanic and non-Hispanic) number roughly 2,793,500. There are about 2,372,500 non-Hispanic whites residing in Cook County. Sizeable non-Hispanic white populations are those of German (11.4%), Irish (10.3%), Polish (9.7%), Italian (6.1%), and British (4.1%) descent. There are also significant groups of Swedish (1.5%), Russian (1.5%), French (1.3%), Greek (1.2%), Czech (1.0%), Dutch (1.0%), Lithuanian (0.9%), and Norwegian (0.8%) descent.

Black Americans are the second largest racial group. Black Americans form over one-quarter (25.4%) of Cook County's population. Blacks of non-Hispanic origin form 25.2% of the population; black Hispanics make up the remaining 0.2% of the populace. There are roughly 1,341,000 African Americans of both Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin living in Cook County; 1,328,000 are non-Hispanic blacks. Roughly 52,500 people were of Sub-Saharan African ancestry, making up 1.0% of the total population.

Approximately 10,300 residents of Cook County are of Native American ancestry. They consist of Cherokee, Chippewa, Navajo, and Sioux. Native Americans of Hispanic origin represent a sizeable portion of the Native American population. Nearly 6,000 Native Americans are of non-Hispanic origin, and some 4,300 are of Hispanic origin. Over 40% of the Native American racial group is of Hispanic descent.

Asian Americans are a very sizeable racial group in the county, numbering about 301,000. The Asian population is ethnically diverse, and includes roughly 87,900 Indians, 61,700 Filipinos, 60,700 Chinese, 35,000 Koreans, 13,700 Vietnamese, and 11,100 Japanese. Roughly 30,800 are of other Asian ethnic groups, such as Thai, Cambodian, and Hmong.

Approximately 3,000 residents are of Pacific Islander heritage. This group includes roughly Native Hawaiians, Guamanians, Samoans, and various people of other Pacific Islander groups.

Hispanic and Latino Americans make up over one-fifth (22.8%) of Cook County's population. Roughly 1,204,000 Latinos live in the county. Mexicans are the most common Latino group. Cook County's 925,000 Mexican Americans make up 17.5% of its population. Roughly 127,000 Puerto Ricans live in the county, while over 12,200 Cubans reside in the county. There are some 140,000 Hispanics and Latinos of other nationalities living in Cook County (i.e. Colombian, Bolivian, etc., and they collectively make up 2.6% of the county's population.

In 2010 statistics, the largest religious group in Cook County was the Archdiocese of Chicago, with 1,947,223 Catholics worshipping at 371 parishes, followed by 209,195 non-denominational adherents with 486 congregations, an estimated 201,152 Muslims with 62 congregations, 68,865 NBC Baptists with 99 congregations, 49,925 ELCA Lutherans with 145 congregations, 49,909 SBC Baptists with 181 congregations, 45,979 LCMS Lutherans with 120 congregations, 39,866 UCC Christians with 101 congregations, 33,584 UMC Methodists with 121 congregations, and 32,646 AG Pentecostals with 64 congregations. Altogether, 59.6% of the population was claimed as members by religious congregations, although members of historically African-American denominations were underrepresented due to incomplete information. In 2014, Cook County had 2,001 religious organizations, second only to Los Angeles County out of all US counties.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 1,635 square miles (4,230 km ²), of which 945 square miles (2,450 km ²) is land and 690 square miles (1,800 km ²) (42.2%) is water. It is the sixth largest county in Illinois by land area, and the largest in total area. Most of the water is in Lake Michigan. The highest point is more than 950 feet (290 m), and is in northwest Barrington Township, in the northwest corner of the county. The lowest point is less than 580 feet (180 m), along the Lake Michigan shoreline.

In July, temperatures in Chicago, Cook County average daytime highs of 84 °F (29 °C), and nighttime lows of 68 °F (20 °C); and January daytime highs of 31 °F (−1 °C), and nighttime lows of 18 °F (−8 °C). Winter temperatures will sometimes veer above 40 °F (4 °C), and, although not common, have also risen over 50 °F (10 °C) on some winter days. Average monthly precipitation ranged from 4.30 inches (109 mm) in June to 1.77 inches (45 mm) in February.

Cook County is among the few counties in the United States to border two counties with the same name ( Lake County, Illinois and Lake County, Indiana). Illinois has two such counties ( Randolph County borders both Perry County, Illinois and Perry County, Missouri).

The government of Cook County is primarily composed of the Board of Commissioners headed by the President of the County board, other elected officials such as the Sheriff, State's Attorney, Treasurer, Board of Review, Clerk, Assessor, Recorder, Circuit Court judges, and Circuit Court Clerk, as well as numerous other officers and entities. Cook County is the only home rule county in Illinois. The Cook County Code is the codification of Cook County's local ordinances. Cook County's current County Board president is Toni Preckwinkle.

The Circuit Court of Cook County, which is an Illinois state court of general jurisdiction is funded, in part, by Cook County, and accepts more than 1.2 million cases each year for filing. The Cook County Department of Corrections, also known as the Cook County Jail, is the largest single-site jail in the nation. The Cook County Juvenile Detention Center, under the authority of the Chief Judge of the court, is the first juvenile center in the nation and one of the largest in the nation. The Cook County Law Library is the second-largest county law library in the nation.

The Bureau of Health Services administers the county's public health services and is the third-largest public health system in the nation. Three hospitals are part of this system: John H. Stroger, Jr. Hospital of Cook County, Provident Hospital, and Oak Forest Hospital of Cook County, along with over 30 clinics.

The Cook County Department of Transportation is responsible for the design and maintenance of roadways in the county. These thoroughfares are composed mostly of major and minor arterials, with a few local roads. Although the County Department of Transportation was instrumental in designing many of the expressways in the county, today they are under the jurisdiction of the state.

The Cook County Forest Preserves, organized in 1915, is a separate, independent taxing body, but the Cook County Board of Commissioners also acts as its Board of Commissioners. The district is a belt of 69,000 acres (280 km ²) of forest reservations surrounding the city of Chicago. The Brookfield Zoo (managed by the Chicago Zoological Society) and the Chicago Botanic Garden (managed by the Chicago Horticultural Society) are located in the forest preserves.

Cook County is the fifth-largest employer in Chicago.

In March 2008, the County Board increased the sales tax by one percent to 1.75 percent. This followed a quarter-cent increase in mass transit taxes. In Chicago, the rate increased to 10.25 percent, the steepest nominal rate of any major metropolitan area in America. In Evanston, sales tax reached 10 percent and Oak Lawn residents pay 9.5 percent. On July 22, 2008, the Cook County board voted against Cook County Commissioner's proposal to repeal the tax increase.

In 2016, Cook County joined Chicago in adopting a $13 hourly minimum wage. Cook County Board chairman John Daley called the wage hike "the moral and right thing to do." In June 2017, however, nearly 75 home rule municipalities passed measures opting themselves out of the increase.

The county has more Democratic Party members than any other Illinois county and it is one of the most Democratic counties in the United States. Since 1932, the majority of its voters have only supported a Republican candidate in a Presidential election three times, all during national Republican landslides- Dwight Eisenhower over native son Adlai Stevenson II in 1952 and 1956, and Richard Nixon over George McGovern in 1972. Since then, the closest a Republican has come to carrying the county was in 1984, when Ronald Reagan won 48.4 percent of the county's vote. In 2020, 74 percent of the county voted for Joe Biden and 24 percent voted for Donald Trump.

In 1936, with Franklin D. Roosevelt receiving 1,253,164 votes in the county, Cook County became the first county in American history where a candidate received one million votes.

The Cook County Democratic Party represents Democratic voters in 50 wards in the city of Chicago and 30 suburban townships of Cook County. The organization has dominated County, city, and state politics since the 1930s. The last Republican mayor of Chicago was William Hale "Big Bill" Thompson, who left office in 1931 with a record of corruption. The most successful Republican candidate for mayor since then was Bernard Epton, who in 1983 came within 3.3 percentage points of defeating Democrat Harold Washington. The county's Republican Party organization is the Cook County Republican Party.

The last Republican governor to carry the county was Jim Edgar in his 1994 landslide. The last Republican senator to do so was Charles H. Percy in 1978.

To establish more localized government control and policies which reflect the often different values and needs of large suburban sections of the sprawling county, scivilly[secession]] movements have been made over the years which called for certain townships or municipalities to form their own independent counties.

In the late 1970s, a movement started which proposed a separation of six northwest suburban townships, Cook County's panhandle ( Barrington, Hanover, Palatine, Wheeling, Schaumburg, and Elk Grove) from Cook to form Lincoln County, in honor of the former U.S. president and Illinois resident. It is likely that Arlington Heights would have been the county seat. This northwest suburban region of Cook was at the time moderately conservative and has a population over 500,000. Local legislators, led by State Senator Dave Regnar, went so far as to propose it as official legislation in the Illinois House. The legislation died, however, before coming to a vote.

In 2004, Blue Island Mayor Donald E. Peloquin organized a coalition of fifty-five south and southwest suburban municipalities to form a new county, also proposing the name Lincoln County. The county would include everything south of Burbank, stretching as far west as Orland Park, as far east as Calumet City, and as far south as Matteson, covering an expansive area with a population of over one million residents. Peloquin argued that the south suburbs are often shunned by the city (although Chicago is not bound or required to do anything for other municipalities) and he blamed the Chicago-centric policies of Cook County for failing to jumpstart the somewhat-depressed south suburban local economy. Pending sufficient interest from local communities, Peloquin planned a petition drive to place a question regarding the secession on the general election ballot, but the idea was not met with success.

In arguing against the Lincon County proposal, others noted several of the cities involved had power structures, law enforcement, or de facto "mayors for life" often accused in the press, or civilly or criminally charged with, political corruption, cronyism, and nepotism, and themselves being the main factor in their depressed economies rather than anyone in Cook County government. The opposition decried that their true reason for joining the secession effort was to start with a 'clean slate' with a new county government by design less willing to enforce responsibility against their abuses of power.

Talk of secession from Cook County amongst some outlying communities again heated up in mid-2008 in response to a highly controversial 1% sales tax hike which has pushed the tax rates across the county communities up amongst the highest in the nation. Some border towns in particular had been outraged, as people can take their business across the county border (paying, for instance, 7% in Lake County instead of Palatine's 9.5%). The secession issue eventually died down from the nominal tax increase.

In 2011, two downstate Republican state representatives, Bill Mitchell of the 87th district and Adam Brown of the 101st district, proposed statehood for Cook County. Mitchell said that Chicago is "dictating its views" to the rest of the state and Brown added that Chicago "overshadows" the rest of Illinois.

Construction of the Erie Canal in New York State made a connection from the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes in 1821. As the Midwest farms proved productive, with much grain to sell to other parts of the US, Chicago and Cook County saw the benefit of a canal to improve the link from the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River. The Illinois and Michigan Canal was completed in 1848, extending from the Bridgeport neighborhood in Chicago on the Chicago River, to the Illinois River at the cities of LaSalle-Peru. This canal spurred the growth of Chicago and the areas around it, as water travel was the primary way to ship grain or other commodities in that part of the 19th century. The Illinois and Michigan Canal ceased major operation in 1933. Portions are now designated as a National Historic Corridor. The two canals and the Great Lakes cemented trade ties between the Midwest and the Northeast, encouraging farmers to grow more than they needed to feed themselves in Illinois, with a large market for grain now open to them. Towns in Cook County along the Canal grew. From a national perspective, the trade ties made the South region of the US less important to the Northeast as a trade partner.

The Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal, completed in 1900, largely replaced the functions of the Illinois and Michigan Canal. This canal resulted in the reversal of the direction of flow of the main stem and the South branch of the Chicago River; they used to empty into Lake Michigan and now those river sections flow toward the Des Plaines River. The Sanitary and Ship Canal was built to serve many aims, including ending using Lake Michigan as a sewer, sending waste water through treatment plants and sending it away from Lake Michigan. It is also a waterway for movement of ships.

The next major technology for transportation was railroads. Chicago and the towns along the canal and rivers understood the value of being a hub of a major network. Rail lines spurred out from Chicago by the 1850s, with major growth in the rail network for freight and passenger transportation coming after the Civil War, when the transcontinental railroads were completed, coast to coast across the US, stopping in Chicago, the heart of Cook County.

Following on the well-established position of Chicago as a transportation hub, the Interstate highway network maintained Chicago as a hub of that network, as well as serving the travel needs within the region.

When the age of air travel began in the 20th century, Midway Airport was built on one square mile of land and served as the major Chicago area airport from 1927 to 1955. Midway International Airport has been enlarged and continues to operate as of 2020. As air travel became more important for passenger travel, and then for select freight commodities, O'Hare International Airport was built adjacent to a military airfield in the northwest part of Cook County. The City of Chicago annexed the land for the airport, so that the city controls both airports serving a large area. During the second half of the 20th century, it was the world's busiest airport. The approach of Cook County and Chicago to air travel has been the same as the approach to canal, railroad and highway transportation, to serve as a major national hub.

There has been a long running plan for a third major airport to serve the south side of the city and the southern and southwestern suburbs, the Proposed Chicago south suburban airport intended for Peotone, Illinois. The state of Illinois has been addressing this topic since 1986. Some land has been acquired, but there is not a functioning airport there, as of August 2020.

The county is divided into 29 townships, in addition to the cities of Chicago and Evanston.

Current townships & Independent cities

The 29 townships and 2 independent cities of Cook County, with their populations as of the 2010 Census, are:

Former townships

Chicago's eight former townships and annexed parts of others no longer have any governmental structure or responsibility since their annexations, but their names and boundaries are still used on property plats and by Cook County for tax assessment purposes. In 2014, Evanston Township was dissolved by voters and its functions were absorbed by the city of Evanston.

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Cook County is the most populous county in the U.S. state of Illinois and the second-most-populous county in the United States, after Los Angeles County, California. More than 40% of all residents of Illinois live within Cook County. As of 2020, the population was 5,275,541.

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technology has affected our society in many different ways over the past 2 decades. it is something that is associated with our everyday lives and something we rely on. Technology has made it easier to farm, more feasible to build cities, and more convenient to travel, among many other things, effectively linking together all countries on earth, helping to create globalization, and making it easier for economies to grow and for companies to do business. My life has been greatly impacted by technology because i wouldnt have the friends and connection that i have today if werent for technology

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My life has revolved around my phone and most importantly, my apps. i rely on my apps for EVERYTHING, literally everything. if i had to choose just one app that has impacted my life the most,i think id have to say snapchat. i use it on a daily basis to connect myself with my friends and whats new.  As of the first quarter of 2022, photo and video sharing app Snapchat had 332 million daily active users worldwide, up from 319 million global DAU in final quarter of 2021

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Snapchat: daily active users worldwide | Statista

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The number of daily Snapchat users worldwide hit 265 million at the end of 2020. User growth has again picked up after a period of stagnation.

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Our generation has relied heavily on technology and smart phones. i know that i do. technology has grown so much and has helped us in so many way, i mean going from smartphones to social media and even to online healthcare has had a major impact on all of our lives. It has helped us in ways of getting things we need. From one tap from our phone, or a click from our computer. today over 90% of Americans are online

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Here’s how technology has changed the world since 2000

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From smartphones to social media and healthcare, here’s a brief history of the ways in which technology has transformed our lives in the past 20 years.

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My Ethnicity has played a big role in shaping the person that i am today. It has taught me many things like how their are people out in the world who wont accept me because i'm Mexican and it has also taught me that Mexicans have the greatest food ever. looking at the statistics, only about 10.7% of our population is white(Hispanic).

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In 2019, Illinois had a population of 12.7M people with a median age of 38.6 and a median household income of $69,187. Between 2018 and 2019 the population of Illinois declined from 12.7M to 12.7M, a −0.544% decrease and its median household income grew from $65,030 to $69,187, a 6.39% increase.

The 5 largest ethnic groups in Illinois are White (Non-Hispanic) (60.7%), Black or African American (Non-Hispanic) (13.9%), White (Hispanic) (10.7%), Asian (Non-Hispanic) (5.6%), and Other (Hispanic) (5.59%). 23.3% of the households in Illinois speak a non-English language at home as their primary language.

93.6% of the residents in Illinois are U.S. citizens.

In 2019, the median property value in Illinois was $209,100, and the homeownership rate was 66%. Most people in Illinois drove alone to work, and the average commute time was 27.9 minutes. The average car ownership in Illinois was 2 cars per household.

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In 2019, Illinois had a population of 12.7M people with a median age of 38.6 and a median household income of $69,187. Between 2018 and 2019 the population of Illinois declined from 12.7M to 12.7M, a −0.544% decrease and its median household income grew from $65,030 to $69,187, a 6.39% increase.

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Music has always been a part of my life, whether its from the TV, radio,smartphone, and even my own grandma singing her lungs off. My favorite kind of music is indie pop/ Alternative. music also kind of impacts my mood sometimes so that's why i love music. it can be very therapeutic sometimes . Roughly 7.11 billion people listen to music.

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People Listening to Music

Statistics

2022

The average time spent listening to music is increasing, and if you want data on:

How much time do people spend listening to music per year?

How many songs an average person hears in a lifetime?

What is the longest time spent listening to music on Spotify?

Listening habits by age group

And more...

Then you have to read this up-to-date list of important stats on music listening:

Time Spent Listening to Music Statistics (Top Picks)

An average person listens to 961 hours and 10 minutes of music per year.

An average person hears roughly 1.3 million songs in their lifetime.

It would take over 600 years to listen to every song in the world.

Roughly 7.11 billion people listen to music.

Over 403,418 minutes is the longest time spent listening to music on Spotify

Listening to music reduces pain, anxiety, blood pressure, releases dopamine, and improves sleep, alertness, and memory.

The average time listening to music per year

An average person listens to 961 hours and 10 minutes of music per year.

How much music does an average person listen to per week?

An average person listens to 18.4 hours of music per week.

How much is that per month?

This equals to an average person listening to music for 78 hours and 51 minutes in a 30-day month.

An average person hears 1577 3-minute songs every month.

How much is that per day?

2 hours and 38 minutes of music listening per day.

This is equivalent to 52 and a half 3-minute songs per day.

According to IFPI, the time spent listening to music worldwide increases each year.

The positive trend of time spent listening to music shows that people enjoy more music. Music streaming is becoming more easily available globally, incentivizing people to listen to it more.

How much time does an average American spend listening to music?

People in the US spend 26.9 hours per week listening to music on average.

This averages to 3 hours and 50 minutes of music listening per day.

And in a whole month, an average American listens to 115 hours and 12 minutes of music in a 30-day month.

This is quite a bit more than an average person globally. But it isn't a surprise as:

62% of Americans consider themselves music lovers or music fanatics.

The percentage is among the highest of all countries, only surpassed by South Africa, with 75% of people asked claiming they're music lovers.

There's a wide availability of music streaming services and fast mobile internet in the US. Combine it with the latest gadgets like smartphones, headphones, earbuds, and Bluetooth speakers, and it's no surprise Americans spend so much time enjoying music.

But the trend in the US is reversing as people spend less time listening to music than in past years:

The trend coincides with the data showing Americans have been spending more time watching TV.

More than 2/3 of adults between 18- and 34-years old listen to music every day.

The majority of their older peers also listen to music daily, but the percentage goes down with age.

There are almost 3 times as many avid music fans aged 18-29 years old than adults aged over 65 years.

How many songs does the average person listen to in a lifetime?

An average person hears roughly 1.3 million songs in their lifetime.

More specifically, 1,299,340 songs for an average person with an average lifespan.

The length of life and music listening habits can dramatically change the number.
This calculation is based on average music listening data from IFPI. We considered the average song length of 3 minutes and 30 seconds from Billboard Hot 100 charts. We took the average life expectancy of 79 years in a developed country from Population Reference Bureau data 2021.
How much music does the average teenager listen to in a day?

Teenagers listen to music for 2 hours and 5 minutes as a sole activity per day.

This time doesn't include listening to music passively when watching TV or driving in a car but solely actively listening to music.

The Common Sense Media survey also found that girls like listening to music more (73%) than boys (59%).

82% of teens say they listen to music every day.

More than other media activities like watching videos (69%) or using social media (63%).

Overall, a typical kid spends 2.5 hours listening to music per day which is a bit less than adults.

The American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP) is seeing an increase in time spent listening to music among children and found many positive impacts.

Children who attend a music class for 30 weeks develop significantly higher IQ levels and better marks on standardized tests.

And nearly all of the high-school winners in the prestigious Siemens Westinghouse Competition in Math, Science, and Technology play at least one instrument.

How long would it take to listen to every song in the world?

It would take over 600 years to listen to every song in the world. Considering the extensive Apple Music library has over 90 million songs, and the average song length is 3.5 minutes.

In other words, it would take almost 8 human lifetimes to listen to all the songs while listening to each song only once.
This estimate is based on the Apple Music library, which has more songs than Spotify at 82 million. And the average length of a song at 3 minutes 30 seconds as per Billboard data. Plus, we have to assume there are actually more songs than that in the world that aren't on the platform.
How many people listen to music?

Roughly 7.11 billion people listen to music.

Practically everyone living on our planet is listening to music, and the number is growing each year with population growth.

What percentage of the world listens to music?

90% of the world's population listens to music, according to Nielsen Music 360.

According to new report from Nielsen, the share of people who listen to music globally hovers around 90-93%. This is no surprise, as music is a universal language.

How many people are subscribed to a music streaming service to listen to music?

487 million people are subscribed to one of the music streaming services worldwide.

According to Statista, the 2021 number of subscribers slightly increases from the previous year. Music streaming exploded in the past years, but growth is slowing down.

How many people listen to music daily?

Over 315 million or 95.6% of Americans over 13 years old listen to audio daily.

According to SXM Media, a big majority of the American population listens to music every day.

They do it 4.8 times per day and on 2 different platforms with 2 different devices. Most commonly on the radio in their car and with music streaming services via their smartphone.

And it's no surprise as it has been proven that:

Listening to music releases dopamine and endorphins.

Dopamine (happiness hormones) helps with feeling happy about your life, and endorphins (stress and pain relief hormones) help you deal with stress and relieve pain (Silver Pines Treatment Center)

How do people listen to music?

Over 50% of all music is consumed via streaming.

IFPI research finds that streaming is the most popular way of listening to music.

23% Subscription music streaming (Apple Music, Spotify Premium, Amazon Music, etc.)

22% Video music streaming (YouTube, DailyMotion, etc.)

16% Radio (broadcast radio, internet radio, etc)

11% Short video apps (TikTok)

9% Ad-supported music streaming (Free Spotify, Deezer, etc.)

9% Purchased music (CDs, vinyl, paid downloads, etc.)

5% Other forms of music (TV, on-demand video, etc.)

3% Social media (Facebook, Instagram, etc.)

2% Live (live concerts, live streaming, etc.)

Music streaming revenue grew at 24.3% in 2021 and represented 65% of global music revenue.

When do people listen to music the most?

People listen to music the most between 4 pm and 8 pm.

This is after they come home from work and spend more time relaxing.

Where do people listen to music?

People generally listen to music in a car (66%) followed by at home (63%).

In a car 66%

Relaxing at home 63%

Commuting 53%

Cooking and cleaning 54%

Working or studying 40%

Exercising 36%

At concerts and festivals 36%

Going to sleep 19%

Listening to music at home and when working are common, but many people also listen to it before sleeping.

Sources: IFPI 1, IFPI 2, Statista 1, Statista 2, Billboard 2d, Statista 3, Nielsen, SXM Media, Silver Pines Treatment Center, Common Sense Media

How many people listen to country music?

Almost 50% of Americans said they listen to Country music.

Country music is more popular than you might think. According to a Deezer survey of US respondents, it was the 3rd most listened to genre at 49.9%, right after Rock at 56.8%, and Pop at 56.1%.

Roughly 165 million people listen to Country music in the US.

Though this data doesn't mean it's their favorite genre, it still shows people generally enjoy it.

Country is the #1 most popular music genre in the following US states (Grizzly Rose):
Origins of Country music
How many people listen to hip hop & rap music?

37.4% of US respondents said they listen to hip hop.

According to a Deezer survey, hip hop was the 5 th most listened-to music genre among the general population.

But hip hop and rap dominate in album consumption (BuzzAngle Music).

Hip-Hop/Rap albums are the most sold in the US, with 21.7% of all sold music.

That's more than the 2 nd most sold music genre, Pop, at 20.1%.

Hip hop and rap are particularly popular among young people aged 16 - 34 years old, after which it drops down proportionately with age.

54% of 20-24 age group say they generally like hip hop and rap. While only 5% of people over 55 years old say the same.

But since young people prefer to listen to music via streaming, their tastes significantly impact rankings.

52% of the 100 most streamed songs were hip hop or rap in 2019.

How many people listen to classical music?

Over 90.3 million or 35% of American adults listen to Classical music.

MIDiA Research study found that 29% (nearly a third) of the Classical music audience is under 35 years old. Though the majority of the fans are still 55 years old or older.

It's the least popular among 16 - 19-year-olds.

What are the most common ways of listening to classical music?

Radio is the most popular way to listen to Classical music.

On average, 190,000 Americans listen to a Classical music radio station at any given moment.

Almost 11 million Americans listen to classical music on the radio at least once per week.

Globally the data is:

40% listen to classical music on a radio

35% listen to the genre a CD

3rd most common way is to stream it via YouTube

A non-negligible 11% use vinyl records

Young people increasingly seek classical music to relax, work, and focus.

Deezer reported a 270% increase in the subscription to their most popular classical music playlist, with 43% of new subs being millennials (BBC)

Listening to classical music boosts brain functions like learning and memory.

A study from the Department of Medical Genetics in Helsinki found many benefits of listening to classical music after just 20 minutes per day (PeerJ).

Sources: Statista 4, Grizzly Rose, Norton Center for the Arts, BuzzAngle Music, Classical Music Rising, MIDiA Research, BBC, PeerJ

What is the average time listened to music by streaming service?

In North America, users spend 2 hours 44 minutes per day listening to Apple Music which is more than Spotify.

Consequently, at most, music streaming users spend 19.11 hours per week or 81.9 hours in a 30-day month (Statista 5).

Apple Music and Spotify battle for domination in the US and Canada. When it comes to time spent listening to streaming music, Apple Music is winning.

On the other hand, Spotify has more global users.

What are the average minutes people listen to music on Spotify?

Spotify users, on average, spend 25 hours per month listening to music.

44% of Spotify users access the app daily.

What are the highest minutes listened on Spotify?

Over 403,418 minutes is the longest time spent listening to music on Spotify by the @indrahartmann in December 2021. Today the number is probably higher.

That's over 280 days spent on music listening alone.

How many minutes of music do you have to listen to be in the top 0.005% of listeners on Spotify?

The number changes from musician to musician, but if you wanted to be a Taylor Swift top 0.005% listener, you'd need over 30,000 minutes listening to her music.

To reach her top 2%, you'd only need 1,500 minutes. Keep in mind the trends change, and these numbers fluctuate with them. You'll likely need more or fewer minutes in the future, depending on her popularity (Pop Buzz).

What is the average number of songs in an album?

An album has between 9 and 12 tracks on average, but many are shorter or longer.

While the average number of songs in an album gives us a general idea, there is no rule for how long an album should be. (Routenote).

The 2021 best-selling album Adele's "30" has 12 tracks.

What's the longest album ever recorded?

You need 4 hours 49 minutes 20 seconds to listen to 111 tracks in the longest-recorded album "MEN" by Quiet Marauder.

An average song length in the "MEN" album is 2.6 minutes (WalesOnline).

But the longest ever digital album is:

"500X30 Morse Code Days In Lockdown" by Mark Lee and The Pocket Gods with 446 tracks.

They've held the Guinness World record a couple of times and regained it with the 446 behemoth album release in 2021 (Guinness World Records). But their album is only digital and not recorded.

Sources: Statista 5, GoodWaterCap, Pop Buzz, Routenote, WalesOnline, Guinness World Records

Why Do People Listen To Music?

Listening to music reduces pain, anxiety, blood pressure, releases dopamine, improves sleep, alertness and memory.

Basically, music makes people happier and feel better due to releasing happiness and painkiller hormones (dopamine & endorphins).

Research shows many benefits of listening to music which explains why it's a universal activity (John Hopkins Medicine).

According to psychological research, people listen to music to balance their mood, realize self-awareness, and express social relations.

Psychologists are calling these the Big Three (reasons) for music listening. They also found that the expression of social relatedness is considerably less important than the other two reasons (National Library of Medicine).
Who's a melomaniac?
Why do people listen to sad music when they are in a bad mood?

One of the main reasons people listen to sad music when they're in a bad mood is that they feel some kind of connection to the lyrics, melody, and emotions in a song and want to amplify it.

People want to amplify negative emotions due to hormone response after the session when prolactin and oxytocin make you feel calm and soothe the pain (Psychologs).

It's also a reason why people feel better after a good cry. It's all chemistry.

On the other hand, happy music makes us feel better and more comfortable because our brains produce dopamine and serotonin hormones.

Why do people listen to classical music?

People listen to classical music when they want to relax, focus and get energy for work. It also increases mental alertness and memory (National Library of medicine 2).

Classical music has a calming effect and helps reduce nervousness, jitters, anxiety, and high heart rate (AIRE).

Why do people listen to loud music?

People listen to loud music to relieve stress. Loud music stimulates the inner ear part called the "sacculus," which releases endorphins and makes us feel better.

The sacculus is especially stimulated by low frequencies or bass. This is why people like a "good beat" and "rumbling bass" and why bass headphones and bass earbuds are so popular.

Loud music also drowns out the world, evokes more emotion, and increases heart rate. It even improves physical performance, which is the reason for loud, bass-heavy music in gyms (New Scientist).

Sources: John Hopkins Medicine, National Library of Medicine, Psychologs, National Library of Medicine 2, , New Scientist

Types of music listeners

Casual listeners - are passive listeners who listen to popular music and don't have a strong preference for genres.

Average listeners - are often actively looking for new music and have a developed preference for music genres but don't spend an extraordinary amount of time or money on it.

Music critics - are knowledgeable and passionate about a specific music genre and feel like their opinion matters more than others.

Audiophiles - have developed music taste but focus more on the technical aspect of the sound quality and know all about headphones and speakers.

Melomaniacs - or music addicts who listen to music non-stop every day and strongly prefer genres and artists.

What music do Americans love the most?

Hip hop, rap, and R&B are the most popular music genres in America, representing 31.1% of streamed music consumption in the US.

While there isn't a hard line between hip hop, rap, and R&B, the category is often used interchangeably, and it's the most popular genre among Americans.

Rock is the second most popular, with 15.6% of streams coming rock genre (Statista 6)

Sources: Statista 6

Conclusion

Thanks for checking our list on time spent listening to music stats. Some people are truly music maniacs who spend an ever-increasing time enjoying music. An average person isn't far behind.

Do you think we missed answering any questions you'd like data on?

Let us know in the comments below.

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30+ People Listening to Music Statistics & Trends (2022)

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People Listening to Music Statistics 2022 The average time spent listening to music is increasing, and if you want data on: How much time do people spend listening to music per year? How many songs an average person hears in a lifetime? What is the longest time spent listening to music on Spotify?

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I play in a sport called water polo which is a competitive sport play in water with 7 people and a water polo ball. water polo was "created" in the early 19th century. i love the sport and i've been playing for about a year.

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Water polo is a competitive team sport played in water between two teams of seven players each. The game consists of four quarters in which the two teams attempt to score goals by throwing the ball into the opposing team's goal. The team with the most goals at the end of the game wins the match. Each team is made up of six field players and one goalkeeper. Excluding the goalkeeper, players participate in both offensive and defensive roles. Water polo is typically played in an all-deep pool so that players cannot touch the bottom.

A game of water polo mainly consists of the players swimming to move about the pool, treading water (mainly using the eggbeater kick), passing the ball, and shooting at the goal. Teamwork, tactical thinking and awareness are also highly important aspects in a game of water polo. Water polo is a highly physical and demanding sport and has frequently been cited as one of the most difficult sports to play.

Special equipment for water polo includes a water polo ball, a ball of varying colors which floats on the water; numbered and coloured caps; and two goals, which either float in the water or are attached to the sides of the pool.

The game is thought to have originated in Scotland in the mid-19th century; specifically, William Wilson is thought to have developed the game in the 1870s as a sort of "water rugby". The game further developed with the formation of the London Water Polo League and has since expanded, becoming popular in parts of Europe, the United States, Brazil, China, Canada and Australia.

The history of water polo as a team sport began as a demonstration of strength and swimming skill in mid-19th century England and Scotland, where water sports and racing exhibitions were a feature of county fairs and festivals. Men's water polo was among the first team sports introduced at the modern Olympic games in 1900. The present-day game involves teams of seven players (plus up to six substitutes), with a water polo ball similar in size to a soccer ball but constructed of air-tight nylon.

One of the earliest recorded viewings of water polo was conducted at the 4th Open Air Fete of the London Swimming Club, held at the Crystal Palace, London on 15 September 1873. Another antecedent of the modern game of water polo was a game of water 'handball' played at Bournemouth on 13 July 1876. This was a game between 12 members of the Premier Rowing Club, with goals being marked by four flags placed in the water near to the midpoint of Bournemouth Pier. The game started at 6:00 pm and lasted for 15 minutes (when the ball burst) watched by a large crowd; with plans being made for play on a larger scale the following week.

The rules of water polo were originally developed in the late nineteenth century in Great Britain by William Wilson. Wilson is believed to have been the First Baths Master of the Arlington Baths Club in Glasgow. The first games of 'aquatic football' were played at the Arlington in the late 1800s (the club was founded in 1870), with a ball constructed of India rubber. This "water rugby" came to be called "water polo" based on the English pronunciation of the Balti word for ball, pulu. Early play allowed brute strength, wrestling and holding opposing players underwater to recover the ball. Players held underwater for lengthy periods usually surrendered possession. The goalie stood outside the playing area and defended the goal by jumping in on any opponent attempting to score by placing the ball on the deck.

Water polo is now popular in many countries around the world, notably Europe (particularly in Croatia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Malta, Montenegro, the Netherlands, Romania, Russia, Serbia and Spain), Australia, Brazil, Canada and the United States.

Some countries have two principal competitions: a more prestigious league which is typically a double round-robin tournament restricted to the elite clubs, and a cup which is a single-elimination tournament open to both the elite and lesser clubs.

The rules of water polo cover the play, procedures, equipment and officiating of water polo. These rules are similar throughout the world, although slight variations to the rules do occur regionally and depending on the governing body. Governing bodies of water polo include FINA, the international governing organization for the rules; the NCAA rules, which govern the rules for collegiate matches in the United States; the NFHS rules which govern the rules in high schools in the US and the IOC rules which govern the rules at Olympic events.

There are seven players in the water from each team at one time. There are six players that play out and one goalkeeper. Unlike most common team sports, there is little positional play; field players will often fill several positions throughout the game as situations demand. These positions usually consist of a center forward, a center back, the two wing players and the two drivers. Players who are skilled in all positions of offense or defense are called utility players. Utility players tend to come off of the bench, though this is not absolute. Certain body types are more suited for particular positions, and left-handed players are especially coveted on the right-hand side of the field, allowing teams to launch two-sided attacks.

The offensive positions include: one center forward (also called a "set", "hole-set", "center", "setter", "hole", or "2-meter man", located on or near the 2-meter, roughly in the center of the goal), two wings (located on or near the 2-meter, just outside of the goal posts, respectively), two drivers (also called "flats", located on or near the 5-meter, roughly at the goal posts, respectively), and one "point" (usually just behind the 5 meter, roughly in the center of the goal, respectively), positioned farthest from the goal. The wings, drivers and point are often called the perimeter players; while the hole-set directs play. There is a typical numbering system for these positions in U.S. NCAA men's division one polo. Beginning with the offensive wing to the opposing goalie's right side is called one. The flat in a counter clockwise from one is called two. Moving along in the same direction the point player is three, the next flat is four, the final wing is five, and the hole set is called six. Additionally, the position in which a player is can give advantages based on a player's handedness, to improve a shooting or passing angle (for example, the right wing is often left handed).

The center sets up in front of the opposing team's goalie and scores the most individually (especially during lower level play where flats do not have the required strength to effectively shoot from outside or to penetrate and then pass to teammates like the point guard in basketball, or center midfield player in soccer). The center's position nearest to the goal allows explosive shots from close-range.

Defensive positions are often the same, but just switched from offence to defence. For example, the centre forward or hole set, who directs the attack on offence, on defence is known as "hole D" (also known as set guard, hole guard, hole check, pit defence or two-metre defence), and guards the opposing team's centre forward (also called the hole). Defence can be played man-to-man or in zones, such as a 2-4 (four defenders along the goal line). It can also be played as a combination of the two in what is known as an " M drop" defence, in which the point defender moves away ("sloughs off") his man into a zone in order to better defend the centre position. In this defence, the two wing defenders split the area furthest from the goal, allowing them a clearer lane for the counter-attack if their team recovers the ball.

Goalkeeper

The goalkeeper has the main role in blocking shots against the goal as well as guiding and informing their defense of imposing threats and gaps in the defense. The goalkeeper usually begins the offensive play by passing the ball across the pool to an attacker. It is not unusual for a goalkeeper to make an assisting pass to a goal on a break away.

The goalkeeper is given several privileges above those of the other players, but only within the five-meter area in front of their own goal:

The ability to punch the ball with a clenched fist,

The ability to touch the ball with two hands.

In general, a foul that would cause an ejection of a field player might bring on a five-metre shot on the goalkeeper. The goalkeeper also has one limitation that other players do not have: he cannot cross the half-distance line. Also, if a goalkeeper pushes the ball under water, the action will not be punished with a turnover like with field players, but with a penalty shot.

Common techniques and practices

Offense strategy

Player positioning

The most basic positional set up is known as a "3-3", so called because there are two lines in front of the opponent's goal. Another set up, used more by professional teams, is known as an "arc", "umbrella", or "mushroom"; perimeter players form the shape of an arc around the goal, with the hole set as the handle or stalk. Yet another option for offensive set is called a 4-2 or double hole; there are two center forward offensive players in front of the goal. Double hole is most often used in "man up" situations, or when the defense has only one skilled "hole D", or to draw in a defender and then pass out to a perimeter player for a shot ("kick out").

Another, albeit less common offense, is the "motion c", sometimes nicknamed "washing machine offence", in which two "weak-side" (to the right of the goal for right-handed players) perimeter players set up as a wing and a flat. The remaining four players swim in square pattern in which a player swims from the point to the hole and then out to the strong side wing. The wing moves to the flat and the flat to the point. The weak side wing and flat then control the tempo of play and try to make passes into the player driving towards the centre forward who can then either shoot or pass. This form of offence is used when no dominate hole set is available, or the hole defence is too strong. It is also seen much more often in women's water polo where teams may lack a player of sufficient size or strength to set up in the centre forward. The best advantage to this system is it makes man-coverage much more difficult for the defender and allows the offence to control the game tempo better once the players are "set up". The main drawback is this constant motion can be very tiring as well as somewhat predictable as to where the next pass is going to go.

Advancing the ball

When the offence takes possession of the ball, the strategy is to advance the ball down the field of play and to score a goal. Players can move the ball by throwing it to a teammate or swimming with the ball in front of them ( dribbling). If an attacker uses his/her arm to push away a defending player and free up space for a pass or shot, the referee will rule a turnover and the defence will take possession of the ball. If an attacker advances inside the 2-metre line without the ball or before the ball is inside the 2-metre area, (s)he is ruled offside and the ball is turned over to the defence. This is often overlooked if the attacker is well to the side of the pool or when the ball is at the other side of the pool.

Setting the ball

The key to the offence is to accurately pass (or "set") the ball into the centre forward or hole set, positioned directly in front of the goal ("the hole"). Any field player may throw the hole set a "wet pass". A wet pass is one that hits the water just outside the hole set's reach. A dry pass may also be used. This is where the hole set receives the ball directly in his hand and then attempts a shot at the cage. This pass is much more difficult because if the pass is not properly caught, the officials will be likely to call an offensive foul resulting in a change of ball possession. The hole set attempts to take possession of the ball [after a wet pass], to shoot at the goal, or to draw a foul from his defender. A minor foul is called if his defender (called the "hole D") attempts to impede movement before the hole set has possession. The referee indicates the foul with one short whistle blow and points one hand to the spot of the foul and the other hand in the direction of the attack of the team to whom the free throw has been awarded. The hole set then has a "reasonable amount of time" (typically about three seconds; there is no FINA rule on this issue) to re-commence play by making a free pass to one of the other players. The defensive team cannot hinder the hole set until the free throw has been taken, but the hole set cannot shoot a goal once the foul has been awarded until the ball has been played by at least one other player. If the hole set attempts a goal without the free throw, the goal is not counted and the defence takes possession of the ball, unless the shot is made outside the 5-metre line. As soon as the hole set has a free pass, the other attacking players attempt to swim (or drive) away from their defenders towards the goal. The players at the flat position will attempt to set a screen (also known as a pick) for the driver. If a driver gets free from a defender, the player calls for the pass from the hole set and attempts a shot at the goal.

Man-Up (5 on 6)

If a defender interferes with a free throw, holds or sinks an attacker who is not in possession or splashes water into the face of an opponent, the defensive player is excluded from the game for twenty seconds, known as a 'kick out' or an ejection. The attacking team typically positions 4 players on the 2 metre line, and 2 players on 5 metre line (4-2), passing the ball around until an open player attempts a shot. Other formations include a 3-3 (two lines of three attackers each) or arc (attackers make an arc in front of the goal and one offensive player sits in the 'hole' or 'pit' in front of the goal). The five defending players try to pressure the attackers, block shots and prevent a goal being scored for the 20 seconds while they are a player down. The other defenders can only block the ball with one hand to help the goalkeeper. The defensive player is allowed to return immediately if the offence scores, or if the defence recovers the ball before the twenty seconds expires.

Defense strategy

On defence, the players work to regain possession of the ball and to prevent a goal in their own net. The defence attempts to knock away or steal the ball from the offense or to commit a foul in order to stop an offensive player from taking a goal shot. The defender attempts to stay between the attacker and the goal, a position known as inside water.

Goalkeeper

Even with good backup from the rest of the defenders, stopping attacks can prove very difficult if the goalkeeper remains in the middle of the goal. The most defensible position is along a semicircular line connecting the goalposts and extending out in the centre. Depending on the ball carrier's location, the goalkeeper is positioned along that semicircle roughly a metre out of the goal to reduce the attacker's shooting angle. The goalkeeper stops using his or her hands to tread water once the opponent enters at about the 7 metre mark and starts to lift their upper body using the eggbeater technique to prepare to block the shot. Finally the goalkeeper tries to block the ball down, which is often hard for the longer reaches, but prevents an offensive rebound and second shot. As is the case with other defensive players, a goalkeeper who aggressively fouls an attacker in position to score can be charged with a penalty shot for the other team. The goalkeeper can also be ejected for twenty seconds if a major foul is committed. Also inside the five metre mark, the goalie can swing at the ball with a closed fist without being penalised.

Advantage rule If an offensive player, such as the centre forward, has possession of the ball in front of the goal, the defensive player tries to steal the ball or to keep the centre from shooting or passing. If the defender cannot achieve these aims, he may commit a foul intentionally. The hole set then is given a free throw but must pass off the ball to another offensive player, rather than making a direct shot at the goal. Defensive perimeter players may also intentionally cause a minor foul and then move toward the goal, away from their attacker, who must take a free throw. This technique, called sloughing, allows the defense an opportunity to double-team the hole set and possibly steal the inbound pass. The referee may refrain from declaring a foul, if in his judgment this would give the advantage to the offender's team. This is known as the Advantage Rule.

Water polo is a contact sport, with little protective gear besides swim suits and caps with ear protectors, and thus injuries are common. Among the most frequent serious injuries are those affecting the head and shoulders. Those induced to the head are usually caused by elbows or the ball itself, while shoulder injuries are a result of grabbing and pushing while throwing the ball or simply of repetitive overexertion of joints and muscles when taking hard shots. The hands and fingers are vulnerable areas, due to contact when opponents attempt to steal the ball, or when players block shots. Other injuries take place underwater, such as leg and groin injuries, as many actions cannot be seen from above the surface and not much padding is used to protect the players.

Sunburn is a common minor injury in outdoor matches. Players often don't apply sunscreen as it makes their skin, and hence the ball, slippery; FINA and most state governing bodies forbid the use of copious sunscreen to make the body harder for the opposing team to grip.

Variations

Inner tube water polo is a style of water polo in which players, excluding the goalkeeper, are required to float in inner tubes. By floating in an inner tube players expend less energy than traditional water polo players, not having to tread water. This allows casual players to enjoy water polo without undertaking the intense conditioning required for conventional water polo.

Surf polo, another variation of water polo, is played on surfboards. First played on the beaches of Waikiki in Hawaii in the 1930s and 1940s, it is credited to Louis Kahanamoku, Duke Kahanamoku's brother.

Canoe polo or kayak polo is one of the eight disciplines of canoeing pursued in the UK, known simply as "polo" by its aficionados. Polo combines paddling and ball handling skills with a contact team game, where tactics and positional play are as important as the speed and fitness of the individual athletes.

Flippa ball is a precursor variant intended for younger and beginner players to learn the basics of polo. It is played in shallow water and permits touching the bottom of the pool. Players rotate positions after each score.

Water polo equipment

Little player equipment is needed to play water polo. Items required in water polo include:

Ball: A water polo ball is constructed of waterproof material to allow it to float on the water. The cover is textured to give players additional grip. The size of the ball is different for men's, women's and junior games.

Caps: A water polo cap is used to protect the players' heads and ears, and to make them identifiable from afar. Home team field players wear numbered dark-colored caps; Visiting team field players wear numbered white caps. Both starting goalkeepers wear red caps (sometimes quartered), numbered "1" (substitute goalies' caps are numbered either "13" for FINA international play or "15" for NCAA play) Caps are fitted with ear protectors.

Goals: Two goals are needed in order to play water polo. These can either be put on the side of the pool, or in the pool using floaters.

Mouthguard: A mouthguard is not mandatory in most tournaments, but is recommended.

: Male water polo players wear either swim briefs or jammers (thigh-length trunks). Female players must wear a one-piece swimsuit. Suit-grabbing fouls are common, so players often wear tight-fitting suits, and may layer on several suits at a time for additional security. Many swimwear labels also sell specialized water polo suits that feature reinforced stitching and tougher fabric. Female water polo suits are generally one-piece outfits which do not have open backs, but zip securely up the back so as to not have straps that can be easily grabbed.

Major competitions

Summer Olympics

Men's water polo at the Olympics was the first team sport introduced at the 1900 games, along with cricket, rugby, football, polo (with horses), rowing and tug of war. Women's water polo became an Olympic sport at the 2000 Sydney Olympic Games after political protests from the Australian women's team.

One of the most historically known matches often referred to as the Blood in the Water match, was a 1956 Summer Olympics semi-final match between Hungary and the Soviet Union, played in Melbourne. As the athletes left for the games, the Hungarian revolution began, and the Soviet army crushed the uprising. The Hungarians defeated the Soviets 4-0 before the game was called off in the final minute to prevent angry Hungarians in the crowd reacting to Valentin Prokopov punching Ervin Zador.

Other tournaments

Every 2 to 4 years since 1973, a men's Water Polo World Championship is organized within the FINA World Aquatics Championships. Women's water polo was added in 1986. A second tournament series, the FINA Water Polo World Cup, has been held every other year since 1979. In 2002, FINA organised the sport's first international league, the FINA Water Polo World League.

There is also a European Water Polo Championship that is held every other year.

Professional water polo is played in many Southern and Eastern European countries like Serbia, Croatia, Montenegro, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Russia, Spain, etc. with the LEN Euroleague tournament played amongst the best teams.

There is also a World Club Water Polo Challenge.

General sources

External links

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Water polo is a competitive team sport played in water between two teams of seven players each. The game consists of four quarters in which the two teams attempt to score goals by throwing the ball into the opposing team's goal. The team with the most goals at the end of the game wins the match.