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Mandatory minimum sentencing means a person convicted of a crime must be imprisoned for a minimum term,
For example, a person convicted by a federal court of possessing half a kilogram or more of cocaine powder must be sentenced to at least five years in prison.
Mandatory minimum sentencing laws force judges to deliver fixed sentences to individuals convicted of a crime, regardless of culpability or other mitigating factors.
Mandatory sentencing contributed to prison overcrowding and has resulted in racial disparities in convictions.

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The Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994,is an act of congress dealing with crime and law enforcement it became law in 1994

It is the largest crime bill in the history of the United States and consisted of 356 pages that provided for 100,000 new police officers, $9.7 billion in funding for prisons and $6.1 billion in funding for prevention programs, which were designed with significant input from experienced police officers

in 2005 estimated that the 1994 crime bill resulted in 88,000 additional police officers between 1994 and 2001, and that the influx of new police officers resulted in “modest” drop in crime.

A two-year study by the National Research Council concluded that the increase was historically unprecedented, that the U.S. far outpaced the incarceration rates elsewhere in the world, and that high incarceration rates have disproportionately affected Hispanic and black communities.

“In the 1970s, the numbers of arrests and court caseloads increased, and prosecutors and judges became harsher in their charging and sentencing,” the report states. “In the 1980s, convicted defendants became more likely to serve prison time.”

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In my own words the Three Strike Law is to give 3 chances before charged with  a felony.

In 1994, California voters enacted the “Three Strikes and You’re Out” law in response to the tragic murders of Kimber Reynolds and Polly Klass.

The law imposed a life sentence for almost any crime, no matter how minor, if the defendant had two prior convictions for crimes defined as serious or violent by the California Penal Code.

Three Strikes law, the sentencing scheme was intended to “keep murders, rapists, and child molesters behind bars, where they belong.”

Over 45 percent of inmates serving life sentences under the Three Strikes law are African American. The Three Strikes law is also applied disproportionately against mentally ill and physically disabled defendants.

Since 1994, the courts have sent over 80,000 second strikers and 7,500 third strikers to state prison.

As of December 31, 2004, there were almost 43,000 inmates serving time in prison under the Three Strikes law, making up about 26 percent of the total prison population.

Approximately 37 percent of strikers were convicted for crimes against persons, such as robbery and assault.

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In my own words chain gangs are convicts chained together to finish a task.

In the early 1900s, dramatic stories of the abuse and wretched conditions of convict laborers began to be publicized through trials and newspaper accounts.

Chain gangs were groups of convicts forced to labor at tasks such as road construction, ditch digging, or farming while chained together.

Some chain gangs toiled at work sites near the prison, others were housed in transportable jails such as railroad cars or trucks.

Chain gangs minimized the cost of guarding prisoners, but exposed prisoners to painful ulcers and dangerous infections from the heavy shackles around their ankles.

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black people were arrested in large groups under Black Code Laws – laws passed by Southern states in 1865 and 1866 with the intent of restricting the freedom of African Americans and leading to the mass incarceration of African Americans.

Blacks were arrested in droves for lack of employment or for assembling without the presence of a white person and other trivial reasons. Most were taken away to harsh prison camps where many died.

Between 1980 and 2015, the number of people incarcerated in America increased to over 2.2 million, and black people were disproportionately represented.

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IN my own words 13th amendment was the most important because it ended slavery.

Passed by Congress on January 31, 1865, and ratified on December 6, 1865, the 13th amendment abolished slavery in the United States.

The 13th amendment, which formally abolished slavery in the United States, passed the Senate on April 8, 1864, and the House on January 31, 1865.

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In my own words convict leasing to me was Southern governments forcing black men into slavery.

During the period of Reconstruction (1865-1877), the federal government stepped in and abolished Black Codes in the South.

The convict leasing system arose to fill the labor void. In most of the South, state governments began leasing out prisoners to various private businesses, such as coal-mining companies, railroads, planters, or logging companies.