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Singapore experiences smoke haze from time to time. The haze is caused by forest fires in the region which arise when open burning is carried out to clear land for agricultural uses. It can be made worse by dry seasons, changes in wind direction, and when precipitation is low. Prevailing winds sometimes carry smoke haze produced by the forest fires over Singapore's skies, particularly during the Southwest monsoon season.

While the ultimate solution to the issue of haze lies in collaborative efforts to reduce burning of forest cover, Singapore is taking steps to ensure its population is equipped to deal with haze when it occurs. Such steps include the provision of early haze warnings, measurement and dissemination of air quality information, and guidelines for dealing with haze-related issues.

For practical tips for households to reduce exposure to haze particles at home, click here.

ASEAN Specialised Meteorological Centre

NEA works with our ASEAN partners to combat haze. Together with the Meteorological Service Singapore (MSS), NEA hosts the ASEAN Specialised Meteorological Centre (ASMC) - a collaborative programme between the national meteorological services of ASEAN member countries - to manage the haze problem in the region. ASMC's primary task is to monitor and provide assessments of forest fires and transboundary smoke haze affecting the ASEAN region.

For information on ASMC and its services, visit its website.

Health advisory for the general public

The Pollutant Standards Index (PSI) measures air quality and indicates the severity of smoke haze. The health effects of haze are dependent on its severity, as described by the PSI. A PSI reading of 101 and above is deemed unhealthy.

The main pollutant of concern during periods of smoke haze is fine particulate matter or PM 2.5 (particulate of size 2.5 microns and below). These particulates enter air-conditioned buildings through the fresh air intake, and through openings and gaps. The particulate levels indoors can accumulate to unhealthy levels, resulting in undesirable health effects on building occupants. It can also adversely affect the efficiency of air-conditioning systems.

The health effects of haze are dependent on an individual's health status (e.g whether one has pre-existing chronic heart or lung disease), the PSI level, and the duration and intensity of outdoor activity.

Reducing outdoor activities and physical exertion can help limit the adverse effects of haze exposure. Those who do not feel well, especially the elderly and children, and those with chronic heart or lung conditions, should seek medical attention.

The public is advised to check for relevant health advisories that will be issued based on the PSI or PM 2.5 readings on the NEA corporate website ( www.nea.gov.sg) and Haze microsite ( www.haze.gov.sg).

Note: The MOH Health Advisory table below is aligned with the revised PSI reporting system. The revised PSI reporting system takes effect from 1 April 2014.

** Prolonged = continuous exposure for several hours
*** Strenuous = involving a lot of energy or effort
^ Reduce = do less
^^ Mininise = do as little as possible
^^^ Avoid = do not do

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Fires in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Credit: Rini Sulaiman/ Norwegian Embassy

For further reading, see our op-ed in the Jakarta Post.
Less than four months ago, millions of people across Singapore, Malaysia and Indonesia were choking on the worst air pollution ever recorded in Southeast Asia as hundreds of fires burned across Sumatra. The fires caused serious damage, eliciting a public health emergency, closing schools and harming tourism and other businesses.

This week the Sultan of Brunei is hosting many of Asia's heads of state for the 23rd Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Summit. Preventing new fires and haze are high on the agenda. Key decisions and actions are urgently needed from the presidents and prime ministers this week. ASEAN ministers met in July to discuss this issue but failed to agree on significant actions; leadership is needed to solve the ongoing problem.

The World Resources Institute (WRI) has been closely monitoring the fires and haze since June. We have published several analyses highlighting the locations and patterns of the fires and we suggested steps that policymakers, companies and others could take to reduce the risk of future fires and haze. We are now able to share the summary findings from a more detailed analysis of the June fires using high resolution satellite imagery (see text box below for technical details).

The findings and their significance are as follows:

1) Over 1,500 square kilometers of land burned in the study area in Riau Province during the June fires and haze crisis. This was a large-scale environmental and human disaster that demands a thorough response from policymakers.

The fires burned an area more than twice the size of Singapore, in the study area alone, and left behind large burn scars resulting in significant economic and other damage to forests and communities. WRI selected the 2.2 million hectares (ha) study area by examining areas with the highest density of fires. The study area and time frame were limited in scope due to the availability and expense of high-resolution satellite imagery. It is important to note that the amount of burning across the region was much more extensive than is reported here, as many fires fell outside of our study area.

Earlier WRI analysis showed that fires on this scale have occurred three times in the last ten years alone. The ASEAN Summit is the perfect opportunity for the region's leaders to acknowledge the seriousness of these fires and the strong chance that they will recur soon unless concrete, collaborative steps to address the challenge are adopted. This could include measures such as establishing a blue ribbon panel of government, business and civil society leaders to develop priority recommendations for action by early 2014, with a commitment to follow through ahead of the next burning season later that year.

2) Many of the fires were illegal. They burned on peatland and in some cases protected areas, including the globally significant Tesso Nilo National Park.

The new analysis found that 72 percent of the fires in the study area burned on peatland (a soil layer, often several meters deep, composed of partly decomposed organic material). Furthermore, extensive burning occurred in Tesso Nilo National Park, where 700 hectares of the 6,000 hectares within the study area was burned. Burning peatland and protected areas is illegal under Indonesian law. Burning peatland also results in high greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, so much so that the emissions resulting from the fires will seriously reduce Indonesia's ability to meet its GHG emissions reduction targets. Concession-holders and the Indonesian government should invest more in fire prevention in these areas and faster fire response capabilities.

3) Fires appear to have been very extensive within some company concession areas. Burn scars can be seen covering more than 100 square kilometers in each of two concessions, and a further 12 concessions had fires totaling between 10 and 100 square kilometers.

WRI's high resolution analysis found some very extensive and highly clustered large burn scars. Comparison with 2013 concession maps from the Indonesian Ministry of Forestry show which companies appear to have licenses to operate in these areas. As Figure 3 below shows, the largest clusters of burn scars were found on pulpwood concessions, while other large burn scars were also seen on oil palm concessions. Figure 4 below shows the extent of burn scars within two concessions that exhibit particularly large burned areas. As WRI has stressed, these results do not necessarily mean these companies are the instigators of the fires or are responsible, given known inaccuracies in the concession maps available for analysis. Responsibility for the fires can be assessed only with thorough, impartial investigations on the ground and more detailed concession maps. Therefore it is a priority that governments and companies commit to making all concession data public.

4) Decision makers across Southeast Asia can use the NASA daily fire alerts to monitor fires with confidence.

WRI analysis shows that the medium-resolution NASA MODIS FIRMS system correctly detected fires 97 percent of the time, when compared with expert visual and GIS analysis of high-resolution imagery. This directly addresses a concern from many stakeholders about the accuracy of the NASA data. Not only is the NASA data highly accurate, it is also updated every day and available for free to everyone. Policymakers thus can focus on the steps needed to prevent fires and respond rapidly when they are detected, and do not necessarily need a new (expensive) monitoring system.

Further refinement of the analysis summarized here is impeded by the poor quality of the publicly available concession maps for Indonesia. The heads of state meeting this week at the ASEAN summit should agree to publicly release the concession maps in their respective countries and to accelerate efforts to improve the quality of those maps. This will support more effective law enforcement, improved coordination between government agencies and between local and national governments, better analysis from universities and researchers, and the ability to develop of measures to prevent future fire and haze disasters. A commitment to transparent management of the fires and haze issues would go a long way to enabling many organizations to collaborate to address the challenge.

The high resolution satellite imagery and methods used in this analysis
WRI obtained high resolution imagery from the RapidEye system which provides multi-band optical images with 5 m resolution ideal for seeing the burned areas left after fires, known as "burn scars." Images were acquired for an area of 2.2 million hectares of Riau Province, Sumatra, Indonesia from before and after the June fires. Scenes were selected covering 50 percent of all of the fires alerts reported by the NASA MODIS FIRMS system during June 2013 for Riau Province.

The RapidEye satellite data was mosaicked for all dates after June 30, 2013 and interpreted by visual inspection and digitizing on-screen. The satellite data were interpreted as visualized with a combination of bands 5,4,3 (Red, Green, Blue). Figure 5 provides an example of RapidEye imagery with the burn scars clearly visible in black and gray.

National parks maps (2006) were obtained from the Indonesian Ministry of Forestry. Pulpwood and oil palm concession data (2013) were obtained from the Indonesian Ministry of Forestry.

RapidEye (https://www.rapideye.com/) has a constellation of five satellites in orbit that contain identical sensors calibrated equally to deliver 5 m resolution data after orthorectification.

In this study orthorectified RapidEye data were obtained for 2.2. million ha for dates after 30 June 2013 (dates ranged from 7-July-2013 to 26-August 2013). The absence of short wave infrared band made it difficult to apply one of the common fire detection algorithms. Therefore, two methods were tested, an automatic detection system based on drop in NDVI and closeness to NASA FIRMS hotspots (with Google Earth Engine) and a visual interpretation using ESRI ArcMap 10.1.

Because of cloud cover that impaired the automatic classification, visual inspection was used in this study. Because of the high resolution data, visual interpretation was simple. The smallest mappable unit was chosen to be 5,000 m2 (0.5 ha).

The RapidEye data was displayed as a 5, 4, 3 band combination (Red, Green, Blue) and interpreted into four classes (clear burn, complex of small burns, clear-cuts without burn signs, no burn). In further analysis only the clear-burn areas were used to derive statistics.

The burnscar interpretation was projected to UTM 47 N and statistics were derived via GIS analysis with MODIS FIRMS data, and Indonesian Ministry of Forestry data on National parks (2006) and Oil Palm concession and Pulp concessions (both 2013).

We assume that by using only the "clear-burn" class and the 0.5 ha smallest mappable unit that we underestimated the burned area. The estimates resulting from this study should therefore be considered as conservative.

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ASEAN Leaders Can Act to Reduce Fires and Haze

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For further reading, see our op-ed in the [Jakarta Post](http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2013/10/10/asean-leaders-can-act-reduce-fires-haze.html).* Less than four months ago, millions of people across Singapore, Malaysia and Indonesia were choking on the [worst air pollution](http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887323566804578552814001080862.html) ever recorded in Southeast Asia as hundreds of fires burned across Sumatra.

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Portal Rasmi Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia - Health Advisory For Workplaces During Haze

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PENAFIAN: Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia tidak akan bertanggungjawab ke atas sebarang kehilangan atau kerosakan yang diakibatkan oleh penggunaan maklumat yang dicapai daripada portal ini. Hakcipta Terpelihara © 2013 - Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia Blok E1, E3 , E6 , E7 & E10, Kompleks E, Pusat Pentadbiran Kerajaan Persekutuan, 62590, Putrajaya Malaysia

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During periods of haze, you can use the health advisory, air quality forecast, 1-hr PM2.5 and daily PSI readings to plan your schedule.

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KUCHING: The haze has returned to parts of Sarawak due to the rising number of hotspots in Kalimantan and open burning in the state.

State Natural Resources and Environment Board (NREB) controller Peter Sawal said 121 hotspots were detected across the border on Tuesday, more than double the day before.

Seven hotspots were also detected - two in Kuching, three in Mukah and one each in Sarikei and Sri Aman.

As at 2pm yesterday, nine areas in the state recorded moderate air pollutant index (API) readings with Mukah, the highest at 84.

This was followed by Sibu (75), Bintulu (71), Samalaju (61), Kuching (58), Kapit (56), Samarahan (53), Sarikei (53) and Sri Aman (51).

A reading of 0-50 is considered good, 51-100 moderate and 101-200 unhealthy.

Sawal said the hazy conditions could last until the end of the month if there were no changes in the prevailing dry weather and wind direction.

"From the briefing by the Meteorological Department, we're expecting this month to be dry with below normal rainfall.

"But things may change; we may experience intermittent rain and that will dampen the weather.

"However, we also monitor the situation because of the high number of hotspots detected across the border and the winds blowing towards us," he said.

Sawal said a few incidents of local burning by farmers had been detected in Sibu, Mukah, Sri Aman and Betong.

"Our men on the ground are now advising local farmers to be vigilant in controlling and monitoring their burning to prevent it from spreading," he said.

He also said NREB had stopped issuing permits for open burning to plantation companies since July and would take action against any illegal burning activities.

Offenders can be fined RM30,000 or prosecuted in court.

However, Sawal said better awareness and enforcement had resulted in a reduced number of illegal burning cases.

"For the past few years, our records show that incidents of illegal burning had reduced. I think they are aware of the seriousness of illegal open burning.

"At the same time, our concerted efforts mean they cannot escape. We can detect (open burning) through satellite and pinpoint the location," he said. "Then, we proceed to the ground to verify it."

In Miri, firemen were battling several wildfires in Mukah, Bintulu and Bintangor.

Some 10 acres of wildfires have been burning since Tuesday evening in Kampung Assykirin in Bintulu.

In Mukah, peatfires in Daro are being tackled while in Bintangor, wildfires have been contained at 60 acres (24.3ha) of the Felcra Bunut plantations.
Related stories: Yeo: No resources is no excuse not to fight open burning More cities and towns 'frying'

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Hotspots and open burning bring back haze - Nation | The Star Online

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KUCHING: The haze has returned to parts of Sarawak due to the rising number of hotspots in Kalimantan and open burning in the state.

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Lack of environmental management the cause of haze | Astro Awani

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Failure of proper management of the environment has been seen as the main factor causing serious air pollution like the haze.

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What causes haze

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Industrial pollutants are one of the main contributors to a very dense form of haze known as smog, but plain old dust can also cause hazy conditions. Industrial pollutants are one of the main contributors to a very dense form of haze known as smog, but plain old dust can also cause hazy conditions.

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Fires in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Credit: Rini Sulaiman/ Norwegian Embassy

For further reading, see our op-ed in the Jakarta Post.
Less than four months ago, millions of people across Singapore, Malaysia and Indonesia were choking on the worst air pollution ever recorded in Southeast Asia as hundreds of fires burned across Sumatra. The fires caused serious damage, eliciting a public health emergency, closing schools and harming tourism and other businesses.

This week the Sultan of Brunei is hosting many of Asia's heads of state for the 23rd Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Summit. Preventing new fires and haze are high on the agenda. Key decisions and actions are urgently needed from the presidents and prime ministers this week. ASEAN ministers met in July to discuss this issue but failed to agree on significant actions; leadership is needed to solve the ongoing problem.

The World Resources Institute (WRI) has been closely monitoring the fires and haze since June. We have published several analyses highlighting the locations and patterns of the fires and we suggested steps that policymakers, companies and others could take to reduce the risk of future fires and haze. We are now able to share the summary findings from a more detailed analysis of the June fires using high resolution satellite imagery (see text box below for technical details).

The findings and their significance are as follows:

1) Over 1,500 square kilometers of land burned in the study area in Riau Province during the June fires and haze crisis. This was a large-scale environmental and human disaster that demands a thorough response from policymakers.

The fires burned an area more than twice the size of Singapore, in the study area alone, and left behind large burn scars resulting in significant economic and other damage to forests and communities. WRI selected the 2.2 million hectares (ha) study area by examining areas with the highest density of fires. The study area and time frame were limited in scope due to the availability and expense of high-resolution satellite imagery. It is important to note that the amount of burning across the region was much more extensive than is reported here, as many fires fell outside of our study area.

Earlier WRI analysis showed that fires on this scale have occurred three times in the last ten years alone. The ASEAN Summit is the perfect opportunity for the region's leaders to acknowledge the seriousness of these fires and the strong chance that they will recur soon unless concrete, collaborative steps to address the challenge are adopted. This could include measures such as establishing a blue ribbon panel of government, business and civil society leaders to develop priority recommendations for action by early 2014, with a commitment to follow through ahead of the next burning season later that year.

2) Many of the fires were illegal. They burned on peatland and in some cases protected areas, including the globally significant Tesso Nilo National Park.

The new analysis found that 72 percent of the fires in the study area burned on peatland (a soil layer, often several meters deep, composed of partly decomposed organic material). Furthermore, extensive burning occurred in Tesso Nilo National Park, where 700 hectares of the 6,000 hectares within the study area was burned. Burning peatland and protected areas is illegal under Indonesian law. Burning peatland also results in high greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, so much so that the emissions resulting from the fires will seriously reduce Indonesia's ability to meet its GHG emissions reduction targets. Concession-holders and the Indonesian government should invest more in fire prevention in these areas and faster fire response capabilities.

3) Fires appear to have been very extensive within some company concession areas. Burn scars can be seen covering more than 100 square kilometers in each of two concessions, and a further 12 concessions had fires totaling between 10 and 100 square kilometers.

WRI's high resolution analysis found some very extensive and highly clustered large burn scars. Comparison with 2013 concession maps from the Indonesian Ministry of Forestry show which companies appear to have licenses to operate in these areas. As Figure 3 below shows, the largest clusters of burn scars were found on pulpwood concessions, while other large burn scars were also seen on oil palm concessions. Figure 4 below shows the extent of burn scars within two concessions that exhibit particularly large burned areas. As WRI has stressed, these results do not necessarily mean these companies are the instigators of the fires or are responsible, given known inaccuracies in the concession maps available for analysis. Responsibility for the fires can be assessed only with thorough, impartial investigations on the ground and more detailed concession maps. Therefore it is a priority that governments and companies commit to making all concession data public.

4) Decision makers across Southeast Asia can use the NASA daily fire alerts to monitor fires with confidence.

WRI analysis shows that the medium-resolution NASA MODIS FIRMS system correctly detected fires 97 percent of the time, when compared with expert visual and GIS analysis of high-resolution imagery. This directly addresses a concern from many stakeholders about the accuracy of the NASA data. Not only is the NASA data highly accurate, it is also updated every day and available for free to everyone. Policymakers thus can focus on the steps needed to prevent fires and respond rapidly when they are detected, and do not necessarily need a new (expensive) monitoring system.

Further refinement of the analysis summarized here is impeded by the poor quality of the publicly available concession maps for Indonesia. The heads of state meeting this week at the ASEAN summit should agree to publicly release the concession maps in their respective countries and to accelerate efforts to improve the quality of those maps. This will support more effective law enforcement, improved coordination between government agencies and between local and national governments, better analysis from universities and researchers, and the ability to develop of measures to prevent future fire and haze disasters. A commitment to transparent management of the fires and haze issues would go a long way to enabling many organizations to collaborate to address the challenge.

The high resolution satellite imagery and methods used in this analysis
WRI obtained high resolution imagery from the RapidEye system which provides multi-band optical images with 5 m resolution ideal for seeing the burned areas left after fires, known as "burn scars." Images were acquired for an area of 2.2 million hectares of Riau Province, Sumatra, Indonesia from before and after the June fires. Scenes were selected covering 50 percent of all of the fires alerts reported by the NASA MODIS FIRMS system during June 2013 for Riau Province.

The RapidEye satellite data was mosaicked for all dates after June 30, 2013 and interpreted by visual inspection and digitizing on-screen. The satellite data were interpreted as visualized with a combination of bands 5,4,3 (Red, Green, Blue). Figure 5 provides an example of RapidEye imagery with the burn scars clearly visible in black and gray.

National parks maps (2006) were obtained from the Indonesian Ministry of Forestry. Pulpwood and oil palm concession data (2013) were obtained from the Indonesian Ministry of Forestry.

RapidEye (https://www.rapideye.com/) has a constellation of five satellites in orbit that contain identical sensors calibrated equally to deliver 5 m resolution data after orthorectification.

In this study orthorectified RapidEye data were obtained for 2.2. million ha for dates after 30 June 2013 (dates ranged from 7-July-2013 to 26-August 2013). The absence of short wave infrared band made it difficult to apply one of the common fire detection algorithms. Therefore, two methods were tested, an automatic detection system based on drop in NDVI and closeness to NASA FIRMS hotspots (with Google Earth Engine) and a visual interpretation using ESRI ArcMap 10.1.

Because of cloud cover that impaired the automatic classification, visual inspection was used in this study. Because of the high resolution data, visual interpretation was simple. The smallest mappable unit was chosen to be 5,000 m2 (0.5 ha).

The RapidEye data was displayed as a 5, 4, 3 band combination (Red, Green, Blue) and interpreted into four classes (clear burn, complex of small burns, clear-cuts without burn signs, no burn). In further analysis only the clear-burn areas were used to derive statistics.

The burnscar interpretation was projected to UTM 47 N and statistics were derived via GIS analysis with MODIS FIRMS data, and Indonesian Ministry of Forestry data on National parks (2006) and Oil Palm concession and Pulp concessions (both 2013).

We assume that by using only the "clear-burn" class and the 0.5 ha smallest mappable unit that we underestimated the burned area. The estimates resulting from this study should therefore be considered as conservative.

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ASEAN Leaders Can Act to Reduce Fires and Haze

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For further reading, see our op-ed in the [Jakarta Post](http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2013/10/10/asean-leaders-can-act-reduce-fires-haze.html).* Less than four months ago, millions of people across Singapore, Malaysia and Indonesia were choking on the [worst air pollution](http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887323566804578552814001080862.html) ever recorded in Southeast Asia as hundreds of fires burned across Sumatra.

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How to Protect Yourself From the Haze in Singapore​

People with heart or respiratory diseases, as well as young children and elderly, should avoid going outdoors whilst the haze lasts in Singapore, advise experts. Even if you don't have a pre-existing health condition, you should reduce your outdoor physical activity when the air quality is hazy and unhealthy.

The National Environment Agency (NEA) issued these air pollution health warnings in Singapore after the air quality on 17 June 2013 reached an unhealthy reading of 155 on the Pollutants Standards Index (PSI, a 3-hour average).To find the latest readings, go to www.nea.gov.sg.

A PSI reading of 0-50 is considered good, 51-100 is moderate, 101-200 is unhealthy, 201-300 is very unhealthy and above 300 is hazardous.

A smoke haze is an annual occurrence in Singapore and typically occurs in the May to October period. It is caused by winds bringing in tiny particles of ash from the raging forest fires in neighbouring Sumatra, Indonesia.

These particles are called PM10 (10 refers to the size in microns of the particulate matters). Breathing in an excess of these particles can increase a person's risk of developing viral and bacterial infections, as well as heart and lung diseases, cancer and stroke. While the bigger air particles are filtered out by the respiratory tract, tiny particles are typically deposited in the lungs. These tiny particles can accumulate over time and harm the body.

"Existing health conditions such as eczema, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and eye diseases like conjunctivitis are made worse by air pollution," says Associate Professor Loo Chian Min, Head and Senior Consultant, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Singapore General Hospital (SGH), a member of the SingHealth group.

"Even healthy people can suffer from irritation in the eyes, nose and throat, coughing and sneezing, if they spend time outdoors during a smoke haze."

Ways to protect yourself from the haze

Take the following steps to protect yourself from the haze in Singapore:

Stay indoors with closed doors as far as possible.

Roll up the windows of your car if you are driving.

Use an air-conditioner in your home to help remove pollutants.

Use an air ioniser or air purifier to catch very small particles.

Drink more water than usual - this helps the kidneys flush out any toxins absorbed through the skin and lungs.

Cut down on coffee and alcohol - these promote fluid loss and leach nutrients from the body.

Build up your immunity with foods rich in vitamin C (oranges, guava, strawberries), vitamin E (nuts and seeds) and omega-3 fatty acids (oily fish).

Cover your nose and mouth when you go out for prolonged periods.

Ref. S13

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ow to Protect Yourself From the Haze in Singapore - HealthXchange

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When the haze is around, stay indoors as much as possible, says the Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Singapore General Hospital

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Haze is traditionally an atmospheric phenomenon in which dust, smoke, and other dry particulates obscure the clarity of the sky. The World Meteorological Organization manual of codes includes a classification of horizontal obscuration into categories of fog, ice fog, steam fog, mist, haze, smoke, volcanic ash, dust, sand, and snow.

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To prevent the spread of this phenomenon of haze and abuse of government and non-governmental bodies to outline measures to be followed not only by the people of Sabah but to all Malaysians.

Prohibition on Open Burning

The Government prohibits open burning, smoke is a major contributor to the haze. Apart from the open burning can cause fires that can not be controlled.

Cloud seeding

As a result of El-Nino phenomenon, dry weather and drought have hit the country. This situation further aggravated the situation, so work had to do cloud seeding for rain. When dry weather, a high temperature of clouds, water droplets into a light, very light drops can not be down to earth as rain. Thus silver iodine or dry ice will be applied to lower the temperature of the cloud. Ice crystal is formed and grows, then pulled by gravity, it will fall to the ground and turns into water droplets when diluted as a result of the temperature of the hot earth. Rain could help the situation when it brings together the haze falls to the ground.

Green Campaign

The government also launched a campaign to encourage tree planting and green in the home, office, school or at the mall membelih. Trees absorb carbon dioxide mambantu green in the air.

Thanks to : http://www.sabah.org.my/bm/kenali_sabah/as_jerebu_langkah.asp

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To prevent the spread of this phenomenon of haze and abuse of government and non-governmental bodies to outline measures to be followed not ...