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1) Water bath - 250ml beaker ~50°C
2) Pear Flask-

25ml CH₃COOH

10ml C₂H₅OH

10 drops H₂SO₄

~5 anti-bumping granules

3) Put into water bath for 15 mins

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Carboxylic acid + Alcohol ⇌  Ester + Water
Forwards reaction = Esterification
Backwards reaction Hydrolysis

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Reagent: Sodium hydrogen carbonate(NaHCO₃) or sodium carbonate(Na₂CO₃)
Observation: effervescence (CO₂ produced)

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C₂H₅OH --> C₂H₄ + H₂O
Catalyst = Concentrated H₂SO₄
Example
CH₃CH₂CH₂OH --> CH₃CHCH₂ + H₂O
Propan-1-ol --> Propene + Water

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Benefits

Produces less CO₂ than greenhouse gases

Renewable

Easy to source- formed from many different sources eg. manure, crops and plants

Creates jobs as biofuel industry grows

Drawbacks

Plants are produced in other countries therefore they have to be transported- transport uses fossil fuels

May not have suitable conditions to grow plants in the UK

Ethical issue- using land in poor countries to grow plants for fuel rather than food

May increase water demand

May require fertilisers- dangerous to environment

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Photosynthesis: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O --> C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
Fermentation(yeast): C₆H₁₂O₆ --> 2C₂H₅OH + 2CO2
Combustion: C₂H₅OH + 3O₂--> 2CO₂ + 3H₂O

Fermentation is an enzyme catalysed reaction, converting sugars to ethanol. YEast is often used.
Bio fuels are fuels produced from a biological source.

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Testing for alcohols - traffic light test

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Testing for alcohols - traffic light test

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Reagents: Potassium dichromate(VI) & dilute sulfuric acid
Observations: Colour change from orange to green

Cr₂O₇ 2- (orange) ions change to Cr³⁺ (green) ions.

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Oxidation is the addition of oxygen atoms or removal of hydrogen atoms.

Reduction is the removal of oxygen atoms or addition of hydrogen atoms.

ethanol(primary) + [O] (oxidising agent) --> ethanal(AL - aldehyde)
C₂H₅OH + [O] --> CH₃CHO + H₂O
ethanal + [O] --> ethnic acid(carboxylic acid)
CH₃CHO + [O] --> CH₃COOH
--> along the arrow - H⁺(aq) & K₂Cr₂O7

Primary alcohol --> Aldehyde --> Carboxylic acid
Secondary alcohol --> Ketone

We can use dilute Potassium dichromate(VI) solution acidified with dilute sulfuric acid.

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H₂C=CH2(g) + H₂0(g) ⇌ C₂H₅OH (g)
ΔH = -45kJmol⁻¹
Reactants = Ethene + Steam
Product = Ethanol
Catalyst = Phosphoric Acid (H₃PO₄)
Conditions = 300 ºC , 60-70 atm

Catalyst used to speed up reaction by decreasing the activation energy, therefore allowing more product to be produced

High pressure used - 2:1 moles of gas therefore PoE shifts —> More product produced because the forward reaction is favoured

High temperature used - Forward reaction = Exothermic therefore if you cool the reaction the PoE shifts —> and products increase, however the rate decreases. 300ºC is a compromise temperature because its hot enough to give a decent rate but cool enough to let the PoE shifts —>