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Rise of Nationalism:

Nationalism is the devotion to your nation. At the beginning of the 20th century, this force started growing in Europe. It caused competition with other countries. The rivalry was between  Germany, Austria-Hungary, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, and France. They were competing for materials, markets, territories and old grudges.

Imperialism and Militarism:
Imperialism had also played a part in starting the War. European nations would fight over other colonies. Their mistrust would get deeper and deeper.

Militarism:
Being prepared with an army and glorifying military power

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Bismarck Forges Early Pacts:
Germany's chancellor would use war to unify the country. After 7 years, he was satisfied and started working on maintaining peace. Bismark was wary of France, he thought they were upset from a previous defeat in a war. He started to take isolate the country by taking its allies.

Triple Alliance:
The alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy

Shifting Alliances Threaten Peace:
In 1890, Germany's new ruler, Kaiser Wilhelm II, forced Bismark to resign so that he would have the lone power. In that same year, Russia formed an alliance with France after their treaty with Germany would lapse. If any of the two would wage war on Germany, it would cause a two front war. Germany would have to protect its eastern and western borders. Wilhelm would try to make his navy fleet as impressive as Britain. His decision would cause Great Britain to form an alliance with France as well. Creating the Triple Entente. Two rivals on either side of the country

Kaiser Wilhelm II:
The new ruler of Germany from 1982. His greatest pride was his army.

Triple Entente:
The alliance between Britain, France and Russia. This alliance allowed Great Britain the decision to not fight alongside France and Russia, it ensured there would be no wars between them.

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Nations take Sides:
In August of 1914, most of Europe was at war. It was between the Central Powers and the Allies. The Central Powers became allies with Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire, the 2 trying to regain their lost territories. Japan and Italy joined the Allies. Italy used to be a part of the Triple Alliance, but left since they thought the other two countries had unjustly started the war. In the late summer of the same year, armies marched to the battlefield thinking this war would be over soon. They were wrong, like a few people foresaw.

Central Powers: Germany and Austria from being in the middle of Europe.

Allies: The countries Russia, France and Great Britain.

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Western Front: A deadlocked region in France that was used as the battlefield

The Conflict Grinds Along: Germany came up with a new strategy called the Schlieffen Plan, named after General Alfred Graf von Schlieffen.  They assumed it would work since Russia would take longer to get to the battlefield. Their railroad system wasn't as advanced as the rest of Europe. The plan had called for Germany to defeat France quickly, and they almost followed through. The first few days seemed hopeful to the Germans, until September 5th when the Allies grouped together and attacked them in Paris. And when the Allies needed reinforcements, they would send more soldiers through taxis. Four days passed and Germany retreated. This would later be considered an important event of the war. Their plan and victory in shambles, Russia was able to invaded most of Germany. They now had two fight in two different borders.

Schliefen Plan:  It was to attack France in the west, then quickly going up North to fight against Russia.

War in the Trenches: In 1915, rows of trenches would be dug to protect themselves from other armies. Many people would die to build these. They were horrible to live in too. "The men slept in mud, washed in mud, ate mud, and dreamed mud,” there were rats everyone, sleep was difficult and no fresh food. "No mans land" was used to describe the grounds between the opposing trenches. When it was time to attack soldiers would lean out of the edges of the trench. They would shoot into the other armies trenches, and they would be meet with bullets as well. One French soldier described it, writing “Shells of all calibers kept raining on our sec-tor,” wrote one French soldier. “The trenches disappeared, filled with earth . . . the air was unbreathable. Our blinded, wounded, crawling, and shouting soldiers kept falling on top of us and died splashing us with blood. It was living 🤬.” The western front was a terrain of death. It went from the North Sea to the Swiss border, almost 500 miles. New weapons were created, causing more deaths.
In February of 1916, Germany launched a massive attack on France. They both had casualties of 300,000 men. 4 months later, the British attacked Germany, losing 20,000 of their men. By the end in November, they both lost half a million soldiers.

Trench warfare: digging miles of trenches to protect the soldiers during battle

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The Gallipoli Campaign:
The Allies decided to attack a region in the Ottoman empires called Dardanelles. It led to Constantinople, the capital of Ottoman. They can defeat the Turks and provide a supply line for Russia. They began in February of 1915 and named the Gallipoli Campaign. The British, French, Austrians and New Zealanders would start attacking the Gallipoli peninsula. Turkish troops attacked back. By May, it was turned into another bloody battlefield and trenches were built. Finally, in December, Allies would retreat, suffering about 250,000 loses.

Battles in Africa and Asia:
In both countries, Germans were being attacked. The Japanese would take over German outposts in China and in the Pacific islanders, they would capture Germany's islands. Everywhere else, the British and French would recruit for their armies. Laborers and soldiers would come from India, South Africa, Senegal, Egypt, Algeria and Indochina. While some wanted nothing to do with the war, other countries volunteered in hopes they would be free. Gandhi supported India's participation, in hopes of the latter.

America Joins the Fight:
Germans would infest the waters in 1917. They would threaten unrestricted submarine warfare. They had tried that technique before, 2 years prior. It had left 1,198 dead, including 128 US citizens. They had correctly claimed the ship was carrying weapons. Either way, Americans were angry. Germany agreed to stop attacking neutral ships after 2 more attacks. When they started using that strategy again, they hoped Britain would starve before America could attack. They sank 3 American ships. In February it was found that Germany offered an allieship to Mexico. America used that to declare war on Germany, teaming up with The Allies.

unrestricted submarine warfare:
When submarines would sink any ships in the water with no warning.

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Governments Wage Total War:
Countries would start devoting their supplies over all else. For the Allies, winning was the top priority. The wartime government would take over each countries economy. Unemployment in European countries almost disappeared. Governments had to turn to rationalizing supplies. They would start censoring their news in order to look good.

total war: All resources were for the war first
rationing: People could only buy a limited amount of supplies.
propaganda: Information to keep people on their countries side.

Women and the War:
Woman would replace men in factories. Thousands of women built tanks and ammunition, supplying the soldiers with food and clothing. These woman changed the opinions of everyone.

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Russia Withdraws:

The Central Powers Collapse:

armistice:

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General Notes:

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Woodrow Wilson: From the United States
Georges Clemenceau: From France

Wilson's Plan for Peace: Wilson had drawn up a plan for peace during the raging war. It became known as the fourteen points. The first 4 included the end to treaties, freedom to the seas, free trade and reduced national armies/navies. The fifth would adjust colonial claims with fairness to colonial people. The next 8 points would be specific suggestions for borders and new nations. Self determination guided them, meaning the people of the land would decided the government they would live under. The last point proposed "general association of nations" that protected small states. Wilson's hope for a peaceful organization was shown throughout.

Fourteen Points: 14 points that helped achieve peace.
self-determination: The guiding for the aforementioned points

The Versailles Treaty:
Unfortunately, Britain and France would not agree with Wilson's plan. They were both concerned with national security and wanted to strip Germany pf their war-making power. Arguments ensued. Luckily the Treaty of Versailles was signed in 1919. Adopting the 14th point, a league of nations was also created. Germany was punished in the treaty. They lost territory and had restrictions placed on its military. But none was as harsh as Article 231. It placed the blame of the war on Germany's shoulders. Their territories, like in Africa, were mandates and administered by the league of nations.

Treaty of Versailles: A compromise between Germany and the Allies signed 5 years to the day the assassination of Franz Ferdinand and his Wife, Sophie.
League of Nations: An international association that would keep peace between the nations.

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The Creation of New Nations:
The western powers signed their own peace treaties in 1919 and the following year with Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire. These treaties caused losses for the Central Powers. And new countries were created from the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia became nations.

"A Peace Built on Quicksand"
The Treaty of Versailles did not help the peace. The US rejected it and Americans believed they should stay out of the European business. They got to a separate treaty years later. In Germany, negative feelings were left in their hearts. Other countries felt betrayed by them. Allie countries were also upset. They didn't gain as much territory as they wanted. They lacked support of world powers. All of this negativity eventually lead into another world war.

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A Restless Region:
In the Balkan Region, there were many groups trying to free themselves from the Ottoman Empire. Some have succeeded and created the countries Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro, Romania, and Serbia. Nationalism would start to increase here. Other countries would disapprove of it. Such as Austria-Hungary who hated the idea of Serbia Nationalism. They were scared of an uprising in Serbia. In 1908 Austria would take over Bosnia and Herzegovina. This made Serbian leaders angry. Slowly the tensions between the two countries would grow.

A Shot Rings Throughout Europe:

In the middle of this feud, a couple would take the throne of Austria. Archduke Franz Ferdinand,and his wife, Sophie, would go to the capital of Bosnia. On June 28, 1914 they would be shot in the streets as they rode in a car. The killer would be found to be Serbian and apart of a secret society that wanted Bosnia free of Austria's rule. Austria would use this as an excuse to punish Serbia. Almost a month later, Austria would present the country a list of demands. Serbia, who didn't want a war with a more powerful country, would agree to most of them. This was not enough for Austria so they declared war. Serbia's ally, Russia, would order troops to Austria's border.

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Eastern Front: Battlefield between the German and Russian border

Early Fighting: The beginning of the war saw Russia attacking both Austria and Germany. End of August, Germany would counterattack. A four day battle would be Germany claiming victory as Russia would be driven into an almost complete retreat. But against the Austrians, they would win twice. In December of 1914, Austria would defeat them and Russia would leave Austria-Hungary.

Russia Struggles: By the time 1916 rolled around, Russia would be beaten down. This was because they weren't industrialized like other countries. They were constantly low on supplies. The Allies would try to send supplies, but Germany control of the Baltic Sea would prevent that. They were also patrolling in submarines in the North sea. The Ottomans were also controlling from Mediterranean to the Black Sea, the North. The Russians only advantage were their numbers. Even though they had multiple losses, they always had soldiers due to its large population. They were constantly tied to Germans army, so Germany couldn't move their soldiers anywhere else.

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Summarize the new weapons that developed during the course of WWI:
Poison Gas: German created gases, but were used by both opponents. Some gases would causes blindness, severe blisters or even death by choking. Soldiers would wear masks to prevent getting poisoned.

Machine Gun: This gun fired automatically, wiping out other armies and making it hard for the other army to advance.

Tank: An armored vehicle with unique wheels that allowed it to cross many different terrains.

Submarine: A vehicle that would go underwater. It would use a torpedo, an underwater missile, as a defense