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The territories located in Central Italy were governed by the papacy. The control was between 756 and 1870. The states of the church allowed for the pope freedom of action without owing loyalty to any prince.

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Russia, during the Middle Ages, was conquered and controlled by the Vikings. The greatest expansion of the Viking reign was done by Prince Oleg the Prophet. They also controlled Belarus and Ukraine.

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During the Middle Ages, Brittany was known as an independent duchy. Brittany fought to become/remain an independent duchy. There were also megalithic monuments and mysterious art vestiges.

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The crusaders, from Portugal, were instructed to stay home, along with the Castilians, Leonese, and Aragonese crusaders.

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The Kingdom of León was located in the Iberian Peninsula, more specifically, the northwest region. The Christian princes of Asturias changed their capital from Oviedo to León.

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The Kingdom of Castile was known for being a highly powerful state located on the Iberian Peninsula. Castile, "land of castles," originated in the ninth century.

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The Holy Roman Empire was known for being the place of restoration/continuation of the Roman Empire. The empire was divided into two sections as well, western and eastern.

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Bohemia, known today as the Czech Republic, was made up of the western (largest historical region) in present day Czech Republic. It was known for being the most prosperously economic regions in the world.

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Syria came under the control of the Crusaders during the Middle Ages. Syria was conquered by the Ottoman empire from the years 1500-the nineteenth century.

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When Denmark became a Christian kingdom, the Lutheran Reformation was defeated.

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In Medieval Germany, it spanned across a huge geographic area for most of its reign. Eventually, it became ruled by feudal lords that were also ruled by a single leader.

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The Middle Ages had a trading town in Flanders. This made Europe one of the richest/most urbanized parts.

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During the Black Death plague, it struck Europe, specifically Sweden. The time period was considered during the older Middle Ages.

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It began as a major city in the Byzantine empire. Jerusalem flourished during the Muslim control

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Constantinople was the biggest and wealthiest capital in the world at the time.

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The city of Naples spread it's territory to the neighboring towns/cities. It became a huge city of wealth and trade in the region.

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The city of Milan was known for the Guelphs and the Ghibellines. The Visconti family took power in Milan.

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Florence, Metropolitan City of Florence, Italy

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Florence, Metropolitan City of Florence, Italy

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Florence, Metropolitan City of Florence, Italy

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Florence was named the birthplace of the Renaissance. It has huge historical significance. It was the center of European wool trade.

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Venice, Metropolitan City of Venice, Italy

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Venice, Metropolitan City of Venice, Italy

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Venice, Metropolitan City of Venice, Italy

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The republic of Venice was a huge financial/maritime power during the Middle Ages. It was a staging area for the the Battle of Lepanto.

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Ghent was one of the biggest cities in Europe. Their wealth came from their cloth trade and grain storage.

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Bruges in the medieval times was  a a commercial metropolis. This was located in the middle of Europe. The city has many influences in culture such as art and architecture.

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Damascus is one of the oldest cities in the Middle East. It was the centre of of a flourishing craft.

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Cairo was a huge place of great importance for spice trade between Asia and Europe. Because of the Black Death, Cairo slowly declined.

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The Iberian Peninsula affected society to be conflicted and religiously persecuted. The Iberian Peninsula was ruled by the Visgoths.

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The Danube River served as a transportation route. The crumbling Roman Empire/ the barbarian invaders formed a border.

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The Alps was a natural barrier for the civilization. The glaciers carved a path into the rock, which created various valleys.

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The Seine River was an important resource for western France as well as central France. The Seine River was also used for transportation.

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The Baltic Sea was a necessary point of interaction between the numerous exchanges of the external world.

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The Black Sea made income for trade and transportation. This linked the eastern European countries with the world markets.

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The Adriatic Sea was "controlled" by a series of states. These included Republic of Venice, Croatian Kingdom, the Byzantine empire, and the Habsburg monarchy. (also the Ottoman empire)

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The Mediterranean Sea was a trade route in the Middle Ages. Venice and Genoa were the most powerful regions at the time.