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uses a sensor that's the same size as a single frame of traditional 35mm film, measuring 36 x 24mm

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APS-C sensor size found in most DSLRs and mirrorless cameras measures 22 x 15mm. This means a full-frame sensor has more than 2.5 times the surface area of an APS-C sensor.

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format factor or focal length multiplier of an image sensor format is the ratio of the dimensions of a camera's imaging area compared to a reference format; most often, this term is applied to digital cameras, relative to 35 mm film format as a reference

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prime lens is a fixed focal length photographic lens (as opposed to a zoom lens), typically with a maximum aperture from f2.8 to f1.2

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is a mechanical assembly of lens elements for which the focal length (and thus angle of view) can be varied, as opposed to a fixed focal length (FFL) lens (see prime lens

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is the process of removing portions of a photo to create focus or strengthen the composition. Use the Crop tool to crop and straighten photos in Photoshop

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is simply a fancy way of saying what the length of one side of a pixel is in relation to the length of the other

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allows you straighten photos even when after cropping

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fills an area of an image based on color similarity. A low tolerance means only very similar colors will be affected, a high tolerance means more pixels will be affected

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is an element of the painting tool that allows you to select a brush shape and also the the thickness in pixels you want to paint on your image with

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click on various points to create a selection with a series of straight edges

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Magic Wand selects pixels based on tone and color

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is useful for drawing freeform segments of a selection border

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to quickly “paint” a selection using an adjustable round brush tip

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Photographers hold back light to lighten an area on the print (dodging) or increase the exposure to darken areas on a print (burning).

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lighten or darken areas of the image. These tools are based on a traditional darkroom technique for regulating exposure on specific areas of a print

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saturates / desaturates image areas

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They make edges appear more defined by darkening the darker pixels and brightening the brighter pixels

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enhances the definition of edges in an image

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allows to pull colors a certain part of a picture and pulls it to a new area.

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is a tool for removing red eye from photographs that have been taken with a direct flash source

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can be used to draw linear, radial, angular, reflected or diamond gradients

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values of gray to assign levels of transparency to specific portions of a layer or group of layers while clipping masks

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are a group of a super useful, non-destructive image editing tools that add color and tonal adjustments

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They are the universal way to measure exposure in all cameras, film, motion picture, digital, video and your cell phone camera too

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is where the camera determines a proper exposure not on the average brightness levels of the whole frame, but just of one specific spot

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enables the photographer to take a correct exposure depending on the lighting conditions at hand

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works similarly to the above example by dividing the entire frame into multiple “zones”, which are then all analyzed on individual basis for light and dark tones

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compensates for differences in the brightness of the central and peripheral portions of the image