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Fiber evidence taken during the Stephen Lawrence Murder investigation.  GClark

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Fiber evidence is another form that can be used to determine whether two people came into contact with one another or if a person was in a certain location. Zahra Rumph

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Fiber evidence is another form that can be used to determine whether two people came into contact with one another or if a person was in a certain location. Zahra Rumph

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Do not package wet evidence. Fibers or objects containing fiber evidence should be air dried before being placed in sealed containers. - Zahra Rumph

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Do not package wet evidence. Fibers or objects containing fiber evidence should be air dried before being placed in sealed containers. - Zahra Rumph

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Visual collection- Can be seen with a naked eye. Through use of clean forceps and paper, the sample can be removed from the surface and placed into a clean piece of paper that can be folded and packaged in a paper envelope.  Zahra Rumph    

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Visual collection- Can be seen with a naked eye. Through use of clean forceps and paper, the sample can be removed from the surface and placed into a clean piece of paper that can be folded and packaged in a paper envelope.  Zahra Rumph    

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Tape lifting-Trace tapes are available for the collection of trace hair and fiber evidence. Zahra Rumph

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Tape lifting-Trace tapes are available for the collection of trace hair and fiber evidence. Zahra Rumph

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Zahra Rumph   Vacuuming-The area where the suspected samples are located is vacuumed and evidence is caught in a filtered trap attached to the vacuum. The samples are packaged in clean trace paper for submission to the laboratory. Vacuuming is the least desirable collection method because there is a risk of cross-contamination if the equipment is not properly cleaned between each use.

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Zahra Rumph   Vacuuming-The area where the suspected samples are located is vacuumed and evidence is caught in a filtered trap attached to the vacuum. The samples are packaged in clean trace paper for submission to the laboratory. Vacuuming is the least desirable collection method because there is a risk of cross-contamination if the equipment is not properly cleaned between each use.

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ARBIDAR Company- Natural Fiber Collection
Collaborative Testing Services, Inc. - Fiber Collection
FBI Lab - Fiber Library
FBI Lab - Forensic Automobile Carpet Database (FACD)
-Zahra Rumph

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ATF Trace Evidence Unit Reference Collections

Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF)

Collections of various trace evidence samples; automotive paint pigments, human hair, animal hair, fibers, black spray paint, silicone adhesive, electrical tape, and duct tape. Collections include various automotive paint pigments, human hair, animal hair, fibers (hundreds), black spray paints (~10), silicone adhesives (30-50), electrical tape (30-40), and duct tape (20-30).

Collection can be accessed by emailing POC.

Some samples (i.e. human and animal hair) are steadily accumulated. Others (i.e. black spray paint, silicone adhesives) are collected for a specific case. Samples are collected from various sources, including volunteers, casework, and commercial vendors.

Physical samples.

Leonora Bender
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms,
and Explosives (ATF)
202.648.6146

Digital Automotive Image System (DAIS)

Automobile Identification

Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI) -- Digital Evidence Laboratory

A digital system, which fits entirely on one DVD, with photos and data of motor vehicles commercially manufactured in the last twenty years. Used in image analysis to provide opinions as to whether a car in a photo could be a particular make, model, or year car. Collection of images of make, model and year of cars. Includes front, side, and rear photos of motor vehicles and accompanying data. The software can generate "Be On the Lookout"-type posters and produce photo lineups. DAIS contains thousands of records.

User must request a DVD from the FBI. Database can then be downloaded from DVD and installed on an unlimited number of computers. The data is searchable by vehicle category, body style, number of doors, and other characteristics. CDs are available up request to law enforcement only.

Images are obtained per contract with Southwest Research Institute through TSWG.

Digital records.

EPA NEIC Asbestos Collection

Asbestos, Silicate Mineral

Private Collection, Owner works for EPA NEIC

Self-maintained, private collection of asbestos samples. Owner is willing and has provided samples to requesting parties on occasion. The collection contains 20-40 asbestos samples collected from mines in North America (Vermont, Quebec, North Carolina, Arizona), rockshops, and bookshops.

Contact the POC/Owner. Physical samples are available for some, but not all, of the collection's specimens. Currently only used internally and for educational purposes in court. Any outsider with a legetimate cause can request access.

Samples collected from caves, or purchases in rockshops and bookshops by the collection owner.

Physical samples.

Peggy Forney,
Collection Owner
National Enforcement
Investigations Center,
EPAC
Chemist
303.462.9110

European Collection of Automotive Paints (EUCAP)

Paint, Automobile Identification

The French Police Lab maintains the database; data analysis is performed by the Federal Criminal Police Force of Germany (BKA).

A searchable collection of paint samples removed from primarily salvage vehicles by law enforcement laboratory participants throughout Europe. Paint samples collected by European Law Enforcement Agencies.

The database can be accessed via the internet via a secure ID and password assigned by the French Police Lab.

FBI Lab - Fiber Library

Fibers

Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI) -- FBI Laboratory

Database of FTIR spectra of textile fibers used to identify fiber types. Database includes 86 records. Each record includes FTIR spectra. Physical samples of fibers are also held.

Library is stored in FBI's version of the OMNIC library search software (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.). Outside agencies can request FBI Trace Evidence staff to carry out analysis by contacting POC. No cost to access; outside labs and agencies can submit requests to FBI.

Most of the fiber samples were obtained from Collaborative Testing Services (a commercial company).

Digital records and physical samples.

FBI Lab - Forensic Automobile Carpet Database (FACD)

Fibers, Automobile Identification

Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI) -- FBI Laboratory

A collection of carpet fibers removed from vehicles. Fibers are entered into a centralized searchable database that is used to provide investigative make/model/year information. Collection includes about 800 samples of known automobile carpet fibers. Records include microscopic characteristics including cross-section, diameter, color as seen through microscope, IR microscopy, microspectrometry.

Sample is first analyzed and a search is carried out using a Microsoft Access database. The sample is then compared with physical samples of possible matches. Outside law enforcement agencies will be able to submit evidence for analysis by the FBI. No cost to access; outside labs and agencies can submit requests to FBI.

Fibers come from personally-owned vehicles, manufactures, and junkyards.

Digital records and physical samples.

Stephen Shaw
Federal Bureau
of Investigations,
FBI Laboratory
703.632.7706 stephen.shaw@
ic.fbi.gov

International Forensic Automotive Paint Data Query (PDQ)

Paint, Automobile Identification

Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP)-- Forensic Laboratory Services

The International Forensic Automotive Paint Data Query (PDQ) database is a centralized, searchable database of chemical and color information of original automotive paints. Search results provide make/model/year information. PDQ contains foreign and domestic automotive paint samples from ~13,000 vehicles and ~50,000 layers of paint. Most paint samples consist of four layers typically used for an automotive job. Contains majority of post-1973 vehicles marketed in the US.

Access is granted through a program updated and released by RCMP annually through a CD release. Law enforcement agencies interested in PDQ who are not already members can contact PDQ directly by email. Partnering agencies also have access to physical samples by request. Use of the PDQ is for bona fide law enforcement agencies only that perform forensic paint examinations as part of criminal investigations. "Payment" for access to the database is the submission of 60 samples to PDQ each year. In addition, users must sign a non-disclosure agreement.

Every accessing institution must submit 60 paint samples per year, these usually come from vehicles at body shops or junk yards or manufacturers. Samples are also collected directly from some automotive companies.

Samples are analyzed for their identifying chemical properties, and this information is stored digitally. Physical samples are available by request (see more information).

Email PDQ:

Mark Sandercock
Manager, Trace Evidence
Operations Support
National Centre for
Forensic Services -
AlbertaRoyal Canadian
Mounted Police
780.451.7418
mark.
sandercock@
rcmp-grc.gc.ca

Diana Wright
Federal Bureau
of Investigations,
FBI Laboratory
703.632.7418

Locke Scientific - GRIM Glass Standards

Glass

Locke Scientific (commercial)

Glass standards for GRIM.

Standards can be purchased for use in the laboratory.

Physical samples.

Susan Gross
Minnesota BCA
Chemistry Supervisor
651.793.2900
sue.t.gross@
state.mn.us

McCrone Microscopes & Accessories - Slide Sets

Reference Materials/ Standards

McCrone Microscopes & Accessories (commercial)

Microscope company stocks a number of slide sets that serve as reference collections for forensic analysis. Sets include a paint pigment set, particle set, fiber reference sets, white powder set, and an asbestos reference set. Paint Pigment Set - 50 samplesFiber Reference Set - 100 samplesAsbestos Reference Set - 25 samples; includes materials that contain asbestosParticle Reference Set - 100 samplesWhite Powder Set - 25 samples

Standard reference materials and slide sets can be searched and purchased on the website. Paint Pigment Set - $325.00; Fiber Reference Set - $725.00; Asbestos Reference Set - $450.00; Particle Reference Set - $725.00; White Powder Set - $300.00

Samples in each slide set are selected by based on most commonly seen specimen for each category.

Physical samples purchased from an online catalogue.

MicroTrace - SRM Collections

Reference Materials/ Standards

MicroTrace Scientific (commercial)

Company that sells reference material collections and slide sets. Reference materials include forensic fiber reference collection, natural fiber collection, hair and fur collection, forensic mineral analysis slide set, and automotive pigment reference collection. Reference Collections- Fiber Reference Collection: 200 traceable, authenticated synthetic fibers- The Arbidar Animal Hair and Fur Collection: 80 animal hair samples from around the world representing 49 genera- The Arbidar Natural Fiber Collection:80 samples representing a wide variety of natural fibers including vegetable fibers, animal fur fibers used in textiles, silks, and papersSlide Reference Collections:- Forensic Mineral Reference Collection: approximately 40 slides of minerals that are forensically significant- Automotive Pigment Reference Collection: approximately 40 slides of paint pigments from automotive manufacturers

Standard reference materials can be searched and purchased on the website. Cost varies by product; legitimate forensic laboratories can purchase.

N/A

Physical samples are available for purchase through the online catalog.

Microtrace LLC
790 Fletcher Drive
Suite 106
Elgin, IL 60123-4755
847.742.9909

National Automotive Paint File (NAPF)

Paint, Automobile Identification

Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI) -- FBI Laboratory

A physical collection of automotive paint panels acquired and maintained by the FBI's Chemistry Unit for use in casework. NAPF is a physical collection of paint color standards and/or full system paint panels (as a vehicle would be painted, not just the top coats). It contains approximately 14,000 automotive paint panels.

NAPF is used in an investigation to make a physical comparison of evidentiary paint chips to known paint colors to aid in identifying possible vehicle makes and models in hit-and-run investigations. The FBI Lab may be able to provide small samples of specific vehicle colors to other law enforcement agencies if that agency has some knowledge of the specific color or model they are seeking.

Automotive manufacturers provide these physical samples free of charge to the FBI Lab for all vehicles available for purchase in North America. This does not include commercial vehicles such as trucks, buses, motorcycles or RVs.

NAPF is not a database; physical samples are available.

Diana Wright
Federal Bureau
of Investigations,
FBI Laboratory
703.632.7418

National Forensic Tape File (NFTF)

Tape

Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI) -- FBI Laboratory

The National Forensic Tape File is used for determining the manufacturer and/or product for duct tape sourcing requests and is also a repository for samples used in the FBI duct tape and electrical tape discrimination studies. ~500 tape samples stored in-house in plastic bags and plastic bins in a storage cabinet. Physical properties and/or chemical composition can be searched in SLICE software to determine potential manufacturer/product candidates, and then those candidates can be pulled out of NFTF for a direct comparison to the unknown sample.

The Florida Department of Law Enforcement (FDLE) and FBI both use SLICE software to interact with digital tape records. - FDLE and FBI are willing to share their digital records with other forensic scientists that have SLICE and are willing to share/exchange samples.- For a laboratory without the SLICE software, the FBI can conduct the analysis for them as long as it adheres to the case acceptance policy. Case Acceptance Policy: Usually if it's a case that has FBI jurisdiction, they will accept it and perform the analysis. If the lab has its own capabilities, then it must do the analysis itself (but FBI and FDLE will share/exchange data and samples).

Manufacturers provide rolls free of charge (majority of samples) or samples are purchased. A new roll is assigned a sequential number, put into a storage cabinet, its paperwork is filed, and then it is analyzed and data is put into SLICE.

Digital records can be shared through the SLICE software. Physical samples are maintained in-house.

Andria Mehltretter
Federal Bureau
of Investigations,
FBI Laboratory
703.632.7415
andria.
mehltretter@
ic.fbi.gov

Polyethylene Repository & Information Database for Evdience (PRIDE)

Plastic Bags

Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI) -- FBI Laboratory

Repository of polyethylene reference samples. Examples include trash bags and sandwich bags. Database can be used to determine the possible manufacturer of a bag used at a crime scene. Collection includes approximately 1,000 samples of polyethylene bags.

There is a standalone system at the FBI Laboratory Questioned Documents Unit. The QDU will search the system to fulfill outside requests. Outside agencies submit the questioned specimen for QDU to do analysis. No cost to access; outside law enforcement agencies can submit requests to the FBI.

Samples were obtained as part of a research project for development of the database. Additional samples are provided by the program manager. Submitted samples are not added to PRIDE because manufacturer information is unknown.

Digital records and physical samples.

Meg McHenrymarguerite.mchenry [at] ic.fbi.gov (marguerite.
Federal Bureau
of Investigations,
FBI Laboratory
703.632.7283

mchenry@
ic.fbi.gov)

Contacts if agencies have questions:

FBI Questioned
Documents Unit:
703.632.8444

FBI Evidence Control: 703.632.8360

Powder Diffraction File (PDF)

Powders

International Center for Diffraction Data (ICDD)

Database of powder diffraction data for the identification of crystalline materials. The database can be purchased in different versions. Collection includes 715,953 total records, broken down into numerous libraries that the user can purchase depending on user needs (basic version, advanced version, and mineral and organics add-ons). Diffraction, crystallographic, and bibliographic data are kept on each data set. Select physical properties are also kept.

PDF can be purchased as a standalone version on user's PC (depending on version). User must first purchase a license (1 year for advanced version, 5 years for basic version). For sales information, call the number listed or visit the website. Pricing information for various packages appears on the brochure. Product may be purchased after agreeing to the licensing terms.

The following institutions are collaborative partners on PDF:- International Center for Diffraction Data (ICDD); Newtown Square, PA- Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre (CCDC); Cambridge, UK, Cambridge Structural Database (CSD)- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); Gaithersburg, MD- Fachinformationszentrum Karlsruhe (FIZ); Karlsruhe, Germany, Crystal Structure Database (ICSD)- Material Phases Data System (MPDS); Vitznau, Switzerland, Linus Pauling File (LPF)

Digital records.

TireGuides, Inc. - Tread Design Guide

Impressions

Tire Guides, Inc. (commercial)

Database of tire tread designs utilized to provide investigative lead information on possible make and model for unknown impressions. The Tread Design Guide shows tread patterns for all types of tires sold in the U.S.*A comprehensive Visual Identification of all types of Tire Tread Pattern Designs.*Covers Passenger, Light Truck and Medium Truck vehicles.*Includes Off-Road and Agricultural Tread Patterns.*Also covers Motorcycle and retread tire tread designs.*Provides information on how to read a tire sidewall and on the different Tire Sizing Systems.*Gives detailed information on Speed-Rating and Load Indexes as well as lug nut torque and tightening sequences.*Back Issues available.

The individual guides can be purchased as a hardcopy book. A computerized version is also available. Contact Tire Guides Inc. by phone or through the URL. Price Quantity (from website)$28.00 1 - 4 $27.00 5 - 9 $25.00 10 - 24 $24.00 25 - 99

Tread patterns and other information compiled for tires sold in the U.S..

Digital records.

Tire Guides Inc. -
Tire Information Center
1101 South Rogers Circle
Ste 6
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2748 561.997.9229
tireinfo@
tireguides.com

TSWG Sponsored FIU Glass Database

Glass, Elemental Analysis

Florida International University, sponsored by the Technical Support Working Group

The database assesses the relative frequency that two glass samples from different sources would have the same elemental profile. The purpose of this database is to provide glass examiners a view of the frequency of occurrence of elemental composition for ~700 different glass samples originating from different sources. The database contains elemental analysis data for 12 elements for ~ 700 glass samples from manufacturers, distributors, and vehicle junkyards. Samples include: containers, float, headlamp, and vehicle glasses.

The database is not designed to be searched for casework in the way that other forensic databases (i.e. PDQ) but rather, it is to be used by researchers to estimate the probability of a random occurrence of elemental composition for different glass sources. Two plasma mass spectrometers are used to perform an elemental analysis of glass. Freely available to agencies and researchers with a reasonable cause.

Samples are collected from manufacturers, distributors, and vehicle junkyards. The data was collected from a single laboratory (FIU) as part of a research project.

Digital data records.

Dr. Jose Almirall, Professor
Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry,
Florida International
University
305.348.3917

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ATF Trace Evidence Unit Reference Collections Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF) Collections of various trace evidence samples; automotive paint pigments, human hair, animal hair, fibers, black spray paint, silicone adhesive, electrical tape, and duct tape.

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Dior W.

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Hairs, Fibers, Crime, and Evidence, Part 3, by Deedrick (Forensic Science Communications, July 2000)

July 2000 - Volume 2 - Number 3

Hairs, Fibers, Crime, and Evidence Part 3: Crime and Evidence

Unit Chief
Trace Evidence Unit
Federal Bureau of Investigation
Washington, DC

Introduction | Crime Scene Search | Evidence Collection | Evidence Handling Procedures
Protocol for Evidence Processing in the FBI Laboratory
Examination Conclusions

The manner in which a crime scene is searched is determined by the type of crime, the location of the scene, details concerning events of the crime, the time of day, the number of people available for the search, and available equipment. Inasmuch as hair and fiber evidence can play a role in most cases involving violent crime, serious consideration should be given to collecting it properly. Once the crime has been committed, little time remains before hair and fiber evidence will be lost or contaminated. The importance of securing the crime scene cannot be overstated.

Crime Scene Search

When physical contact occurs between two individuals, objects, or individuals and objects, there is a likelihood of transfer of hair and fiber evidence. This likelihood is dependent on the nature of the contact, the duration of the contact, and the nature of the contacting surfaces. The direct transfer of hairs from the head of an individual to the clothing of another individual is called a primary transfer. When hairs have already been shed and are transferred to an individual, it is called secondary transfer. Fibers are transferred in a similar manner. When fibers are transferred from the fabric of an individual's clothing to the clothing of another individual, it is called a primary transfer. As these same fibers are transferred to other objects during subsequent contacts, secondary transfers are occurring.

It is important for crime scene investigators to understand the mechanisms of primary and secondary transfer. As trace evidence can be transferred during the commission of a crime, it can also be transferred during the search process. Hairs and fibers can not only be picked up inadvertently by investigators, they can be inadvertently deposited at the crime scene. The following are considerations at the crime scene:

Elimination hair and/or fiber samples may need to be obtained from personnel conducting the search.

Prioritize the order of evidence collection. Collect large items first and then proceed to the trace evidence. USE CAUTION WHEN WALKING THE CRIME SCENE.

Once the trace evidence is collected via vacuuming, taping, or tweezing, take blood samples, remove bullets, dust for fingerprints, and so on.

Processing the crime scene for fingerprints prior to trace evidence collection is not recommended because it can

Inadvertently transfer trace evidence onto the clothing of the technicians,

Move trace evidence, and/or

Contaminate trace evidence with dusting powder.

Evidence Collection

The following are suggestions for collecting evidence from crime scenes such as houses, apartments, and vehicles:

Photograph all evidence prior to removing it.

Remove larger items or debris from carpeting or walk areas prior to other examinations. Consider wearing disposable booties.

Collect large items, such as clothing, and place them in separate paper bags. Keep an accurate evidence log. One person should collect and bag the items while another person labels the bags and records the items in the log.

Do not place all clothing items from a suspect in one paper bag, nor all items from a victim in another bag. Bag each item separately.

Never put suspect items and victim items in contact with one another. The person collecting the suspect's items should not be the same person that collects the victim's items. If this must occur, personnel must change their clothing and collect the evidence at a different time to avoid contamination.

Bedding should be carefully handled to avoid loss of hairs and fibers. Each item should be placed in a separate bag.

Floor surfaces should be vacuumed for possible trace evidence. Some crime scene investigators use tape to secure trace evidence; however, tape is generally difficult to work with at the scene and in the laboratory. Smaller surfaces such as chairs and car seats can be taped or vacuumed.

Ensure that carpet, pet hair, and other standards that might have transferred to a suspect or victim are collected.

Always process for fingerprints after collecting trace evidence.

Collect all possible known fiber samples from a vehicle. These may be obtained from the carpet, door panels, headliner, seats, floor mats, and trunk.

The following suggestions pertain to different types of items recovered at the crime scene:

Hairs found in the hands of the victim usually belong to the victim. Rarely are the hairs similar to the suspect's known hairs; nevertheless, these must be collected and submitted for analysis.

Pubic and head hair combings should always be taken in violent crimes. Foreign hairs as well as fibers can be recovered from these samples. If a hat is recovered at the crime scene and a suspect is identified soon, it may be possible to find fibers similar to those in the hat in the suspect's hair.

Thorough random samples should be taken from the head and pubic regions of a suspect(s) and
victim(s). Twenty-five full-length hairs, pulled and combed from different areas of the head and pubic regions, are generally considered an adequate representation of an individual's hair characteristics.

Doors and windows should be searched for trace evidence if they are possible points of entry or exit.

Evidence Handling Procedures

Once the evidence has been collected, there are several recommendations or considerations when packaging it for transmittal to the laboratory. Clothing items must be packaged in separate sealed paper bags-not plastic. To avoid contamination, clothing items from the suspect should never be handled in the same area in which items from the victim are handled. All damp or blood-soaked items must be air-dried in a room away from air movement and traffic. Drying paper placed under damp clothing items should be submitted separately.

Submit individual hairs and fibers in clean paper or in an envelope with sealed corners. The primary paper or envelope should be placed inside a secondary sealed envelope with all corners taped. Many times individual hairs identified on items of clothing are not removed or secured. These hairs may move or be lost, so it is recommended that they be removed and placed in an envelope (first noting where they were removed).

If a floor surface is vacuumed, the debris should be placed on a white sheet of paper (8 x 11 inches) and folded at the corners. This paper should be placed in a heat-sealed or resealable plastic bag.

Protocol for Evidence Processing
in the FBI Laboratory

When evidence is received in the Trace Evidence Unit, the case is assigned to an examiner. The examiner will read the incoming communication to determine the nature of the offense, the names of the suspects and victims, and the types of requested examinations. It is important to have an understanding of the offense to help determine the course of action in the Laboratory. Contact between family members or friends would be treated differently, as the transfer of trace evidence would be more likely in these cases.

In the Unit, there are three processing rooms designed for debris collection. Debris is collected through a combination of picking, scraping, and sometimes taping. Whereas taping is considered by some laboratories to be a preferred technique, it can be time-consuming and tedious and can present a storage problem for the tape collections. Vacuuming is not recommended for clothing items. The clothing of a victim is processed in a room other than the room in which the suspect's clothing is processed. The collected debris is placed in pillboxes and examined with a stereobinocular microscope. Hairs and fibers are mounted on glass microscope slides for identification and comparison purposes.

Collecting trace evidence using scraping and picking techniques

Collecting trace evidence
with a vacuum

Examination Conclusions

When a questioned hair exhibits the same microscopic characteristics as the known hairs of an individual, the hair could have originated from that individual. If the questioned hair is microscopically dissimilar to the known hair standard, it cannot be associated with the individual. Different people generally have different hair characteristics, but differences in microscopic characteristics can also be the result of time and alteration. Known hair samples should be collected from individuals as soon as possible to the date of the crime. As time passes, microscopic characteristics can change, and the individual may alter the color with dyes.

Stereomicroscopic examination

If a fiber exhibits the same microscopic and optical properties as a known fabric, the fiber could have originated from that fabric. Although it is not possible to say that a fiber originated from a particular fabric, fiber matches are not insignificant. Because of the many different types of fibers and fabrics and the many different ways they can be colored, the likelihood of finding coincidental matches is low. It is possible, however, to positively say that a torn piece of fabric originated from another fabric if the torn edges match.

For more information about trace evidence and the recovery of evidence from crime scenes, see the Hairs and Fibers and Crime Scene Search sections of the Handbook of Forensic Services.
To Hair Evidence To Fiber Evidence

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Hairs, Fibers, Crime, and Evidence, Part 3, by Deedrick (Forensic Science Communications, July 2000)

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Hairs, Fibers, Crime, and Evidence, Part 3, by Deedrick (Forensic Science Communications, July 2000) July 2000 - Volume 2 - Number 3 Hairs, Fibers, Crime, and Evidence Part 3: Crime and Evidence Unit Chief Trace Evidence Unit Federal Bureau of Investigation Washington, DC Introduction | Crime Scene Search | Evidence

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Dior W.

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Home > 3. Evidence Collection > Hair and Fiber

The most common methods used to collect hair and fiber evidence include the following:

Visual collection. On some surfaces, hairs and fibers can be seen with the naked eye. Through use of clean forceps and paper (i.e., trace paper), the sample can be removed from the surface and placed into a clean piece of paper that can be folded and packaged in a paper envelope.

Tape lifting. Trace tapes are available for the collection of trace hair and fiber evidence. The tape is applied to the location of the suspected sample, removed and packaged.

Vacuuming. The area where the suspected samples are located is vacuumed and evidence is caught in a filtered trap attached to the vacuum. These samples are packaged in clean trace paper for submission to the laboratory. Vacuuming is the least desirable collection method because there is a risk of cross-contamination if the equipment is not properly cleaned between each use.

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Home > 3. Evidence Collection > Hair and Fiber The most common methods used to collect hair and fiber evidence include the following: Visual collection. On some surfaces, hairs and fibers can be seen with the naked eye.

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Dior W.

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ATF Trace Evidence Unit Reference Collections

Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF)

Collections of various trace evidence samples; automotive paint pigments, human hair, animal hair, fibers, black spray paint, silicone adhesive, electrical tape, and duct tape. Collections include various automotive paint pigments, human hair, animal hair, fibers (hundreds), black spray paints (~10), silicone adhesives (30-50), electrical tape (30-40), and duct tape (20-30).

Collection can be accessed by emailing POC.

Some samples (i.e. human and animal hair) are steadily accumulated. Others (i.e. black spray paint, silicone adhesives) are collected for a specific case. Samples are collected from various sources, including volunteers, casework, and commercial vendors.

Physical samples.

Leonora Bender
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms,
and Explosives (ATF)
202.648.6146

Digital Automotive Image System (DAIS)

Automobile Identification

Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI) -- Digital Evidence Laboratory

A digital system, which fits entirely on one DVD, with photos and data of motor vehicles commercially manufactured in the last twenty years. Used in image analysis to provide opinions as to whether a car in a photo could be a particular make, model, or year car. Collection of images of make, model and year of cars. Includes front, side, and rear photos of motor vehicles and accompanying data. The software can generate "Be On the Lookout"-type posters and produce photo lineups. DAIS contains thousands of records.

User must request a DVD from the FBI. Database can then be downloaded from DVD and installed on an unlimited number of computers. The data is searchable by vehicle category, body style, number of doors, and other characteristics. CDs are available up request to law enforcement only.

Images are obtained per contract with Southwest Research Institute through TSWG.

Digital records.

EPA NEIC Asbestos Collection

Asbestos, Silicate Mineral

Private Collection, Owner works for EPA NEIC

Self-maintained, private collection of asbestos samples. Owner is willing and has provided samples to requesting parties on occasion. The collection contains 20-40 asbestos samples collected from mines in North America (Vermont, Quebec, North Carolina, Arizona), rockshops, and bookshops.

Contact the POC/Owner. Physical samples are available for some, but not all, of the collection's specimens. Currently only used internally and for educational purposes in court. Any outsider with a legetimate cause can request access.

Samples collected from caves, or purchases in rockshops and bookshops by the collection owner.

Physical samples.

Peggy Forney,
Collection Owner
National Enforcement
Investigations Center,
EPAC
Chemist
303.462.9110

European Collection of Automotive Paints (EUCAP)

Paint, Automobile Identification

The French Police Lab maintains the database; data analysis is performed by the Federal Criminal Police Force of Germany (BKA).

A searchable collection of paint samples removed from primarily salvage vehicles by law enforcement laboratory participants throughout Europe. Paint samples collected by European Law Enforcement Agencies.

The database can be accessed via the internet via a secure ID and password assigned by the French Police Lab.

FBI Lab - Fiber Library

Fibers

Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI) -- FBI Laboratory

Database of FTIR spectra of textile fibers used to identify fiber types. Database includes 86 records. Each record includes FTIR spectra. Physical samples of fibers are also held.

Library is stored in FBI's version of the OMNIC library search software (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.). Outside agencies can request FBI Trace Evidence staff to carry out analysis by contacting POC. No cost to access; outside labs and agencies can submit requests to FBI.

Most of the fiber samples were obtained from Collaborative Testing Services (a commercial company).

Digital records and physical samples.

FBI Lab - Forensic Automobile Carpet Database (FACD)

Fibers, Automobile Identification

Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI) -- FBI Laboratory

A collection of carpet fibers removed from vehicles. Fibers are entered into a centralized searchable database that is used to provide investigative make/model/year information. Collection includes about 800 samples of known automobile carpet fibers. Records include microscopic characteristics including cross-section, diameter, color as seen through microscope, IR microscopy, microspectrometry.

Sample is first analyzed and a search is carried out using a Microsoft Access database. The sample is then compared with physical samples of possible matches. Outside law enforcement agencies will be able to submit evidence for analysis by the FBI. No cost to access; outside labs and agencies can submit requests to FBI.

Fibers come from personally-owned vehicles, manufactures, and junkyards.

Digital records and physical samples.

Stephen Shaw
Federal Bureau
of Investigations,
FBI Laboratory
703.632.7706 stephen.shaw@
ic.fbi.gov

International Forensic Automotive Paint Data Query (PDQ)

Paint, Automobile Identification

Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP)-- Forensic Laboratory Services

The International Forensic Automotive Paint Data Query (PDQ) database is a centralized, searchable database of chemical and color information of original automotive paints. Search results provide make/model/year information. PDQ contains foreign and domestic automotive paint samples from ~13,000 vehicles and ~50,000 layers of paint. Most paint samples consist of four layers typically used for an automotive job. Contains majority of post-1973 vehicles marketed in the US.

Access is granted through a program updated and released by RCMP annually through a CD release. Law enforcement agencies interested in PDQ who are not already members can contact PDQ directly by email. Partnering agencies also have access to physical samples by request. Use of the PDQ is for bona fide law enforcement agencies only that perform forensic paint examinations as part of criminal investigations. "Payment" for access to the database is the submission of 60 samples to PDQ each year. In addition, users must sign a non-disclosure agreement.

Every accessing institution must submit 60 paint samples per year, these usually come from vehicles at body shops or junk yards or manufacturers. Samples are also collected directly from some automotive companies.

Samples are analyzed for their identifying chemical properties, and this information is stored digitally. Physical samples are available by request (see more information).

Email PDQ:

Mark Sandercock
Manager, Trace Evidence
Operations Support
National Centre for
Forensic Services -
AlbertaRoyal Canadian
Mounted Police
780.451.7418
mark.
sandercock@
rcmp-grc.gc.ca

Diana Wright
Federal Bureau
of Investigations,
FBI Laboratory
703.632.7418

Locke Scientific - GRIM Glass Standards

Glass

Locke Scientific (commercial)

Glass standards for GRIM.

Standards can be purchased for use in the laboratory.

Physical samples.

Susan Gross
Minnesota BCA
Chemistry Supervisor
651.793.2900
sue.t.gross@
state.mn.us

McCrone Microscopes & Accessories - Slide Sets

Reference Materials/ Standards

McCrone Microscopes & Accessories (commercial)

Microscope company stocks a number of slide sets that serve as reference collections for forensic analysis. Sets include a paint pigment set, particle set, fiber reference sets, white powder set, and an asbestos reference set. Paint Pigment Set - 50 samplesFiber Reference Set - 100 samplesAsbestos Reference Set - 25 samples; includes materials that contain asbestosParticle Reference Set - 100 samplesWhite Powder Set - 25 samples

Standard reference materials and slide sets can be searched and purchased on the website. Paint Pigment Set - $325.00; Fiber Reference Set - $725.00; Asbestos Reference Set - $450.00; Particle Reference Set - $725.00; White Powder Set - $300.00

Samples in each slide set are selected by based on most commonly seen specimen for each category.

Physical samples purchased from an online catalogue.

MicroTrace - SRM Collections

Reference Materials/ Standards

MicroTrace Scientific (commercial)

Company that sells reference material collections and slide sets. Reference materials include forensic fiber reference collection, natural fiber collection, hair and fur collection, forensic mineral analysis slide set, and automotive pigment reference collection. Reference Collections- Fiber Reference Collection: 200 traceable, authenticated synthetic fibers- The Arbidar Animal Hair and Fur Collection: 80 animal hair samples from around the world representing 49 genera- The Arbidar Natural Fiber Collection:80 samples representing a wide variety of natural fibers including vegetable fibers, animal fur fibers used in textiles, silks, and papersSlide Reference Collections:- Forensic Mineral Reference Collection: approximately 40 slides of minerals that are forensically significant- Automotive Pigment Reference Collection: approximately 40 slides of paint pigments from automotive manufacturers

Standard reference materials can be searched and purchased on the website. Cost varies by product; legitimate forensic laboratories can purchase.

N/A

Physical samples are available for purchase through the online catalog.

Microtrace LLC
790 Fletcher Drive
Suite 106
Elgin, IL 60123-4755
847.742.9909

National Automotive Paint File (NAPF)

Paint, Automobile Identification

Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI) -- FBI Laboratory

A physical collection of automotive paint panels acquired and maintained by the FBI's Chemistry Unit for use in casework. NAPF is a physical collection of paint color standards and/or full system paint panels (as a vehicle would be painted, not just the top coats). It contains approximately 14,000 automotive paint panels.

NAPF is used in an investigation to make a physical comparison of evidentiary paint chips to known paint colors to aid in identifying possible vehicle makes and models in hit-and-run investigations. The FBI Lab may be able to provide small samples of specific vehicle colors to other law enforcement agencies if that agency has some knowledge of the specific color or model they are seeking.

Automotive manufacturers provide these physical samples free of charge to the FBI Lab for all vehicles available for purchase in North America. This does not include commercial vehicles such as trucks, buses, motorcycles or RVs.

NAPF is not a database; physical samples are available.

Diana Wright
Federal Bureau
of Investigations,
FBI Laboratory
703.632.7418

National Forensic Tape File (NFTF)

Tape

Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI) -- FBI Laboratory

The National Forensic Tape File is used for determining the manufacturer and/or product for duct tape sourcing requests and is also a repository for samples used in the FBI duct tape and electrical tape discrimination studies. ~500 tape samples stored in-house in plastic bags and plastic bins in a storage cabinet. Physical properties and/or chemical composition can be searched in SLICE software to determine potential manufacturer/product candidates, and then those candidates can be pulled out of NFTF for a direct comparison to the unknown sample.

The Florida Department of Law Enforcement (FDLE) and FBI both use SLICE software to interact with digital tape records. - FDLE and FBI are willing to share their digital records with other forensic scientists that have SLICE and are willing to share/exchange samples.- For a laboratory without the SLICE software, the FBI can conduct the analysis for them as long as it adheres to the case acceptance policy. Case Acceptance Policy: Usually if it's a case that has FBI jurisdiction, they will accept it and perform the analysis. If the lab has its own capabilities, then it must do the analysis itself (but FBI and FDLE will share/exchange data and samples).

Manufacturers provide rolls free of charge (majority of samples) or samples are purchased. A new roll is assigned a sequential number, put into a storage cabinet, its paperwork is filed, and then it is analyzed and data is put into SLICE.

Digital records can be shared through the SLICE software. Physical samples are maintained in-house.

Andria Mehltretter
Federal Bureau
of Investigations,
FBI Laboratory
703.632.7415
andria.
mehltretter@
ic.fbi.gov

Polyethylene Repository & Information Database for Evdience (PRIDE)

Plastic Bags

Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI) -- FBI Laboratory

Repository of polyethylene reference samples. Examples include trash bags and sandwich bags. Database can be used to determine the possible manufacturer of a bag used at a crime scene. Collection includes approximately 1,000 samples of polyethylene bags.

There is a standalone system at the FBI Laboratory Questioned Documents Unit. The QDU will search the system to fulfill outside requests. Outside agencies submit the questioned specimen for QDU to do analysis. No cost to access; outside law enforcement agencies can submit requests to the FBI.

Samples were obtained as part of a research project for development of the database. Additional samples are provided by the program manager. Submitted samples are not added to PRIDE because manufacturer information is unknown.

Digital records and physical samples.

Meg McHenrymarguerite.mchenry [at] ic.fbi.gov (marguerite.
Federal Bureau
of Investigations,
FBI Laboratory
703.632.7283

mchenry@
ic.fbi.gov)

Contacts if agencies have questions:

FBI Questioned
Documents Unit:
703.632.8444

FBI Evidence Control: 703.632.8360

Powder Diffraction File (PDF)

Powders

International Center for Diffraction Data (ICDD)

Database of powder diffraction data for the identification of crystalline materials. The database can be purchased in different versions. Collection includes 715,953 total records, broken down into numerous libraries that the user can purchase depending on user needs (basic version, advanced version, and mineral and organics add-ons). Diffraction, crystallographic, and bibliographic data are kept on each data set. Select physical properties are also kept.

PDF can be purchased as a standalone version on user's PC (depending on version). User must first purchase a license (1 year for advanced version, 5 years for basic version). For sales information, call the number listed or visit the website. Pricing information for various packages appears on the brochure. Product may be purchased after agreeing to the licensing terms.

The following institutions are collaborative partners on PDF:- International Center for Diffraction Data (ICDD); Newtown Square, PA- Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre (CCDC); Cambridge, UK, Cambridge Structural Database (CSD)- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); Gaithersburg, MD- Fachinformationszentrum Karlsruhe (FIZ); Karlsruhe, Germany, Crystal Structure Database (ICSD)- Material Phases Data System (MPDS); Vitznau, Switzerland, Linus Pauling File (LPF)

Digital records.

TireGuides, Inc. - Tread Design Guide

Impressions

Tire Guides, Inc. (commercial)

Database of tire tread designs utilized to provide investigative lead information on possible make and model for unknown impressions. The Tread Design Guide shows tread patterns for all types of tires sold in the U.S.*A comprehensive Visual Identification of all types of Tire Tread Pattern Designs.*Covers Passenger, Light Truck and Medium Truck vehicles.*Includes Off-Road and Agricultural Tread Patterns.*Also covers Motorcycle and retread tire tread designs.*Provides information on how to read a tire sidewall and on the different Tire Sizing Systems.*Gives detailed information on Speed-Rating and Load Indexes as well as lug nut torque and tightening sequences.*Back Issues available.

The individual guides can be purchased as a hardcopy book. A computerized version is also available. Contact Tire Guides Inc. by phone or through the URL. Price Quantity (from website)$28.00 1 - 4 $27.00 5 - 9 $25.00 10 - 24 $24.00 25 - 99

Tread patterns and other information compiled for tires sold in the U.S..

Digital records.

Tire Guides Inc. -
Tire Information Center
1101 South Rogers Circle
Ste 6
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2748 561.997.9229
tireinfo@
tireguides.com

TSWG Sponsored FIU Glass Database

Glass, Elemental Analysis

Florida International University, sponsored by the Technical Support Working Group

The database assesses the relative frequency that two glass samples from different sources would have the same elemental profile. The purpose of this database is to provide glass examiners a view of the frequency of occurrence of elemental composition for ~700 different glass samples originating from different sources. The database contains elemental analysis data for 12 elements for ~ 700 glass samples from manufacturers, distributors, and vehicle junkyards. Samples include: containers, float, headlamp, and vehicle glasses.

The database is not designed to be searched for casework in the way that other forensic databases (i.e. PDQ) but rather, it is to be used by researchers to estimate the probability of a random occurrence of elemental composition for different glass sources. Two plasma mass spectrometers are used to perform an elemental analysis of glass. Freely available to agencies and researchers with a reasonable cause.

Samples are collected from manufacturers, distributors, and vehicle junkyards. The data was collected from a single laboratory (FIU) as part of a research project.

Digital data records.

Dr. Jose Almirall, Professor
Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry,
Florida International
University
305.348.3917

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ATF Trace Evidence Unit Reference Collections Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF) Collections of various trace evidence samples; automotive paint pigments, human hair, animal hair, fibers, black spray paint, silicone adhesive, electrical tape, and duct tape.

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Nab Serial Killer
Dior W.

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May 21, 2003 -- On the day she was abducted, 16-year-old Sofia Silva was sitting on her front porch in Spotsylvania, Va., doing homework. It was Sept. 9, 1996.

Five weeks later, investigators found her body in a nearby creek.

Eight months later, it happened again, in the same town, just 70 miles south of Washington, D.C. After getting off separate school buses near their home, Kati and Kristin Lisk disappeared. The bodies of the 12- and 15-year-old sisters were found five days later, floating in a river.

In both Spotsylvania cases, there were no witnesses and almost no evidence left behind. The only clues were a few tiny fibers and a couple of strands of hair.

Special Agent Doug Deedrick, an FBI trace evidence expert who was the lead forensic agent in the case, had a hunch all three slayings were linked. But the question was whether he could prove it.

One of the clues was some pink fibers found on Kati Lisk's body.

"I said, 'Pink fibers, I think they look like a bath rug of some type.' Everyone was looking for this pink bath rug for me," Deedrick said. "With Sofia, for instance, I had some dark blue acrylic fibers that I was looking for because I found the same types on Kati and Kristin. And when I turned Sofia's shirt inside out, I actually pulled off eight or nine blue fibers."

Serial Killer on the Loose

There was no doubt: There was a serial killer loose in Spotsylvania.

A task force consisting of the FBI, Spotsylvania County and state police chased more than 12,000 leads. Investigators compared evidence against items from more than 45,000 unsolved cases and checked DNA samples against 1.2 million genetic profiles. The FBI performed more than 10,000 examinations on the three hairs and 190 fibers recovered from the bodies.

But it would take authorities five years to find the killer.

The break came in June 2002, when a 15-year-old girl watering flowers in her front yard was abducted at gunpoint, in broad daylight, in Columbia, S.C. The kidnapper forced her to climb into a container, which he put into the trunk of a car.

He drove her to an apartment, where he handcuffed the girl and repeatedly raped her over 18 hours.

But while her captor was asleep, the girl managed to escape and lead police back to the apartment. The suspect, identified as 38-year-old Richard Marc Evonitz, was gone.

Police caught up to Evonitz two days later, on June 27, in Sarasota, Fla., where he was trapped after a brief, high-speed police chase. He shot himself in the head, leaving investigators to wonder: Was he the Spotsylvania serial killer?

News Clippings and Small Fingerprints

Police learned Evonitz had once lived in Spotsylvania. In his apartment, they found a 1997 newspaper clipping about the abduction of the Lisk sisters.

Deedrick, a 30-year veteran of the FBI, knew he had to go to South Carolina.

"In searching the apartment, I was keying in on items that might have been blue, dark blue, red," he said. Investigators dusted for fingerprints inside the trunk of one of Evonitz's cars.

"And I saw four fingerprints, it looked like four fingers, small," Deedrick said. "And they were in a position that indicated that probably somebody had been in the trunk."

Deedrick raced back to the FBI lab to examine the 600 pieces of evidence.

There were some forensic matches. The pink bath rug that Deedrick had been looking for for five years ago was among the discoveries. Police found it in the bottom of a box in Evonitz's linen closet.

Furry Handcuffs Provide Clue

"I [took] the fibers off and looked at them under a microscope - [they were] the same fibers that I found on Kati," Deedrick said.

Another key clue was the pair of handcuffs the South Carolina girl had been wearing when she escaped.

"Handcuffs by themselves didn't strike an interest to me, until you open the bag and you realize that they're furry handcuffs and there's fibers on them," Deedrick said. "And it looked black, but when you hold it up to the light, you can see that there's a real dark blue coloration to them."

The same dark blue as the fibers found on all three Virginia girls.

'The Right Stuff'

Finally, there were the fingerprints found on the trunk lid. They matched those of Kristin Lisk.

"Fingerprints were really the icing on the cake in this," Deedrick said.

Evonitz's DNA matched that of a head hair found in Kati Lisk's sock and two other hairs found on the two other slain girls.

In mid-August, police and the FBI announced that the Silva and Lisk murders had been solved. They were able to tell the families of the Spotsylvania victims that they now knew for sure that Evonitz was the killer.

"Early on, when I was talking with Patti Lisk, the mother of Kristin and Kati, I told her that when I get the right person, I'll know," Deedrick recalled. "And she reminded me of that some time later. And when I got the right stuff, I knew."

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Tiny Fibers Helped FBI Nab Serial Killer

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May 21, 2003 -- On the day she was abducted, 16-year-old Sofia Silva was sitting on her front porch in Spotsylvania, Va., doing homework. It was Sept. 9, 1996. Five weeks later, investigators found her body in a nearby creek. Eight months later, it happened again, in the same town, just 70 miles south of Washington, D.C.

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Zahra Rumph

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Police staking out a bridge over the Chattahoochee River near Atlanta, Georgia, hear a loud splash, and begin chasing Wayne Williams as he attempts to drive away in a station wagon. After questioning him about his involvement in the unprecedented string of child murders in Atlanta over the two previous years, Williams was released. However, he was arrested two days later when the body of Nathaniel Cater was found in the river near the bridge.

In a spree that began in July 1979, 29 black children and young men disappeared or were killed in the Atlanta area. The only clue detectives had to go on was that many of the bodies had the same rare yellow-green nylon fiber on them, leading investigators to believe that all of the killings were connected.

As they desperately searched for the manufacturer of the fiber, a newspaper reported on the significance of the fiber evidence. Fearing that he was on the verge of being discovered, the killer then began dumping the bodies of his victims in the Chattahoochee River. This, in turn, inspired the police surveillance that ensnared Williams on May 22.

The rare fiber was eventually identified as a yarn that was sold to a Georgia carpet company, West Point Pepperell, which used it to make a line called Luxaire. The color of the fibers found on the bodies, including Nathaniel Cater, matched Luxaire English Olive; this was the type of carpet found in Williams' home.

Experts estimated that one in approximately 8,000 Atlanta area homes contained Luxaire English Olive carpet. Prosecutors used this probability, along with fiber and hair evidence from Williams' car and dog, to establish the fact that it was an extremely small chance that anyone other than Williams could be the killer. Adding to the already damning evidence against him, the killings immediately stopped after Williams was arrested.

On February 27, 1982, the jury found Wayne Williams guilty of the murders of Cater and Jimmy Ray Payne, and he was sentenced to life in prison. After the verdict, the Atlanta police department closed 22 other cases, but Williams was never tried, or charged, for those crimes. Since that time, some conspiracy theorists have advanced the idea that it was members of the Ku Klux Klan, not Wayne Williams, who was responsible for the killings in the hopes of starting a race war. Though this theory has not been accepted by the courts, an investigation into five of the murders for which Williams was not convicted was reopened in 2005. It was closed again in 2006 after police dropped an unpromising probe into the Ku Klux Klan's possible involvement.

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Atlanta child murderer is traced using rare nylon fiber

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Police staking out a bridge over the Chattahoochee River near Atlanta, Georgia, hear a loud splash, and begin chasing Wayne Williams as he attempts to drive away in a station wagon. After questioning him about his involvement in the unprecedented string of child murders in Atlanta over the two previous years, Williams was released.

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He was placed in custody based on the evidence of yellowish-green fibers-Jason N.

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Before Wayne Williams became a suspect, the Georgia State Crime Laboratory located a number of yellowish-green nylon fibers and some violet acetate fibers on the bodies of victims murdered in the Atlanta area. The fibers appeared to have a common source. Shortly after Williams became a suspect, the investigators determined the source of the fibers' manufacture. The next step was to determine how much of that carpeting has been sold in the Atlanta area. Further investigation traced the fiber to a limited amount of carpeting manufactured by West Point Pepperell. To convey the unusual nature of the Williams carpet, investigators developed a numerical probability from that company's data. They determined that the chance of randomly finding a housing unit with this type of carpet was 1 in 7,792. To any experienced forensic fiber examiner, the fiber evidence linking Williams to the murder victims was overwhelming. The prosecution undertook to educate the jury about fiber evidence, using over 40 charts and over 350 photographs. In discussing the significance of an association based on textile fibers, it emphasized that the more uncommon the fibers, the stronger the association. The association becomes even stronger when multiple fiber matches become the basis of the association, which was true in the Williams case. Transferred fibers do not stay with a person long, so that the fibers on a murder victim are most likely from the scene of the crime. Expert witnesses testified that it was highly unlikely that any environment other than that present in Wayne Williams' house and car could have produced the combination of fibers and hairs found on the victims, especially when there were so many varied origins. Additional evidence linked 10 other victims to 28 different fiber types, only 1 of which was common. Nine footnotes and three charts are included.

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Fiber Evidence and the Wayne Williams Trial (Conclusion)

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Before Wayne Williams became a suspect, the Georgia State Crime Laboratory located a number of yellowish-green nylon fibers and some violet acetate fibers on the bodies of victims murdered in the Atlanta area. The fibers appeared to have a common source. Shortly after Williams became a suspect, the investigators determined the source of the fibers' manufacture.

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Hairs, Fibers, Crime, and Evidence, Part 3, by Deedrick (Forensic Science Communications, July 2000)

July 2000 - Volume 2 - Number 3

Hairs, Fibers, Crime, and Evidence Part 3: Crime and Evidence

Unit Chief
Trace Evidence Unit
Federal Bureau of Investigation
Washington, DC

Introduction | Crime Scene Search | Evidence Collection | Evidence Handling Procedures
Protocol for Evidence Processing in the FBI Laboratory
Examination Conclusions

The manner in which a crime scene is searched is determined by the type of crime, the location of the scene, details concerning events of the crime, the time of day, the number of people available for the search, and available equipment. Inasmuch as hair and fiber evidence can play a role in most cases involving violent crime, serious consideration should be given to collecting it properly. Once the crime has been committed, little time remains before hair and fiber evidence will be lost or contaminated. The importance of securing the crime scene cannot be overstated.

Crime Scene Search

When physical contact occurs between two individuals, objects, or individuals and objects, there is a likelihood of transfer of hair and fiber evidence. This likelihood is dependent on the nature of the contact, the duration of the contact, and the nature of the contacting surfaces. The direct transfer of hairs from the head of an individual to the clothing of another individual is called a primary transfer. When hairs have already been shed and are transferred to an individual, it is called secondary transfer. Fibers are transferred in a similar manner. When fibers are transferred from the fabric of an individual's clothing to the clothing of another individual, it is called a primary transfer. As these same fibers are transferred to other objects during subsequent contacts, secondary transfers are occurring.

It is important for crime scene investigators to understand the mechanisms of primary and secondary transfer. As trace evidence can be transferred during the commission of a crime, it can also be transferred during the search process. Hairs and fibers can not only be picked up inadvertently by investigators, they can be inadvertently deposited at the crime scene. The following are considerations at the crime scene:

Elimination hair and/or fiber samples may need to be obtained from personnel conducting the search.

Prioritize the order of evidence collection. Collect large items first and then proceed to the trace evidence. USE CAUTION WHEN WALKING THE CRIME SCENE.

Once the trace evidence is collected via vacuuming, taping, or tweezing, take blood samples, remove bullets, dust for fingerprints, and so on.

Processing the crime scene for fingerprints prior to trace evidence collection is not recommended because it can

Inadvertently transfer trace evidence onto the clothing of the technicians,

Move trace evidence, and/or

Contaminate trace evidence with dusting powder.

Evidence Collection

The following are suggestions for collecting evidence from crime scenes such as houses, apartments, and vehicles:

Photograph all evidence prior to removing it.

Remove larger items or debris from carpeting or walk areas prior to other examinations. Consider wearing disposable booties.

Collect large items, such as clothing, and place them in separate paper bags. Keep an accurate evidence log. One person should collect and bag the items while another person labels the bags and records the items in the log.

Do not place all clothing items from a suspect in one paper bag, nor all items from a victim in another bag. Bag each item separately.

Never put suspect items and victim items in contact with one another. The person collecting the suspect's items should not be the same person that collects the victim's items. If this must occur, personnel must change their clothing and collect the evidence at a different time to avoid contamination.

Bedding should be carefully handled to avoid loss of hairs and fibers. Each item should be placed in a separate bag.

Floor surfaces should be vacuumed for possible trace evidence. Some crime scene investigators use tape to secure trace evidence; however, tape is generally difficult to work with at the scene and in the laboratory. Smaller surfaces such as chairs and car seats can be taped or vacuumed.

Ensure that carpet, pet hair, and other standards that might have transferred to a suspect or victim are collected.

Always process for fingerprints after collecting trace evidence.

Collect all possible known fiber samples from a vehicle. These may be obtained from the carpet, door panels, headliner, seats, floor mats, and trunk.

The following suggestions pertain to different types of items recovered at the crime scene:

Hairs found in the hands of the victim usually belong to the victim. Rarely are the hairs similar to the suspect's known hairs; nevertheless, these must be collected and submitted for analysis.

Pubic and head hair combings should always be taken in violent crimes. Foreign hairs as well as fibers can be recovered from these samples. If a hat is recovered at the crime scene and a suspect is identified soon, it may be possible to find fibers similar to those in the hat in the suspect's hair.

Thorough random samples should be taken from the head and pubic regions of a suspect(s) and
victim(s). Twenty-five full-length hairs, pulled and combed from different areas of the head and pubic regions, are generally considered an adequate representation of an individual's hair characteristics.

Doors and windows should be searched for trace evidence if they are possible points of entry or exit.

Evidence Handling Procedures

Once the evidence has been collected, there are several recommendations or considerations when packaging it for transmittal to the laboratory. Clothing items must be packaged in separate sealed paper bags-not plastic. To avoid contamination, clothing items from the suspect should never be handled in the same area in which items from the victim are handled. All damp or blood-soaked items must be air-dried in a room away from air movement and traffic. Drying paper placed under damp clothing items should be submitted separately.

Submit individual hairs and fibers in clean paper or in an envelope with sealed corners. The primary paper or envelope should be placed inside a secondary sealed envelope with all corners taped. Many times individual hairs identified on items of clothing are not removed or secured. These hairs may move or be lost, so it is recommended that they be removed and placed in an envelope (first noting where they were removed).

If a floor surface is vacuumed, the debris should be placed on a white sheet of paper (8 x 11 inches) and folded at the corners. This paper should be placed in a heat-sealed or resealable plastic bag.

Protocol for Evidence Processing
in the FBI Laboratory

When evidence is received in the Trace Evidence Unit, the case is assigned to an examiner. The examiner will read the incoming communication to determine the nature of the offense, the names of the suspects and victims, and the types of requested examinations. It is important to have an understanding of the offense to help determine the course of action in the Laboratory. Contact between family members or friends would be treated differently, as the transfer of trace evidence would be more likely in these cases.

In the Unit, there are three processing rooms designed for debris collection. Debris is collected through a combination of picking, scraping, and sometimes taping. Whereas taping is considered by some laboratories to be a preferred technique, it can be time-consuming and tedious and can present a storage problem for the tape collections. Vacuuming is not recommended for clothing items. The clothing of a victim is processed in a room other than the room in which the suspect's clothing is processed. The collected debris is placed in pillboxes and examined with a stereobinocular microscope. Hairs and fibers are mounted on glass microscope slides for identification and comparison purposes.

Collecting trace evidence using scraping and picking techniques

Collecting trace evidence
with a vacuum

Examination Conclusions

When a questioned hair exhibits the same microscopic characteristics as the known hairs of an individual, the hair could have originated from that individual. If the questioned hair is microscopically dissimilar to the known hair standard, it cannot be associated with the individual. Different people generally have different hair characteristics, but differences in microscopic characteristics can also be the result of time and alteration. Known hair samples should be collected from individuals as soon as possible to the date of the crime. As time passes, microscopic characteristics can change, and the individual may alter the color with dyes.

Stereomicroscopic examination

If a fiber exhibits the same microscopic and optical properties as a known fabric, the fiber could have originated from that fabric. Although it is not possible to say that a fiber originated from a particular fabric, fiber matches are not insignificant. Because of the many different types of fibers and fabrics and the many different ways they can be colored, the likelihood of finding coincidental matches is low. It is possible, however, to positively say that a torn piece of fabric originated from another fabric if the torn edges match.

For more information about trace evidence and the recovery of evidence from crime scenes, see the Hairs and Fibers and Crime Scene Search sections of the Handbook of Forensic Services.
To Hair Evidence To Fiber Evidence

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Hairs, Fibers, Crime, and Evidence, Part 3, by Deedrick (Forensic Science Communications, July 2000)

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Hairs, Fibers, Crime, and Evidence, Part 3, by Deedrick (Forensic Science Communications, July 2000) July 2000 - Volume 2 - Number 3 Hairs, Fibers, Crime, and Evidence Part 3: Crime and Evidence Unit Chief Trace Evidence Unit Federal Bureau of Investigation Washington, DC Introduction | Crime Scene Search | Evidence

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The data base in which fiber is used is the forensic database- Jason N.

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The Fiber Reference Image Library (FRIL) is a database of images of textile fibers acquired through the use of multiple microscopic techniques, and was created with support from the National Center for Preservation Training and Technology (NCPTT). FRIL contains comparative images of textile fibers examined using brightfield, darkfield, polarized light, and differential interference contrast techniques; each sequence of these images provides complementary information contributing to identification and characterization. Associated text provides description of details in the images and concerning the textile source of the fiber. The site is organized into collections of Plant, Animal, and Manufactured fibers; subcollections include images of fibers from 18th through 21st century garments from Ohio State University's Historic Costume & Textiles Collection.

Manufactured

Each individual fiber sample was micrographed using multiple techniques of microscopy: brightfield, darkfield, polarized light with the fiber at the position of maximum brightness, differential interference contrast, polarized light with the fiber at the position of extinction, and the latter with the addition of the first order Red plate. Additional pictures were taken of fiber groups, and features of special interest. For the bast fibers, effort was made to isolate a single fiber, to discern distinguishing characteristics. The addition of the First Order Red plate to a fiber sample under crossed polars provides evidence of fibril spiral direction, i.e. S or Z, (the Herzog test). In addition, images were taken of fiber bundles and associated materials, thereby displaying the structures that remain adjacent to the fibers and that might provide additional identifying information. When examining manufactured fibers, the fiber is oriented at the position of maximum brightness under crossed polars and the First Order Red Plate is added to determine the sign of elongation. Thus fiber images of a single sample can be seen in a series within its collection, followed by images of additional key features representative of the fibers and the associated materials observed. The sets of images reveal features not visible with the use of one technique alone. Outstanding features of each fiber sample are noted on the page with each image. For definitions of the morphological characteristics of the fibers, go to the page Fiber Morphology Definitions used in the Fiber Reference Image Library

For resources on microscopy go to the page Basics of Fiber Microscopy

FRIL was developed by: Kathryn Jakes, Professor emeritus, Ohio State University

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The Fiber Reference Image Library (FRIL) is a database of images of textile fibers acquired through the use of multiple microscopic techniques, and was created with support from the National Center for Preservation Training and Technology (NCPTT).

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Visual collection is the easier way although if you are doing a more thorough search then you use tape lifting or vacuuming- Jason N.

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Home > 3. Evidence Collection > Hair and Fiber

The most common methods used to collect hair and fiber evidence include the following:

Visual collection. On some surfaces, hairs and fibers can be seen with the naked eye. Through use of clean forceps and paper (i.e., trace paper), the sample can be removed from the surface and placed into a clean piece of paper that can be folded and packaged in a paper envelope.

Tape lifting. Trace tapes are available for the collection of trace hair and fiber evidence. The tape is applied to the location of the suspected sample, removed and packaged.

Vacuuming. The area where the suspected samples are located is vacuumed and evidence is caught in a filtered trap attached to the vacuum. These samples are packaged in clean trace paper for submission to the laboratory. Vacuuming is the least desirable collection method because there is a risk of cross-contamination if the equipment is not properly cleaned between each use.

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Home > 3. Evidence Collection > Hair and Fiber The most common methods used to collect hair and fiber evidence include the following: Visual collection. On some surfaces, hairs and fibers can be seen with the naked eye.

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You place the fiber evidence in a paper bag- Jason N.

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Home > 3. Evidence Collection > Hair and Fiber

The most common methods used to collect hair and fiber evidence include the following:

Visual collection. On some surfaces, hairs and fibers can be seen with the naked eye. Through use of clean forceps and paper (i.e., trace paper), the sample can be removed from the surface and placed into a clean piece of paper that can be folded and packaged in a paper envelope.

Tape lifting. Trace tapes are available for the collection of trace hair and fiber evidence. The tape is applied to the location of the suspected sample, removed and packaged.

Vacuuming. The area where the suspected samples are located is vacuumed and evidence is caught in a filtered trap attached to the vacuum. These samples are packaged in clean trace paper for submission to the laboratory. Vacuuming is the least desirable collection method because there is a risk of cross-contamination if the equipment is not properly cleaned between each use.

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Home > 3. Evidence Collection > Hair and Fiber The most common methods used to collect hair and fiber evidence include the following: Visual collection. On some surfaces, hairs and fibers can be seen with the naked eye.

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ATF Trace Evidence Unit Reference Collections

Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF)

Collections of various trace evidence samples; automotive paint pigments, human hair, animal hair, fibers, black spray paint, silicone adhesive, electrical tape, and duct tape. Collections include various automotive paint pigments, human hair, animal hair, fibers (hundreds), black spray paints (~10), silicone adhesives (30-50), electrical tape (30-40), and duct tape (20-30).

Collection can be accessed by emailing POC.

Some samples (i.e. human and animal hair) are steadily accumulated. Others (i.e. black spray paint, silicone adhesives) are collected for a specific case. Samples are collected from various sources, including volunteers, casework, and commercial vendors.

Physical samples.

Leonora Bender
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms,
and Explosives (ATF)
202.648.6146

Digital Automotive Image System (DAIS)

Automobile Identification

Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI) -- Digital Evidence Laboratory

A digital system, which fits entirely on one DVD, with photos and data of motor vehicles commercially manufactured in the last twenty years. Used in image analysis to provide opinions as to whether a car in a photo could be a particular make, model, or year car. Collection of images of make, model and year of cars. Includes front, side, and rear photos of motor vehicles and accompanying data. The software can generate "Be On the Lookout"-type posters and produce photo lineups. DAIS contains thousands of records.

User must request a DVD from the FBI. Database can then be downloaded from DVD and installed on an unlimited number of computers. The data is searchable by vehicle category, body style, number of doors, and other characteristics. CDs are available up request to law enforcement only.

Images are obtained per contract with Southwest Research Institute through TSWG.

Digital records.

EPA NEIC Asbestos Collection

Asbestos, Silicate Mineral

Private Collection, Owner works for EPA NEIC

Self-maintained, private collection of asbestos samples. Owner is willing and has provided samples to requesting parties on occasion. The collection contains 20-40 asbestos samples collected from mines in North America (Vermont, Quebec, North Carolina, Arizona), rockshops, and bookshops.

Contact the POC/Owner. Physical samples are available for some, but not all, of the collection's specimens. Currently only used internally and for educational purposes in court. Any outsider with a legetimate cause can request access.

Samples collected from caves, or purchases in rockshops and bookshops by the collection owner.

Physical samples.

Peggy Forney,
Collection Owner
National Enforcement
Investigations Center,
EPAC
Chemist
303.462.9110

European Collection of Automotive Paints (EUCAP)

Paint, Automobile Identification

The French Police Lab maintains the database; data analysis is performed by the Federal Criminal Police Force of Germany (BKA).

A searchable collection of paint samples removed from primarily salvage vehicles by law enforcement laboratory participants throughout Europe. Paint samples collected by European Law Enforcement Agencies.

The database can be accessed via the internet via a secure ID and password assigned by the French Police Lab.

FBI Lab - Fiber Library

Fibers

Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI) -- FBI Laboratory

Database of FTIR spectra of textile fibers used to identify fiber types. Database includes 86 records. Each record includes FTIR spectra. Physical samples of fibers are also held.

Library is stored in FBI's version of the OMNIC library search software (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.). Outside agencies can request FBI Trace Evidence staff to carry out analysis by contacting POC. No cost to access; outside labs and agencies can submit requests to FBI.

Most of the fiber samples were obtained from Collaborative Testing Services (a commercial company).

Digital records and physical samples.

FBI Lab - Forensic Automobile Carpet Database (FACD)

Fibers, Automobile Identification

Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI) -- FBI Laboratory

A collection of carpet fibers removed from vehicles. Fibers are entered into a centralized searchable database that is used to provide investigative make/model/year information. Collection includes about 800 samples of known automobile carpet fibers. Records include microscopic characteristics including cross-section, diameter, color as seen through microscope, IR microscopy, microspectrometry.

Sample is first analyzed and a search is carried out using a Microsoft Access database. The sample is then compared with physical samples of possible matches. Outside law enforcement agencies will be able to submit evidence for analysis by the FBI. No cost to access; outside labs and agencies can submit requests to FBI.

Fibers come from personally-owned vehicles, manufactures, and junkyards.

Digital records and physical samples.

Stephen Shaw
Federal Bureau
of Investigations,
FBI Laboratory
703.632.7706 stephen.shaw@
ic.fbi.gov

International Forensic Automotive Paint Data Query (PDQ)

Paint, Automobile Identification

Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP)-- Forensic Laboratory Services

The International Forensic Automotive Paint Data Query (PDQ) database is a centralized, searchable database of chemical and color information of original automotive paints. Search results provide make/model/year information. PDQ contains foreign and domestic automotive paint samples from ~13,000 vehicles and ~50,000 layers of paint. Most paint samples consist of four layers typically used for an automotive job. Contains majority of post-1973 vehicles marketed in the US.

Access is granted through a program updated and released by RCMP annually through a CD release. Law enforcement agencies interested in PDQ who are not already members can contact PDQ directly by email. Partnering agencies also have access to physical samples by request. Use of the PDQ is for bona fide law enforcement agencies only that perform forensic paint examinations as part of criminal investigations. "Payment" for access to the database is the submission of 60 samples to PDQ each year. In addition, users must sign a non-disclosure agreement.

Every accessing institution must submit 60 paint samples per year, these usually come from vehicles at body shops or junk yards or manufacturers. Samples are also collected directly from some automotive companies.

Samples are analyzed for their identifying chemical properties, and this information is stored digitally. Physical samples are available by request (see more information).

Email PDQ:

Mark Sandercock
Manager, Trace Evidence
Operations Support
National Centre for
Forensic Services -
AlbertaRoyal Canadian
Mounted Police
780.451.7418
mark.
sandercock@
rcmp-grc.gc.ca

Diana Wright
Federal Bureau
of Investigations,
FBI Laboratory
703.632.7418

Locke Scientific - GRIM Glass Standards

Glass

Locke Scientific (commercial)

Glass standards for GRIM.

Standards can be purchased for use in the laboratory.

Physical samples.

Susan Gross
Minnesota BCA
Chemistry Supervisor
651.793.2900
sue.t.gross@
state.mn.us

McCrone Microscopes & Accessories - Slide Sets

Reference Materials/ Standards

McCrone Microscopes & Accessories (commercial)

Microscope company stocks a number of slide sets that serve as reference collections for forensic analysis. Sets include a paint pigment set, particle set, fiber reference sets, white powder set, and an asbestos reference set. Paint Pigment Set - 50 samplesFiber Reference Set - 100 samplesAsbestos Reference Set - 25 samples; includes materials that contain asbestosParticle Reference Set - 100 samplesWhite Powder Set - 25 samples

Standard reference materials and slide sets can be searched and purchased on the website. Paint Pigment Set - $325.00; Fiber Reference Set - $725.00; Asbestos Reference Set - $450.00; Particle Reference Set - $725.00; White Powder Set - $300.00

Samples in each slide set are selected by based on most commonly seen specimen for each category.

Physical samples purchased from an online catalogue.

MicroTrace - SRM Collections

Reference Materials/ Standards

MicroTrace Scientific (commercial)

Company that sells reference material collections and slide sets. Reference materials include forensic fiber reference collection, natural fiber collection, hair and fur collection, forensic mineral analysis slide set, and automotive pigment reference collection. Reference Collections- Fiber Reference Collection: 200 traceable, authenticated synthetic fibers- The Arbidar Animal Hair and Fur Collection: 80 animal hair samples from around the world representing 49 genera- The Arbidar Natural Fiber Collection:80 samples representing a wide variety of natural fibers including vegetable fibers, animal fur fibers used in textiles, silks, and papersSlide Reference Collections:- Forensic Mineral Reference Collection: approximately 40 slides of minerals that are forensically significant- Automotive Pigment Reference Collection: approximately 40 slides of paint pigments from automotive manufacturers

Standard reference materials can be searched and purchased on the website. Cost varies by product; legitimate forensic laboratories can purchase.

N/A

Physical samples are available for purchase through the online catalog.

Microtrace LLC
790 Fletcher Drive
Suite 106
Elgin, IL 60123-4755
847.742.9909

National Automotive Paint File (NAPF)

Paint, Automobile Identification

Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI) -- FBI Laboratory

A physical collection of automotive paint panels acquired and maintained by the FBI's Chemistry Unit for use in casework. NAPF is a physical collection of paint color standards and/or full system paint panels (as a vehicle would be painted, not just the top coats). It contains approximately 14,000 automotive paint panels.

NAPF is used in an investigation to make a physical comparison of evidentiary paint chips to known paint colors to aid in identifying possible vehicle makes and models in hit-and-run investigations. The FBI Lab may be able to provide small samples of specific vehicle colors to other law enforcement agencies if that agency has some knowledge of the specific color or model they are seeking.

Automotive manufacturers provide these physical samples free of charge to the FBI Lab for all vehicles available for purchase in North America. This does not include commercial vehicles such as trucks, buses, motorcycles or RVs.

NAPF is not a database; physical samples are available.

Diana Wright
Federal Bureau
of Investigations,
FBI Laboratory
703.632.7418

National Forensic Tape File (NFTF)

Tape

Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI) -- FBI Laboratory

The National Forensic Tape File is used for determining the manufacturer and/or product for duct tape sourcing requests and is also a repository for samples used in the FBI duct tape and electrical tape discrimination studies. ~500 tape samples stored in-house in plastic bags and plastic bins in a storage cabinet. Physical properties and/or chemical composition can be searched in SLICE software to determine potential manufacturer/product candidates, and then those candidates can be pulled out of NFTF for a direct comparison to the unknown sample.

The Florida Department of Law Enforcement (FDLE) and FBI both use SLICE software to interact with digital tape records. - FDLE and FBI are willing to share their digital records with other forensic scientists that have SLICE and are willing to share/exchange samples.- For a laboratory without the SLICE software, the FBI can conduct the analysis for them as long as it adheres to the case acceptance policy. Case Acceptance Policy: Usually if it's a case that has FBI jurisdiction, they will accept it and perform the analysis. If the lab has its own capabilities, then it must do the analysis itself (but FBI and FDLE will share/exchange data and samples).

Manufacturers provide rolls free of charge (majority of samples) or samples are purchased. A new roll is assigned a sequential number, put into a storage cabinet, its paperwork is filed, and then it is analyzed and data is put into SLICE.

Digital records can be shared through the SLICE software. Physical samples are maintained in-house.

Andria Mehltretter
Federal Bureau
of Investigations,
FBI Laboratory
703.632.7415
andria.
mehltretter@
ic.fbi.gov

Polyethylene Repository & Information Database for Evdience (PRIDE)

Plastic Bags

Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI) -- FBI Laboratory

Repository of polyethylene reference samples. Examples include trash bags and sandwich bags. Database can be used to determine the possible manufacturer of a bag used at a crime scene. Collection includes approximately 1,000 samples of polyethylene bags.

There is a standalone system at the FBI Laboratory Questioned Documents Unit. The QDU will search the system to fulfill outside requests. Outside agencies submit the questioned specimen for QDU to do analysis. No cost to access; outside law enforcement agencies can submit requests to the FBI.

Samples were obtained as part of a research project for development of the database. Additional samples are provided by the program manager. Submitted samples are not added to PRIDE because manufacturer information is unknown.

Digital records and physical samples.

Meg McHenrymarguerite.mchenry [at] ic.fbi.gov (marguerite.
Federal Bureau
of Investigations,
FBI Laboratory
703.632.7283

mchenry@
ic.fbi.gov)

Contacts if agencies have questions:

FBI Questioned
Documents Unit:
703.632.8444

FBI Evidence Control: 703.632.8360

Powder Diffraction File (PDF)

Powders

International Center for Diffraction Data (ICDD)

Database of powder diffraction data for the identification of crystalline materials. The database can be purchased in different versions. Collection includes 715,953 total records, broken down into numerous libraries that the user can purchase depending on user needs (basic version, advanced version, and mineral and organics add-ons). Diffraction, crystallographic, and bibliographic data are kept on each data set. Select physical properties are also kept.

PDF can be purchased as a standalone version on user's PC (depending on version). User must first purchase a license (1 year for advanced version, 5 years for basic version). For sales information, call the number listed or visit the website. Pricing information for various packages appears on the brochure. Product may be purchased after agreeing to the licensing terms.

The following institutions are collaborative partners on PDF:- International Center for Diffraction Data (ICDD); Newtown Square, PA- Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre (CCDC); Cambridge, UK, Cambridge Structural Database (CSD)- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); Gaithersburg, MD- Fachinformationszentrum Karlsruhe (FIZ); Karlsruhe, Germany, Crystal Structure Database (ICSD)- Material Phases Data System (MPDS); Vitznau, Switzerland, Linus Pauling File (LPF)

Digital records.

TireGuides, Inc. - Tread Design Guide

Impressions

Tire Guides, Inc. (commercial)

Database of tire tread designs utilized to provide investigative lead information on possible make and model for unknown impressions. The Tread Design Guide shows tread patterns for all types of tires sold in the U.S.*A comprehensive Visual Identification of all types of Tire Tread Pattern Designs.*Covers Passenger, Light Truck and Medium Truck vehicles.*Includes Off-Road and Agricultural Tread Patterns.*Also covers Motorcycle and retread tire tread designs.*Provides information on how to read a tire sidewall and on the different Tire Sizing Systems.*Gives detailed information on Speed-Rating and Load Indexes as well as lug nut torque and tightening sequences.*Back Issues available.

The individual guides can be purchased as a hardcopy book. A computerized version is also available. Contact Tire Guides Inc. by phone or through the URL. Price Quantity (from website)$28.00 1 - 4 $27.00 5 - 9 $25.00 10 - 24 $24.00 25 - 99

Tread patterns and other information compiled for tires sold in the U.S..

Digital records.

Tire Guides Inc. -
Tire Information Center
1101 South Rogers Circle
Ste 6
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2748 561.997.9229
tireinfo@
tireguides.com

TSWG Sponsored FIU Glass Database

Glass, Elemental Analysis

Florida International University, sponsored by the Technical Support Working Group

The database assesses the relative frequency that two glass samples from different sources would have the same elemental profile. The purpose of this database is to provide glass examiners a view of the frequency of occurrence of elemental composition for ~700 different glass samples originating from different sources. The database contains elemental analysis data for 12 elements for ~ 700 glass samples from manufacturers, distributors, and vehicle junkyards. Samples include: containers, float, headlamp, and vehicle glasses.

The database is not designed to be searched for casework in the way that other forensic databases (i.e. PDQ) but rather, it is to be used by researchers to estimate the probability of a random occurrence of elemental composition for different glass sources. Two plasma mass spectrometers are used to perform an elemental analysis of glass. Freely available to agencies and researchers with a reasonable cause.

Samples are collected from manufacturers, distributors, and vehicle junkyards. The data was collected from a single laboratory (FIU) as part of a research project.

Digital data records.

Dr. Jose Almirall, Professor
Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry,
Florida International
University
305.348.3917

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ATF Trace Evidence Unit Reference Collections Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF) Collections of various trace evidence samples; automotive paint pigments, human hair, animal hair, fibers, black spray paint, silicone adhesive, electrical tape, and duct tape.

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Hairs, Fibers, Crime, and Evidence, Part 3, by Deedrick (Forensic Science Communications, July 2000)

July 2000 - Volume 2 - Number 3

Hairs, Fibers, Crime, and Evidence Part 3: Crime and Evidence

Unit Chief
Trace Evidence Unit
Federal Bureau of Investigation
Washington, DC

Introduction | Crime Scene Search | Evidence Collection | Evidence Handling Procedures
Protocol for Evidence Processing in the FBI Laboratory
Examination Conclusions

The manner in which a crime scene is searched is determined by the type of crime, the location of the scene, details concerning events of the crime, the time of day, the number of people available for the search, and available equipment. Inasmuch as hair and fiber evidence can play a role in most cases involving violent crime, serious consideration should be given to collecting it properly. Once the crime has been committed, little time remains before hair and fiber evidence will be lost or contaminated. The importance of securing the crime scene cannot be overstated.

Crime Scene Search

When physical contact occurs between two individuals, objects, or individuals and objects, there is a likelihood of transfer of hair and fiber evidence. This likelihood is dependent on the nature of the contact, the duration of the contact, and the nature of the contacting surfaces. The direct transfer of hairs from the head of an individual to the clothing of another individual is called a primary transfer. When hairs have already been shed and are transferred to an individual, it is called secondary transfer. Fibers are transferred in a similar manner. When fibers are transferred from the fabric of an individual's clothing to the clothing of another individual, it is called a primary transfer. As these same fibers are transferred to other objects during subsequent contacts, secondary transfers are occurring.

It is important for crime scene investigators to understand the mechanisms of primary and secondary transfer. As trace evidence can be transferred during the commission of a crime, it can also be transferred during the search process. Hairs and fibers can not only be picked up inadvertently by investigators, they can be inadvertently deposited at the crime scene. The following are considerations at the crime scene:

Elimination hair and/or fiber samples may need to be obtained from personnel conducting the search.

Prioritize the order of evidence collection. Collect large items first and then proceed to the trace evidence. USE CAUTION WHEN WALKING THE CRIME SCENE.

Once the trace evidence is collected via vacuuming, taping, or tweezing, take blood samples, remove bullets, dust for fingerprints, and so on.

Processing the crime scene for fingerprints prior to trace evidence collection is not recommended because it can

Inadvertently transfer trace evidence onto the clothing of the technicians,

Move trace evidence, and/or

Contaminate trace evidence with dusting powder.

Evidence Collection

The following are suggestions for collecting evidence from crime scenes such as houses, apartments, and vehicles:

Photograph all evidence prior to removing it.

Remove larger items or debris from carpeting or walk areas prior to other examinations. Consider wearing disposable booties.

Collect large items, such as clothing, and place them in separate paper bags. Keep an accurate evidence log. One person should collect and bag the items while another person labels the bags and records the items in the log.

Do not place all clothing items from a suspect in one paper bag, nor all items from a victim in another bag. Bag each item separately.

Never put suspect items and victim items in contact with one another. The person collecting the suspect's items should not be the same person that collects the victim's items. If this must occur, personnel must change their clothing and collect the evidence at a different time to avoid contamination.

Bedding should be carefully handled to avoid loss of hairs and fibers. Each item should be placed in a separate bag.

Floor surfaces should be vacuumed for possible trace evidence. Some crime scene investigators use tape to secure trace evidence; however, tape is generally difficult to work with at the scene and in the laboratory. Smaller surfaces such as chairs and car seats can be taped or vacuumed.

Ensure that carpet, pet hair, and other standards that might have transferred to a suspect or victim are collected.

Always process for fingerprints after collecting trace evidence.

Collect all possible known fiber samples from a vehicle. These may be obtained from the carpet, door panels, headliner, seats, floor mats, and trunk.

The following suggestions pertain to different types of items recovered at the crime scene:

Hairs found in the hands of the victim usually belong to the victim. Rarely are the hairs similar to the suspect's known hairs; nevertheless, these must be collected and submitted for analysis.

Pubic and head hair combings should always be taken in violent crimes. Foreign hairs as well as fibers can be recovered from these samples. If a hat is recovered at the crime scene and a suspect is identified soon, it may be possible to find fibers similar to those in the hat in the suspect's hair.

Thorough random samples should be taken from the head and pubic regions of a suspect(s) and
victim(s). Twenty-five full-length hairs, pulled and combed from different areas of the head and pubic regions, are generally considered an adequate representation of an individual's hair characteristics.

Doors and windows should be searched for trace evidence if they are possible points of entry or exit.

Evidence Handling Procedures

Once the evidence has been collected, there are several recommendations or considerations when packaging it for transmittal to the laboratory. Clothing items must be packaged in separate sealed paper bags-not plastic. To avoid contamination, clothing items from the suspect should never be handled in the same area in which items from the victim are handled. All damp or blood-soaked items must be air-dried in a room away from air movement and traffic. Drying paper placed under damp clothing items should be submitted separately.

Submit individual hairs and fibers in clean paper or in an envelope with sealed corners. The primary paper or envelope should be placed inside a secondary sealed envelope with all corners taped. Many times individual hairs identified on items of clothing are not removed or secured. These hairs may move or be lost, so it is recommended that they be removed and placed in an envelope (first noting where they were removed).

If a floor surface is vacuumed, the debris should be placed on a white sheet of paper (8 x 11 inches) and folded at the corners. This paper should be placed in a heat-sealed or resealable plastic bag.

Protocol for Evidence Processing
in the FBI Laboratory

When evidence is received in the Trace Evidence Unit, the case is assigned to an examiner. The examiner will read the incoming communication to determine the nature of the offense, the names of the suspects and victims, and the types of requested examinations. It is important to have an understanding of the offense to help determine the course of action in the Laboratory. Contact between family members or friends would be treated differently, as the transfer of trace evidence would be more likely in these cases.

In the Unit, there are three processing rooms designed for debris collection. Debris is collected through a combination of picking, scraping, and sometimes taping. Whereas taping is considered by some laboratories to be a preferred technique, it can be time-consuming and tedious and can present a storage problem for the tape collections. Vacuuming is not recommended for clothing items. The clothing of a victim is processed in a room other than the room in which the suspect's clothing is processed. The collected debris is placed in pillboxes and examined with a stereobinocular microscope. Hairs and fibers are mounted on glass microscope slides for identification and comparison purposes.

Collecting trace evidence using scraping and picking techniques

Collecting trace evidence
with a vacuum

Examination Conclusions

When a questioned hair exhibits the same microscopic characteristics as the known hairs of an individual, the hair could have originated from that individual. If the questioned hair is microscopically dissimilar to the known hair standard, it cannot be associated with the individual. Different people generally have different hair characteristics, but differences in microscopic characteristics can also be the result of time and alteration. Known hair samples should be collected from individuals as soon as possible to the date of the crime. As time passes, microscopic characteristics can change, and the individual may alter the color with dyes.

Stereomicroscopic examination

If a fiber exhibits the same microscopic and optical properties as a known fabric, the fiber could have originated from that fabric. Although it is not possible to say that a fiber originated from a particular fabric, fiber matches are not insignificant. Because of the many different types of fibers and fabrics and the many different ways they can be colored, the likelihood of finding coincidental matches is low. It is possible, however, to positively say that a torn piece of fabric originated from another fabric if the torn edges match.

For more information about trace evidence and the recovery of evidence from crime scenes, see the Hairs and Fibers and Crime Scene Search sections of the Handbook of Forensic Services.
To Hair Evidence To Fiber Evidence

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Hairs, Fibers, Crime, and Evidence, Part 3, by Deedrick (Forensic Science Communications, July 2000)

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Hairs, Fibers, Crime, and Evidence, Part 3, by Deedrick (Forensic Science Communications, July 2000) July 2000 - Volume 2 - Number 3 Hairs, Fibers, Crime, and Evidence Part 3: Crime and Evidence Unit Chief Trace Evidence Unit Federal Bureau of Investigation Washington, DC Introduction | Crime Scene Search | Evidence

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ATF Trace Evidence Unit Reference Collections

Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF)

Collections of various trace evidence samples; automotive paint pigments, human hair, animal hair, fibers, black spray paint, silicone adhesive, electrical tape, and duct tape. Collections include various automotive paint pigments, human hair, animal hair, fibers (hundreds), black spray paints (~10), silicone adhesives (30-50), electrical tape (30-40), and duct tape (20-30).

Collection can be accessed by emailing POC.

Some samples (i.e. human and animal hair) are steadily accumulated. Others (i.e. black spray paint, silicone adhesives) are collected for a specific case. Samples are collected from various sources, including volunteers, casework, and commercial vendors.

Physical samples.

Leonora Bender
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms,
and Explosives (ATF)
202.648.6146

Digital Automotive Image System (DAIS)

Automobile Identification

Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI) -- Digital Evidence Laboratory

A digital system, which fits entirely on one DVD, with photos and data of motor vehicles commercially manufactured in the last twenty years. Used in image analysis to provide opinions as to whether a car in a photo could be a particular make, model, or year car. Collection of images of make, model and year of cars. Includes front, side, and rear photos of motor vehicles and accompanying data. The software can generate "Be On the Lookout"-type posters and produce photo lineups. DAIS contains thousands of records.

User must request a DVD from the FBI. Database can then be downloaded from DVD and installed on an unlimited number of computers. The data is searchable by vehicle category, body style, number of doors, and other characteristics. CDs are available up request to law enforcement only.

Images are obtained per contract with Southwest Research Institute through TSWG.

Digital records.

EPA NEIC Asbestos Collection

Asbestos, Silicate Mineral

Private Collection, Owner works for EPA NEIC

Self-maintained, private collection of asbestos samples. Owner is willing and has provided samples to requesting parties on occasion. The collection contains 20-40 asbestos samples collected from mines in North America (Vermont, Quebec, North Carolina, Arizona), rockshops, and bookshops.

Contact the POC/Owner. Physical samples are available for some, but not all, of the collection's specimens. Currently only used internally and for educational purposes in court. Any outsider with a legetimate cause can request access.

Samples collected from caves, or purchases in rockshops and bookshops by the collection owner.

Physical samples.

Peggy Forney,
Collection Owner
National Enforcement
Investigations Center,
EPAC
Chemist
303.462.9110

European Collection of Automotive Paints (EUCAP)

Paint, Automobile Identification

The French Police Lab maintains the database; data analysis is performed by the Federal Criminal Police Force of Germany (BKA).

A searchable collection of paint samples removed from primarily salvage vehicles by law enforcement laboratory participants throughout Europe. Paint samples collected by European Law Enforcement Agencies.

The database can be accessed via the internet via a secure ID and password assigned by the French Police Lab.

FBI Lab - Fiber Library

Fibers

Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI) -- FBI Laboratory

Database of FTIR spectra of textile fibers used to identify fiber types. Database includes 86 records. Each record includes FTIR spectra. Physical samples of fibers are also held.

Library is stored in FBI's version of the OMNIC library search software (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.). Outside agencies can request FBI Trace Evidence staff to carry out analysis by contacting POC. No cost to access; outside labs and agencies can submit requests to FBI.

Most of the fiber samples were obtained from Collaborative Testing Services (a commercial company).

Digital records and physical samples.

FBI Lab - Forensic Automobile Carpet Database (FACD)

Fibers, Automobile Identification

Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI) -- FBI Laboratory

A collection of carpet fibers removed from vehicles. Fibers are entered into a centralized searchable database that is used to provide investigative make/model/year information. Collection includes about 800 samples of known automobile carpet fibers. Records include microscopic characteristics including cross-section, diameter, color as seen through microscope, IR microscopy, microspectrometry.

Sample is first analyzed and a search is carried out using a Microsoft Access database. The sample is then compared with physical samples of possible matches. Outside law enforcement agencies will be able to submit evidence for analysis by the FBI. No cost to access; outside labs and agencies can submit requests to FBI.

Fibers come from personally-owned vehicles, manufactures, and junkyards.

Digital records and physical samples.

Stephen Shaw
Federal Bureau
of Investigations,
FBI Laboratory
703.632.7706 stephen.shaw@
ic.fbi.gov

International Forensic Automotive Paint Data Query (PDQ)

Paint, Automobile Identification

Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP)-- Forensic Laboratory Services

The International Forensic Automotive Paint Data Query (PDQ) database is a centralized, searchable database of chemical and color information of original automotive paints. Search results provide make/model/year information. PDQ contains foreign and domestic automotive paint samples from ~13,000 vehicles and ~50,000 layers of paint. Most paint samples consist of four layers typically used for an automotive job. Contains majority of post-1973 vehicles marketed in the US.

Access is granted through a program updated and released by RCMP annually through a CD release. Law enforcement agencies interested in PDQ who are not already members can contact PDQ directly by email. Partnering agencies also have access to physical samples by request. Use of the PDQ is for bona fide law enforcement agencies only that perform forensic paint examinations as part of criminal investigations. "Payment" for access to the database is the submission of 60 samples to PDQ each year. In addition, users must sign a non-disclosure agreement.

Every accessing institution must submit 60 paint samples per year, these usually come from vehicles at body shops or junk yards or manufacturers. Samples are also collected directly from some automotive companies.

Samples are analyzed for their identifying chemical properties, and this information is stored digitally. Physical samples are available by request (see more information).

Email PDQ:

Mark Sandercock
Manager, Trace Evidence
Operations Support
National Centre for
Forensic Services -
AlbertaRoyal Canadian
Mounted Police
780.451.7418
mark.
sandercock@
rcmp-grc.gc.ca

Diana Wright
Federal Bureau
of Investigations,
FBI Laboratory
703.632.7418

Locke Scientific - GRIM Glass Standards

Glass

Locke Scientific (commercial)

Glass standards for GRIM.

Standards can be purchased for use in the laboratory.

Physical samples.

Susan Gross
Minnesota BCA
Chemistry Supervisor
651.793.2900
sue.t.gross@
state.mn.us

McCrone Microscopes & Accessories - Slide Sets

Reference Materials/ Standards

McCrone Microscopes & Accessories (commercial)

Microscope company stocks a number of slide sets that serve as reference collections for forensic analysis. Sets include a paint pigment set, particle set, fiber reference sets, white powder set, and an asbestos reference set. Paint Pigment Set - 50 samplesFiber Reference Set - 100 samplesAsbestos Reference Set - 25 samples; includes materials that contain asbestosParticle Reference Set - 100 samplesWhite Powder Set - 25 samples

Standard reference materials and slide sets can be searched and purchased on the website. Paint Pigment Set - $325.00; Fiber Reference Set - $725.00; Asbestos Reference Set - $450.00; Particle Reference Set - $725.00; White Powder Set - $300.00

Samples in each slide set are selected by based on most commonly seen specimen for each category.

Physical samples purchased from an online catalogue.

MicroTrace - SRM Collections

Reference Materials/ Standards

MicroTrace Scientific (commercial)

Company that sells reference material collections and slide sets. Reference materials include forensic fiber reference collection, natural fiber collection, hair and fur collection, forensic mineral analysis slide set, and automotive pigment reference collection. Reference Collections- Fiber Reference Collection: 200 traceable, authenticated synthetic fibers- The Arbidar Animal Hair and Fur Collection: 80 animal hair samples from around the world representing 49 genera- The Arbidar Natural Fiber Collection:80 samples representing a wide variety of natural fibers including vegetable fibers, animal fur fibers used in textiles, silks, and papersSlide Reference Collections:- Forensic Mineral Reference Collection: approximately 40 slides of minerals that are forensically significant- Automotive Pigment Reference Collection: approximately 40 slides of paint pigments from automotive manufacturers

Standard reference materials can be searched and purchased on the website. Cost varies by product; legitimate forensic laboratories can purchase.

N/A

Physical samples are available for purchase through the online catalog.

Microtrace LLC
790 Fletcher Drive
Suite 106
Elgin, IL 60123-4755
847.742.9909

National Automotive Paint File (NAPF)

Paint, Automobile Identification

Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI) -- FBI Laboratory

A physical collection of automotive paint panels acquired and maintained by the FBI's Chemistry Unit for use in casework. NAPF is a physical collection of paint color standards and/or full system paint panels (as a vehicle would be painted, not just the top coats). It contains approximately 14,000 automotive paint panels.

NAPF is used in an investigation to make a physical comparison of evidentiary paint chips to known paint colors to aid in identifying possible vehicle makes and models in hit-and-run investigations. The FBI Lab may be able to provide small samples of specific vehicle colors to other law enforcement agencies if that agency has some knowledge of the specific color or model they are seeking.

Automotive manufacturers provide these physical samples free of charge to the FBI Lab for all vehicles available for purchase in North America. This does not include commercial vehicles such as trucks, buses, motorcycles or RVs.

NAPF is not a database; physical samples are available.

Diana Wright
Federal Bureau
of Investigations,
FBI Laboratory
703.632.7418

National Forensic Tape File (NFTF)

Tape

Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI) -- FBI Laboratory

The National Forensic Tape File is used for determining the manufacturer and/or product for duct tape sourcing requests and is also a repository for samples used in the FBI duct tape and electrical tape discrimination studies. ~500 tape samples stored in-house in plastic bags and plastic bins in a storage cabinet. Physical properties and/or chemical composition can be searched in SLICE software to determine potential manufacturer/product candidates, and then those candidates can be pulled out of NFTF for a direct comparison to the unknown sample.

The Florida Department of Law Enforcement (FDLE) and FBI both use SLICE software to interact with digital tape records. - FDLE and FBI are willing to share their digital records with other forensic scientists that have SLICE and are willing to share/exchange samples.- For a laboratory without the SLICE software, the FBI can conduct the analysis for them as long as it adheres to the case acceptance policy. Case Acceptance Policy: Usually if it's a case that has FBI jurisdiction, they will accept it and perform the analysis. If the lab has its own capabilities, then it must do the analysis itself (but FBI and FDLE will share/exchange data and samples).

Manufacturers provide rolls free of charge (majority of samples) or samples are purchased. A new roll is assigned a sequential number, put into a storage cabinet, its paperwork is filed, and then it is analyzed and data is put into SLICE.

Digital records can be shared through the SLICE software. Physical samples are maintained in-house.

Andria Mehltretter
Federal Bureau
of Investigations,
FBI Laboratory
703.632.7415
andria.
mehltretter@
ic.fbi.gov

Polyethylene Repository & Information Database for Evdience (PRIDE)

Plastic Bags

Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI) -- FBI Laboratory

Repository of polyethylene reference samples. Examples include trash bags and sandwich bags. Database can be used to determine the possible manufacturer of a bag used at a crime scene. Collection includes approximately 1,000 samples of polyethylene bags.

There is a standalone system at the FBI Laboratory Questioned Documents Unit. The QDU will search the system to fulfill outside requests. Outside agencies submit the questioned specimen for QDU to do analysis. No cost to access; outside law enforcement agencies can submit requests to the FBI.

Samples were obtained as part of a research project for development of the database. Additional samples are provided by the program manager. Submitted samples are not added to PRIDE because manufacturer information is unknown.

Digital records and physical samples.

Meg McHenrymarguerite.mchenry [at] ic.fbi.gov (marguerite.
Federal Bureau
of Investigations,
FBI Laboratory
703.632.7283

mchenry@
ic.fbi.gov)

Contacts if agencies have questions:

FBI Questioned
Documents Unit:
703.632.8444

FBI Evidence Control: 703.632.8360

Powder Diffraction File (PDF)

Powders

International Center for Diffraction Data (ICDD)

Database of powder diffraction data for the identification of crystalline materials. The database can be purchased in different versions. Collection includes 715,953 total records, broken down into numerous libraries that the user can purchase depending on user needs (basic version, advanced version, and mineral and organics add-ons). Diffraction, crystallographic, and bibliographic data are kept on each data set. Select physical properties are also kept.

PDF can be purchased as a standalone version on user's PC (depending on version). User must first purchase a license (1 year for advanced version, 5 years for basic version). For sales information, call the number listed or visit the website. Pricing information for various packages appears on the brochure. Product may be purchased after agreeing to the licensing terms.

The following institutions are collaborative partners on PDF:- International Center for Diffraction Data (ICDD); Newtown Square, PA- Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre (CCDC); Cambridge, UK, Cambridge Structural Database (CSD)- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); Gaithersburg, MD- Fachinformationszentrum Karlsruhe (FIZ); Karlsruhe, Germany, Crystal Structure Database (ICSD)- Material Phases Data System (MPDS); Vitznau, Switzerland, Linus Pauling File (LPF)

Digital records.

TireGuides, Inc. - Tread Design Guide

Impressions

Tire Guides, Inc. (commercial)

Database of tire tread designs utilized to provide investigative lead information on possible make and model for unknown impressions. The Tread Design Guide shows tread patterns for all types of tires sold in the U.S.*A comprehensive Visual Identification of all types of Tire Tread Pattern Designs.*Covers Passenger, Light Truck and Medium Truck vehicles.*Includes Off-Road and Agricultural Tread Patterns.*Also covers Motorcycle and retread tire tread designs.*Provides information on how to read a tire sidewall and on the different Tire Sizing Systems.*Gives detailed information on Speed-Rating and Load Indexes as well as lug nut torque and tightening sequences.*Back Issues available.

The individual guides can be purchased as a hardcopy book. A computerized version is also available. Contact Tire Guides Inc. by phone or through the URL. Price Quantity (from website)$28.00 1 - 4 $27.00 5 - 9 $25.00 10 - 24 $24.00 25 - 99

Tread patterns and other information compiled for tires sold in the U.S..

Digital records.

Tire Guides Inc. -
Tire Information Center
1101 South Rogers Circle
Ste 6
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2748 561.997.9229
tireinfo@
tireguides.com

TSWG Sponsored FIU Glass Database

Glass, Elemental Analysis

Florida International University, sponsored by the Technical Support Working Group

The database assesses the relative frequency that two glass samples from different sources would have the same elemental profile. The purpose of this database is to provide glass examiners a view of the frequency of occurrence of elemental composition for ~700 different glass samples originating from different sources. The database contains elemental analysis data for 12 elements for ~ 700 glass samples from manufacturers, distributors, and vehicle junkyards. Samples include: containers, float, headlamp, and vehicle glasses.

The database is not designed to be searched for casework in the way that other forensic databases (i.e. PDQ) but rather, it is to be used by researchers to estimate the probability of a random occurrence of elemental composition for different glass sources. Two plasma mass spectrometers are used to perform an elemental analysis of glass. Freely available to agencies and researchers with a reasonable cause.

Samples are collected from manufacturers, distributors, and vehicle junkyards. The data was collected from a single laboratory (FIU) as part of a research project.

Digital data records.

Dr. Jose Almirall, Professor
Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry,
Florida International
University
305.348.3917

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ATF Trace Evidence Unit Reference Collections Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF) Collections of various trace evidence samples; automotive paint pigments, human hair, animal hair, fibers, black spray paint, silicone adhesive, electrical tape, and duct tape.

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-Vikira Johnson

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-ViKira Johnson

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IAFNS is currently offering graduate student and post-doc stipends for research using the comprehensive database. Details and full instructions can be found here.

The objectives of this database are to:

1. Systematically compile and provide access to primary, English-language, peer-reviewed science linking dietary fiber intake in humans to one or more of 10 potential health benefits

2. Provide researchers with a tool to understand how different fibers are characterized in studies

3. Facilitate researchers in identifying gaps in the current research

4. Create a database to serve as a starting foundation of primary human literature for conducting evidence-based reviews and meta-analyses

5. Efficiently assist researchers in identifying fibers of interest

This database should serve as a foundation for future work. Specific inclusion and exclusion criteria, detailed below, were applied in determining database eligibility; thus, this database is not intended to serve as a sole source for identifying all possible fiber literature for the purposes of conducting a meta-analysis or systematic review. This database contains Population, Intervention, Comparator, and Outcome (PICO) data to help users formulate and narrow the focus of their research question. It is expected that secondary searches will be conducted to augment this database. If conducting a systematic review, we recommend reviewing the following source: Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, Mulrow C, Gøtzsche PC, Ioannidis JPA, et al. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: Explanation and elaboration. PLoS Medicine 2009;6(7):e1000100. It is important to note that for this version of the database, the screening of studies and data extraction were performed for the majority of papers by only 1 person; as such, users are strongly encouraged to confirm the data they require is captured. We imagine that the users will narrow down their search to fiber(s) of interest and will populate their version of the database with additional data (such as results).

Users of this database should provide attribution in the acknowledgements of any publications or presentations acknowledging Dr. Nicola McKeown (Tufts University) as Principal Investigator and IAFNS as the funding agent, as follows, "Supported by the Technical Committee on Dietary Carbohydrates of the Institute for the Advancement of Food and Nutrition Sciences (IAFNS)."

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IAFNS is currently offering graduate student and post-doc stipends for research using the comprehensive database. Details and full instructions can be found here.

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-Vikira Johnson

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The Wisconsin Center for Investigative Journalism has found nine cases in the state involving 12 defendants that featured faulty crime laboratory hair or fiber comparison. Seven cases were flagged by the national task force re-examining cases involving FBI hair and fiber analysts. Two are cases in which DNA testing showed that Wisconsin State Crime Laboratory hair comparisons linking suspects to crime scene hairs were wrong.

Ralph Armstrong - Armstrong was exonerated in 2009 after serving nearly 29 years in prison for a murder likely committed by his brother. DNA testing showed hair from the Madison murder scene deemed by the Wisconsin State Crime Laboratory to be consistent with Armstrong's was not his. Earlier this year, Armstrong was awarded $1.75 million by the state of Wisconsin, Dane County and the city of Madison. Noting the extensive allegations of police and prosecutorial misconduct, a federal appeals court summarized the case as "a single-minded pursuit of an innocent man that let the real killer to go free."

Richard Beranek - Beranek's conviction was overturned by a Dane County Circuit Court judge in June. Prosecutors have not announced whether they will retry Beranek, who had served 27 years of a 243-year sentence. DNA testing found hair and semen from the rape scene were not Beranek's, despite FBI testimony that the hair was a "match."

Roy L. and Clarence Broussard - The Broussards pleaded guilty to the 1986 armed robbery of a clothing store in Brookfield. Former Waukesha County District Attorney Paul Bucher told the FBI that the agency's flawed analysis was not "material" to the defendants' convictions, given other evidence, including eyewitness identification. Efforts to reach the Broussards were unsuccessful.

Joey Dale Clendenny, George T. Phillips and Dennis Wieneke - Clendenny, Phillips and Wieneke were convicted in U.S. District Court in Milwaukee for the 1979 kidnapping of a man and woman in Green Bay and the sexual assault of the woman. Wieneke, who pleaded guilty, said he was not notified until 11 years later of the FBI's finding of shoddy lab work in 2003 by analyst Michael Malone. In an interview, Wieneke acknowledged involvement in the crime but said that Malone - whose "scientifically unsupportable testimony" helped launch the agency's review of hair and fiber cases - had also victimized people. "I think there's a lot of innocent people out there he (Malone) hurt," Wieneke said.

Larry Fandrich - Fandrich and his attorney say the flawed FBI hair and fiber analyses in the Sauk County case prompted him to plead no contest rather than not guilty to a string of sexual assaults and kidnappings in and around Baraboo in 1991. Fandrich, who is serving a 50-year term, plans to seek a sentence modification.

Patrick Greer - In 2016, the FBI identified numerous errors in its analyst's testimony in the La Crosse County case against Greer, who had maintained that he was not involved in a 1994 masked bank robbery for which he was convicted and served about 13 years in prison. The analyst falsely testified that his ability to compare Greer's hair to a strand found on the bag carrying money from the robbery was like a person's ability to recognize the face of a best friend or spouse. Efforts to reach Greer were unsuccessful.

Brook Grzelak - Grzelak told the Center he does not recall that hair or fiber evidence was used against him as part of a federal case stemming from a 1982 bank robbery in Oconto County - despite the fact that the FBI found shoddy lab work in the case back in 2001. Grzelak pleaded guilty despite his attorney's advice. He is now imprisoned in Michigan on burglary-related counts.

Anthony Hicks - Hicks was exonerated in 1997 after DNA testing found that hairs from the scene of a Madison sexual assault - which a state analyst had said were consistent with Hicks' - were not his. The state paid Hicks $25,000 plus $53,060 in attorney's fees for the four and a half years he spent wrongfully imprisoned.

Booker Shipp - Shipp is serving a life sentence for two armed masked robberies and the fatal shooting of Glendale Police Officer Ronald Hedbany officer in 1994. The FBI found numerous errors with the testimony of the FBI analyst in that case, who tied Shipp's hair to a strand found on the mask worn by the robber. Milwaukee County District Attorney John Chisholm said the prosecutor who conducted an internal review of the case is "absolutely confident" in the jury's verdict. Chisholm said there was additional "overwhelming" evidence against Shipp. Shipp said he is looking for an attorney to bring an appeal. "I have always maintained my innocence," he said. "I always said it was not me."
The nonprofit Wisconsin Center for Investigative Journalism (www.WisconsinWatch.org) collaborates with Wisconsin Public Radio, Wisconsin Public Television, other news media and the UW-Madison School of Journalism and Mass Communication. All works created, published, posted or disseminated by the Center do not necessarily reflect the views or opinions of UW-Madison or any of its affiliates.

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The Wisconsin Center for Investigative Journalism has found nine cases in the state involving 12 defendants that featured faulty crime laboratory hair or fiber comparison. Seven cases were flagged by the national task force re-examining cases involving FBI hair and fiber analysts.