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RESEARCH DESIGN
-supplies framework for your research and describes how will you conduct your study
-talks about what research approach will be used(qualitative or quantitative)
-what research method is appropriate to be used in the study

1. Qualitative
-Ethnography
-Case study
-Grounded theory
-Phenomenology

2. Quantitative
-Descriptive
-Correlational
-Comparative
-Experimental

ex: Used Comparative research design to be able to compare  the academic performance of of grade 12 STEM strand on face-to-face learning method and academic performance of grade 11 Stem on online learning method

RESEARCH LOCALE
• specific location or place where the study will be conducted
ex.
Our Lady of Perpetual Succor College located in Gen. Ordoñez St., Concepcion Uno, Marikina City

• specific participants; why they were chosen
ex.
OLOPSC STEM students; reachable & accessible

• sampling technique
ex.
Random Sampling

• focus/goal of the study towards respondents
ex.
A comparison of the batch of face-to-face learners to the batch of online learners to determine if online learning is an effective learning method in the Academic School Year 2020-2021. (Group 1 - Isaiah, 2020)

PARTICIPANTS
• research participants are also called the human subject or study participant.
• a person or group of people who takes part in a given study.
• can be divide by groups, age, gender and etc.

ex.
The target respondents in this study are Grade 11 and Grade 12 students of OLOPSC Senior High School.

RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS
• collecting, measuring, and analyzing
• explain the tool used
• questionnaires or survey

ex.
The researchers used a questionnaire or survey in gathering data for the study. The
survey is in the form of Google forms and is distributed among the Grade 12 STEM
students of OLOPSC.

DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE
• it is the procedure needed to accumulate data that are relevant in the study in a step-by-step manner.

1. Identify the tool will use
* Qualitative
- open-ended survey questionnaires
- one on one interviews
* Quantitative
- Close-ended survey questionnaires

2. Formulation of questions that are fitted with their target population through the use of research problem
* Qualitative
- what?, how?, where?, when?, why?, who?
* Quantitative
- did?, do?, was?

3. Distribution of questionnaires or the schedules of interviews

Ex. The survey questionnaires will be given to the presidents of each class, who is instructed to distribute the questionnaires to the respondents. ( Group 1 - Isaiah, 2020)

4.  Interpretation and analyzing the results gathered

STATISTICAL TREATMENT
- a numerical method is applied to a data collection in order to derive significance from it

- it describes the relationship between variables in a population, or inferential statistics, and tests a hypothesis by drawing conclusions from the data collected

examples:

1. Paired T-Test
• the formula used to determine the significant difference between two (2) variable means or to test the significant difference between two variables means.

Formula:
t = Σd / sqrt of n (Σd^2) - (Σd)^2/ n-1
Where:
d = difference per paired value
n = number of samples

2. Mean
- the formula used to the get average or central value

Formula:
X = Σx/N
Where:
X = mean
Σx = sum of all scores
N = number of cases

3. Pearson Correlation Coefficient
-the formula used to determine the degree of association between two sets of variables, X and Y, or to test the significance of the relationship between the two variables.

Formula:
r = Σ (Xi-\X) (Yi-\Y) / sqrt of Σ (Xi-\X)^2 Σ (Yi-\Y)^2
Where:
r = correlation coefficient
Xi = values of the x-variable in a sample
\X = mean of the values of the x-variable
Yi = values of the y-variable in a sample
\Y = mean of the values of the y-variable

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Research Design
The researchers chose quantitative-comparative to inquire about the plan as the appropriate method to utilize to accumulate the data required since this may offer assistance in finding out in the event that there's a significant contrast between students engaged in online learning and the three subscales to the students’ scholastic performances which is the most objective of the study.

Research Locale
Research Locale simply explains where a study will be conducted. It only discusses details about a place that is relevant.
Performance in Online Learning”.   For example, a study conducted in New Zealand will bear different results compared to studies in the Philippines as the Philippines is still on lockdown, while New Zealand is not. Research Locale also mentions the target population.

In their Scope and Delimitation, they mention that their target population is Grade 12 STEM students enrolled online and that the study will be conducted in Our Lady of Perpetual Succor College.

Participants
The participant is referring to a person that associates with something. A participant is a person involved in a group who will do something.

The participants will be in OLOPSC STEM 12. SHS STEM 12 are chosen due to the subject of where they have different specialized and core subjects per strand. Therefore makes the variable all the same. Random sampling will be used in order to avoid bias selection in sections.

Research Instrument
- Research Instrument refers to the tools that you may use to collect or obtain the data that you need in your study. An example of this is a self-survey questionnaire that is being used to measure a specific variable. This survey questionnaire will aid to provide relevant findings for the success of the study.

Data gathering Procedure
This area shows the procedures that come up with the crucial and accurate as possible data for this task in a step-by-step manner. Researchers use appropriate tools for measuring the variables presented in the study.

# data[].attributes.body
1. The research design refers to the overall strategy that you choose to integrate the different components of the study in a coherent and logical way, thus, ensuring you will effectively address the research problem.

2. The research locale discusses the place or setting of the study. It describes in brief the place where the study is conducted. Only important features which have the bearing on the present study are included.

3. The research participant, also called a human subject or an experiment, trial, or study participant or subject, is a person who voluntarily participates in human subject research after giving informed consent to be the subject of the research.

4. The Research Instrument it is a tool used to collect, measure, and analyze data related to your research interests. These tools are most commonly used in health sciences, social sciences, and education to assess patients, clients, students, teachers, staff, etc.

5. the Data collection it is the procedure of collecting, measuring and analyzing accurate insights for research using standard validated techniques. A researcher can evaluate their hypothesis on the basis of collected data..

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1. RESEARCH DESIGN
The research design is the overall strategy you choose to integrate the various components of the study in a coherent and logical manner, ensuring that the research problem is effectively addressed.
The study of the researchers used a quantitative-comparative research design. A comparative research design compares and contrasts two or more objects or concepts. The independent variable in this study is the Grade 12 STEM students' student engagement in online learning, while the dependent variable is their academic performance.

sample
dependent and independent variables
Research design sample
-The researcher use the dependent and independent variable to compare the Grade12 STEM STUDENTS engagement in online learning
2. Research Locale

The research locale focuses on the information regarding the place where the study will be conducted. It also describes the reasons why that specific location is chosen for the research to take place and how it affects the research.
it explained where the researchers are going to conduct the study. They chose that their participants be from Our Lady of Perpetual Succor College since these students are more accessible and convenient to contact. The researchers took the pandemic into consideration in choosing their respondents.

3. PARTICIPANTS
- Measurement of targeted population
- Benefits
- Unique features that set from the general population
Sample:
In this example, “random sampling” is used. According to aapor.org, random sampling is done by choosing random participants through out the research. The researchers in the example decided to do it to obtain equal probability and avoid bias in selection. Nonetheless, the targeted group in the sample was grade 12 STEM students in OLOPSC.

4. Data Gathering Procedure

The data gathering procedure contains the tools and methods the researchers will use in conducting their research, namely the questionnaires or the chosen statistical treatment. This section also explains how reliable the methods of gathering data that the researchers wish to use.

Data gathering procedure sample

From: EZRA
They decided to make use of surveys provided to each section of the STEM strand.  They made use of convenience sampling as they based the qualifications of the respondents to the students availability

5. Research Instruments

refers to any tool that you may use to collect or obtain data, measure data and analyze data that is relevant to the subject of your research. The format of a research instrument may consist of questionnaires, surveys, interviews, checklists or simple tests. The choice of which specific research instrument tool to use will be decided on the by the researcher. It will also be strongly related to the actual methods that will be used in the specific study. A research instrument is a tool used to collect, measure, and analyze data related to your subject. Research instruments can be tests, surveys, scales, questionnaires, or even checklists.

Sample for research instrument

From: EZRA
They made use of questionnaires divided into three parts to measure different categories

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METHODOLOGY

Research Design - Research design is the framework of research methods and techniques chosen by a researcher. The design makes it possible for researchers to focus on their research methods that are suitable for the subject matter

Example: Comparative research design was used by the researchers to compare the academic performance of Grade 11 STEM and Grade 12 STEM on the learning method based on the grades on their taken subject in the 1st semester.

Research Locale -  It is the specific location where the study was done by the researchers.

Example: Our Lady of Perpetual Succor College (OLOPSC)

Participants of the study - These are the people whom the researchers are getting information from that would be used for the study.

Example:

Isaiah: Grade 11 - 12 of STEM Strand

Ezra: Grade 12 STEM Students

Erza: Grade 12 Students

Research Instruments - are instruments used to gather, measure, and analyze information that will be used in the research.

Example: Questionnaire, surveys in google form

Data gathering procedure - Is the process of gathering and measuring information in an organized way.

Example: The researchers first provided the survey to the presidents of each section of the STEM

strand. Then the researchers instructed the presidents to distribute the surveys to the respondents

of both batches. Since the research used convenience sampling, the researchers based the

qualifications of the respondents solely on the student's availability but with the limit to only

STEM students,