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2102023020050

The most highlighted hygiene issues among children in preschool is first handwashing. Inadequate handwashing after using the restroom or before meals can lead to the spread of germs and illnesses.Secong Oral hygiene. Not brushing teeth regularly can lead to cavities, bad breath, and other dental issues.Third respiratory hygiene. Not covering mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing can spread infections like colds and flu.Fourth sharing personal items. Sharing items like combs, hats, or water bottles can transfer lice, bacteria, or viruses.Last but no least firty clothing.Wearing dirty clothes can lead to body odor and discomfort. These issues often arise due to a lack of awareness, inconsistent reinforcement of hygiene practices, and sometimes limited access to facilities or resources for proper hygiene maintenance. Regular education, encouragement, and providing necessary resources can help address these concerns.

As a teacher, strategies I could apply to address hygiene issues among students is first Education and Awareness. Conduct regular lessons or discussions on the importance of hygiene and its impact on health. Use visual aids, videos, or interactive activities to engage students and reinforce key hygiene practices.Second is Modeling Behavior. Lead by example by consistently practicing good hygiene habits yourself, such as proper handwashing and covering your mouth when coughing or sneezing. Students often mimic the behavior of adults they admire.Third is Establishing Routines. Incorporate regular hygiene routines into the daily schedule, such as designated handwashing times before meals or after using the restroom. Consistency helps reinforce habits.Fourth is Providing Resources. Ensure that handwashing stations are easily accessible with soap and water or hand sanitizer. Provide tissues, hand sanitizers, and bins for proper disposal of used tissues to encourage respiratory hygiene.Besides Individual Attention. Provide one-on-one guidance and support to students who may need extra assistance with hygiene practices due to developmental or behavioral reasons. Offer gentle reminders and positive reinforcement.Not only that Creating a Supportive Environment. Foster a supportive and non-judgmental atmosphere where students feel comfortable discussing hygiene concerns or seeking help if they encounter difficulties. In addition Involving Parents. Communicate with parents about the importance of reinforcing hygiene habits at home. Provide resources and tips for parents to continue promoting good hygiene practices outside of school.Last but not least Peer Education. Encourage older students to act as role models and educate their peers about the importance of hygiene through peer-led initiatives or campaigns.

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NORLYN SYAFIQHA BINTI ROSLIN [2102022020065]

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NORLYN SYAFIQHA BINTI ROSLIN [2102022020065]

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What are the most highlighted hygiene issues among children in preschool?  Why? As a teacher, what are the strategies that you could apply to resolve the issues? 

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What are the most highlighted hygiene issues among children in preschool?  Why? As a teacher, what are the strategies that you could apply to resolve the issues? 

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https://drive.google.com/file/d/1fRpyhSlYVt3KRHDJS5yN9HFLSpciK7z_/view?usp=drivesdk

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A microtome is a scientific instrument used to cut very thin slices of material, typically for use in microscopy.

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Rotary microtome

Rotatory microtome is commonly used in histopathology lab. Rotatory microtome is to make paraffin-wax embedded tissue sections for histology. This microtome works manually with hand wheel rotation and able to move the blocks ups and downs for easy sectioning. Function of rotatory microtome is to cut sections of biological samples into extremely thin sections which are used to examine or observe the sections under a microscope.

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The H&E stain is a combination of hematoxylin and eosin. It is by far the most widely used stain for routine histology. This dye has the ability to demonstrate a wide range of normal and abnormal cell and tissue components.
Hematoxylin is a basic stain with deep purple color.  Structures that are stained by basic stains are described as basophilic.   Basophilic structures include chromatin (i.e., cell nuclei). When H&E stain is applied on desired tissue, such basophilic structures are stained purple. Eosin is an acidic stain with a red or pink color.  Structures stained by acid stains are described as acidophilic (or eosinophilic) and include collagen fibers, red blood cells, muscle filaments, and mitochondria.

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Hematoxylin & Eosin (H & E) staining is common stain used in laboratory. It has two different dyes which are hematoxylin and eosin that helps to make it easier to differentiate the cell parts under a microscope. H & E staining helps to identify different cell types ans tissues which provides important information about the shape, structure of cells in a tissue sample and its pattern. Besides, this stain helps to diagnose disease such as cancer.  Hematoxylin is a basic dye that counterstains the basophilic structures. Hematoxylin stains structures containing nucleic acid moieties such as chromatin, ribosome and cytoplasmic regions which rich in RNA. On the other hand, Eosin is an acidic dye which counterstains the basic structures such as red blood cells, cytoplasm, muscle and collagen in varies  intensities for example pink, orange and red.

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H and E staining helps identify different types of cells and tissues and provides important information about the pattern, shape, and structure of cells in a tissue sample. It is used to help diagnose diseases, such as cancer. Also called hematoxylin and eosin staining.Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining is used routinely in histopathology laboratories as it provides the pathologist/researcher a very detailed view of the tissue. It achieves this by clearly staining cell structures including the cytoplasm, nucleus, and organelles and extra-cellular components.

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What is the function of H&E staining? Describe the expected result of H&E staining.

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What is the function of H&E staining? Describe the expected result of H&E staining.

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A common laboratory method that uses two dyes called hematoxylin and eosin that make it easier to see different parts of the cell under a microscope. Hematoxylin shows the ribosomes, chromatin (genetic material) within the nucleus, and other structures as a deep blue-purple color. Eosin shows the cytoplasm, collagen, connective tissue, and other structures that surround and support the cell as an orange-pink-red color. H and E staining helps identify different types of cells and tissues and provides important information about the pattern, shape, and structure of cells in a tissue sample. It is used to help diagnose diseases, such as cancer. Also called hematoxylin and eosin staining.

Hematoxylin and eosin stain (or haematoxylin and eosin stain or hematoxylin-eosin stain; often abbreviated as H&E stain or HE stain) is one of the principal tissue stains used in histology.It is the most widely used stain in medical diagnosis and is often the gold standrad.For example, when a pathologists  looks at a biopsy of a suspected cancer, the histological stain is likely to be stained with H&E.H&E is the combination of two histological stains: hematoxylin and eosin  .The hematoxylin stains cell  nuclei a purplish blue, and eosin stains the extracellular matrix and cytoplasms pink, with other structures taking on different shades, hues, and combinations of these colors.Hence a pathologist can easily differentiate between the nuclear and cytoplasmic parts of a cell, and additionally, the overall patterns of coloration from the stain show the general layout and distribution of cells and provides a general overview of a tissue sample's structure.

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Anas H and E is a hematoxylin and eosin used to color the cell, the principle of hematoxylin is used to stain the nucleus chromatin with high concentration of blue and eosin color the cytoplasm attach more on contain glycoprotein cytoplasm.

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Base Sledge Microtome

A sledge microtome is a tool that moves the sample back and forth across a knife after it is placed in a fixed holder (shuttle). The design of modern sled microtomes places the sled on a linear bearing, allowing the microtome to quickly cut numerous coarse sections.

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Name ONE (1) type of microtome in histopathology lab. Describe the function of the microtome

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Name ONE (1) type of microtome in histopathology lab. Describe the function of the microtome

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Rotary microtome.
It is one the the most conventionally used microtome in histopatho lab. Basically, its used during the sectioning process. It cuts the tissue block into thin slices (ribbon) for microscopy later. This microtome is worked manually with a handwheel and moves the block up n down towards the knife for cutting.

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1. Pick a metal mould.

2.  Place the Paraffin infiltrated tissue cassettes in Tissue Embedding Station (TES)  Paraffin Bath at 65° C for 15 minutes.

3. Warm the metal block moulds in the warm storage area of TES

4. Remove the paraffin infiltrated tissue from the tissue cassette and using a blade dissect out the infiltrated tissue.

5. Place the empty mould on top of hot plate of TES

6. Pour a little hot paraffin from the reservoir of TES into the mould and place the tissue specimen on top of it

7. Use heated forceps  to orientate the tissue specimen as desired and then pour the remaining hot paraffin on top of the tissue specimen.

8. Place the labeled empty tissue cassette on top of mould and pour some more hot paraffin so as to cover plastic cassette

9. Shift the mould from the hot plate to the cold plate (-15°C) of Tissue Cooling Station

10. When the wax is hard, take out the paraffin block from the mould and ready for sectioning.

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1.Mold is filled with molten wax and the specimen placed into it. The specimen is very carefully orientated in the mold because its placement will determine the “plane of section”.
2.Infiltrate the tissues using molten paraffin for a certain period for impregnation.
3.Freeze the tissue block before performing the tissue sectioning.
4.Later remove the block from the moulder and by using blade knife cut the block in shape

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List down the steps of embedding process

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List down the steps of embedding process

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1. Choose a mold, take out the cassette with tissue that has been filtered with paraffin wax, and take it over to the embedding machine.
2. Tissue is removed from the cassette.
3. The mould is filled with a small layer of
paraffin wax and orientate tissue to the middle.
4. The mold is then placed on a cooling area.
5. A cassette is placed on top of the mould. Once the specimen is in place, the mould is
filled with paraffin wax and secured in place.
6. The mould is then placed at the cooling
unit for full solidification.
7. Once in a while check to see if the mould needs top up.
8. Once fully hardened, remove the cassette from mould and the block is ready for sectioning.

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1. Choose a mold and  tissue cassette from the Thermal unit then place it in the tissue embedding machine.
2. Open the tissue cassette.
3. Place the mold on top of hot plate of embedding machine.
3.Fill the mold with a little amount of paraffin wax and place the mold on the cold plate then take the forceps to put the organ from tissue cassette into the mold immediately.
4. Then, place the tissue cassette cover on top of the mold.
5. Again, place the mold on the top plate to fill with hot paraffin wax until it covers the cassette cover.
6. Then place the mold on the cooling machine.
7. If the paraffin wax reduce on the cassette cover again fill the mold with paraffin wax in the embedding machine then place it back on the cooling machine.
8. Leave the mold for some time to set wax on the mold becomes harder.

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-Choose the moulds and open the
tissue cassette.
-with a heated force, fill the mould with
paraffin wax. Choose the tissue, then
insert it into the mould.
-On the cold plate, cool the mould.
-Upon the mould, put the indicated
embedding cassette base.
-Fill the cassette and mould by pouring
additional paraffin into the mould.
-The cold plate helped the block to cool.
From the mould, remove the
block. cross check the requisition form,
label, and block.

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TISSUE EMBEDDING
- Place the paraffin infiltrated tissue cassettes in the tissue embedding station.
- Than pick one organ than place on the metal block molds in warm storage area o=of
tissue embedding station.
- Place the molds on top the hot plate of tissue embedding station.
- Than hold the molds with forceps than pour one thin line of hot paraffin than places the
tissue specimen on top.
- Using forceps hold the metal molds and move to cold plate once is fully white than pour
hot paraffin in to the molds than place the empty tissue cassette on top the mold and pour
some hot paraffin until it cover the plastic cassette.
- After that shift the mold from hot plate to cold plate (-150c) of tissue cooling station.
- Than set for some time than pour the hot paraffin and move to cold plate than set the
wax turn to hard.

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https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/14p4_sdg0ODnY5VMOA0PzSIaiHuPFZva3?usp=share_link

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Name ONE (1) chemical agent used in tissue processing and describe its function

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Name ONE (1) chemical agent used in tissue processing and describe its function

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Fixation protocols are usually straightforward. The tissue is cut to dimensions suited to the rate of penetration of the particular fixative and placed in the fixative solution. The number of factors affecting the fixation process includes buffering, penetration, volume, temperature and concentration.

In fixation pH is critical. This is especially the case with formaldehyde, where acidity favors the formation of formalin-heme pigment deposits in tissue and may lead to protein denaturation and structural deformations. Sources of acidity include hypoxia of tissues and oxidation of formaldehyde stocks to formic acid. To prevent extremes of acidity or basicity, fixatives are generally buffered to a pH between 6-8. Common buffers include phosphate, bicarbonate, cacodylate, and veronal. Commercial formaldehyde fixatives are often buffered with phosphate at a pH of 7.

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Blue Orange Colorful World Autism Awareness Day Celebration Poster (A3 Vertical)

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Formalin is a colorless solution of formaldehyde gas dissolved in water, and it is commonly used as a fixative in histology and pathology laboratories.Formalin is to preserve tissues by cross-linking proteins and other macromolecules, thereby preventing their degradation and maintaining their structural integrity. This fixation process stabilizes the tissue, preventing decay and preserving it for future examination under a microscope or for other laboratory tests.

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1.xylene: xylene is used to remove paraffin from dried microscope slides prior to staining.
:generally used as a clearing and deparaffinizing agent in histology.

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Xylene - Xylene is a chemical agent used in clearing process. The purpose of clearing process is to remove alcohol in the tissue and make it transparent. Xylene act as clearing agent , whereby it will replace the alcohol and enable paraffin to penetrate into tissue.
Limitation : Tissue can't be soak in xylene more than 6 hours.

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Describe factors affecting fixation process

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Describe factors affecting fixation process

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RAJA MUHAMMAD IKMAL HAKIMI BIN RAJA AZHAR

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RAJA MUHAMMAD IKMAL HAKIMI BIN RAJA AZHAR

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MUHAMMAD AIMAN LIEOW BIN MUHAMMAD FAUZI LIEOW

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MUHAMMAD AIMAN LIEOW BIN MUHAMMAD FAUZI LIEOW