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Huge gap between the rich and the poor

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US forced Indians to leave lands in West

Either forced them to assimilate or organized Indian tribes into reservations

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Tariffs made foreign goods more expensive so farmers lives and business also became more expensive

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Offered 160 acres of pub land to any fam that settled it for 5 yrs

500k fams went to West

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More immigrants bc of negative reasons (poverty, overcrowding in cities, political persecution)and positive (political/religious freedom, economic opportunity)

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Frederick Jackson Turner's "Frontier Thesis"

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Frederick Jackson Turner's "Frontier Thesis"

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“The Significance of the Frontier in American History” 1893

Said frontier allowed fresh start (promoted indep & individualism) until frontier was gone

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Gov. focused on the prosperity of industry over farms

Farming became more commercialized and expensive

Farmers had to pay increasing debts with decreasing prices

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inventions like the McCormick Reaper helped farmers increase productions of goods

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Social and educational organization for farmers and their families and then became active in economics and politics

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Tariffs put in place to encourage the sale of domestic products

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an organized association of workers in a trade, group of trades, or profession, formed to protect and further their rights and interests; a labor union.

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Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) [1905]

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Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) [1905]

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All persons born in the United States are citizen. No state deny privileges of a US citizen, life, liberty, property, trial,and equal protection of the laws.

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The Gilded Age in United States history is the late 19th century, from the 1870s to about 1900.
Characterized by immense industrialization

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Farmers unhappy with the Democratic and Republican Parties. Believed that the federal government needed to play a more active role in the American economy by regulating various businesses, especially the railroads.
Supported Woman Suffrage.

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an American financier and banker who dominated corporate finance and industrial consolidation in the United States of America in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

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Ability to transport goods across country allows global exchange of goods

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Financial crisis

Caused 1/4 of all railroad companies to go bankrupt

Made railroad system more efficient

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Took small craft unions, put them all together, and made a large singular industry

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Called this bc they just wanted the basics of union demands:

1. Higher wages
2. Less hours
3. Better working conditions

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Labor union that was blamed for bombing

Membership declined after Haymarket Affair

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Strike for 8 hr work day

Bomb was thrown & killed 7 police officers

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Laborers strike for better conditions/pay/etc

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Generally smaller, more restricted, & emphasize specific skill level

More exclusive (didn't allow women or ppl of color)

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Belief that ideas of natural selection should be applied to marketplace

Concentrating wealth in hands of the “fit” benefited everyone

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A number of people used religion to justify wealth of successful industrialists & bankers

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Wrote novels portraying young, hard-working man who becomes wealthy

Rags-to-riches career was unusual tho

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New US social structure

In 1890s, richest 10% owned 90% of wealth

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Rise of industrial America starting near end of Civil War

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Socialist leader in American who was an advocate for workers rights and formed the Industrial Workers of the World

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Because the federal government took land from the indians

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Socialism is a range of economic and social systems characterized by social ownership and workers' self-management of the means of production

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Break up tribal organization(Indian families) by divide tribal lands in 160 acres and grand U.S. citizenship to those who stayed for 25 years (47 million to Indians but 90 Million to white settlers, speculator)

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To end Indian culture with formal education (teach them white culture), job training, conversion to Christianity, boarding school for Indians, segregation of children from parents

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Successful businessman

His company, US Steel, utilized vertical integration to become major powerhouse company

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Federal land sold to create colleges dedicated to the study of agriculture, mechanical arts and military tactics (A&M)

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Occurs when one company both the production and distribution of a product

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[1860-1900]

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When a business owns all of their competition and their business because they were able to buy out the competitors

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Controlled 90% of oil refinery businesses by 1881

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A large body of companies working in the same field; usually held major market power

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Told company owners that they could keep their position but the company now belongs to Rockefeller

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Told company owners that they could keep their position but the company now belongs to Rockefeller

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Rockefeller presented offers to oil companies that the companies could not refuse

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Rockefeller presented offers to oil companies that the companies could not refuse

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Developed by Adam Smith, L-F Capitalism is the belief that the gov. should NOT interfere with the economy and should let the markets handle it

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One company gains control over other companies that produce the same product

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An economy where trade and industry is privately owned for profit as opposed to state or gov. or state owned businesses

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Successful businessman

His oil company, Standard Oil, utilized horitzonal integreation to consolidate other oil companies to create a monopoly

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Central pacific railroad and union pacific railroad met in

Promontory summit  in Utah (golden spike) [1869]

Merged eastern and western markets in the US and caused interstate trade to boom

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Boom of this industry after Civil War [1865-1900]

First national big business

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Moved from steamboat industry to become a railroad pioneer

Merged local railroads into NY Central railroad