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All Different Now Juneteenth, The First Day of Freedom

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All Different Now Juneteenth, The First Day of Freedom

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JUNETEENTH | Preschool | Read Aloud | Story | Diverse Books

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Juneteenth at Oak Bluffs by Sonja Sadler

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Juneteenth at Oak Bluffs by Sonja Sadler

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Juneteenth at Oak Bluffs is about a celebration of Juneteenth at a resort town in Martha's Vineyard.

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Celebrating Juneteenth poster by Everett Spruill

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Celebrating Juneteenth poster by Everett Spruill

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BrainPOP Video Juneteenth -America’s second independence day!

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BrainPOP Video Juneteenth -America’s second independence day!

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Juneteenth - All About the Holidays - PBS Kids

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Juneteenth, now a federally recognized holiday, is gaining well-deserved recognition across the country. As teachers, we should foster understanding, empathy, and appreciation of African American history and culture in our classrooms throughout the year, but Juneteenth is a special opportunity to do it. Use these Juneteenth activities to spark dialogue, critical thinking, and creativity in your students while empowering them to become change agents for a more inclusive and equitable world.

Juneteenth celebrates the emancipation of enslaved African Americans in Galveston, Texas, on June 19, 1865. Prior to this date, many enslavers withheld notice of freedom from those they enslaved. Two and a half years after the Emancipation Proclamation had taken effect in the Confederacy (on paper), federal troops arrived in Galveston and Major General Gordon Granger finally issued the following order, informing people of emancipation: "The people of Texas are informed that in accordance with a proclamation from the Executive of the United States, all slaves are free ...," General Orders, Number 3.

While not all African Americans in Texas were freed on this date due to refusal of their enslavers or attacks against them that lead to extreme harm or death, Juneteenth, also known as Freedom Day, Emancipation Day, Liberation Day, or Jubilee Day, is the most widely celebrated days of emancipation in the United States. In its 128th year, Black Americans continue to find ways to celebrate including cookouts, parades, public events, musical performances, activism, and community work. For educators, Juneteenth provides a beautiful opportunity to celebrate Black Americans and to teach authentic U.S. history to their students.

Here are 20 Juneteenth activities to help get you started.

1. Create pictures, posters, or journal entries

The National Museum of African American History & Culture has created a guide complete with Juneteenth activities, resources, and a book list to support students with celebrating and understanding this holiday. One activity asks students to create posters, pictures, or journal entries about changes they want to see in the world and then discuss how they can help make it happen.

2. Read books about Juneteenth

Dr. Rudine Sims Bishop tells us that books can be mirrors (see yourself reflected), windows (look through to see the experience of others), and sliding glass doors (allows us to enter that world). First, watch the video below to learn more about this important idea. Then share a selection of books that allow your students to see themselves or view the experiences of others in the context of African American history and culture. Here are some Juneteenth book recommendations from PBS Kids and Essence.

3. Watch videos and discuss with your students

For example, use this video illustrated by Los Angeles-based artist Loveis Wise and narrated by LeVar Burton. Then discuss the images and poetry in the video.

Or use this video about Juneteenth on TED Ed.

4. Create a community mural or poster campaign

Art is an accessible form of learning for students to share their understanding through creativity and expression. In this lesson from Learning for Justice, students can create public art to share their knowledge about Juneteenth with their communities.

5. Introduce and discuss primary sources like the Emancipation Proclamation

The Colorado Department of Education describes primary sources as "the raw materials of history-original documents and objects which were created at the time under study." For Juneteenth, share the Emancipation Proclamation with your students and prepare questions and discussion for your class as you study this source.

6. Read and write about Frederick Douglass' keynote "What to the Slave is the Fourth of July?"

On July 5, 1852, Frederick Douglass gave this speech and stated, "The Fourth of July is yours, not mine. You may rejoice, I must mourn." Share the speech with your students and complete a writing activity asking students about their thoughts on the Fourth of July and Frederick Douglass' speech. Did it change their perspective on the holiday?

You can watch the speech, as read by his descendants, in the video below.

7. Teach about reparations

In this lesson from Zinn Education Project, students will "take on the role of activist-experts to improve upon a Congressional bill for reparations for Black people." You can also learn from Movement for Black Lives (M4BL) and do some learning of your own on the meaning and purpose of reparations.

8. Invite a special guest to speak about Juneteenth

Penguin Random House Speakers Bureau has a list of speakers whom you can invite to speak about Juneteenth. You can also ask someone from your local community to contribute!

9. Bring Black joy to your classroom

The National Museum of African American History & Culture teaches us that Black Joy is "resistance, resilience, and reclamation." Do some self-learning by reading this article with varying perspectives on Black Joy to give you ideas of how and why to bring this into your classroom during Juneteenth and always.

11. Learn how to have a culturally responsive classroom from Unearthing Joy

Juneteenth (and always!) is an important time to evaluate your teaching practices, and Unearthing Joy by Gholdy Muhammad is the perfect place to start. In this article, you will learn all about what it means to have joy in a culturally and historically responsive classroom.

12. Celebrate Black creatives

In a time when Amanda Gorman's "The Hill We Climb" was removed from an elementary school due to a parent complaint, it continues to be important that we share the work of Black authors, artists, and creators.

13. Support local Black businesses

You can do this by sharing about businesses with your students, inviting local business owners to be guest speakers, creating advertisements, or simply purchasing from them! If you are looking for Black businesses in your area, try starting here.

14. Attend a local Juneteenth celebration

In many cities around the country, Juneteenth is celebrated with festivals, barbecues, live music, and more. If you can attend a field trip to a local celebration, do it, or spend a weekend doing a bit of celebrating on your own or with friends and family.

15. Take a virtual field trip to a Black history museum

If you can't go to a local Juneteenth celebration with your students, or if there isn't one available to you, take a virtual visit to one of these 12 museums around the country.

16. Learn the Juneteenth song
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vMR11wbKrmg
If you haven't heard of the YouTube channel Gracie's Corner, now is the time! Share this Juneteenth song with your class and learn the lyrics together.

17. Start a discussion with your class about freedom

In this article by Time magazine, the author writes about the varying definitions of freedom. What does freedom mean to your students? Is everyone free? Use this list of discussion protocols from Cult of Pedagogy to select which protocol will work best for your community.

18. Read and reflect about June 17, 2021

On June 17, 2021, President Joe Biden consecrated Juneteenth as a national holiday. Read his speech and have students do some reflective writing on the following question: Why did it take so long for Juneteenth to be consecrated as a national holiday?

19. Celebrate with red food and learn about its cultural significance

Like many cultural celebrations, you will often find Black Americans celebrating Juneteenth with food! Learn the history of the food eaten on this holiday including the significance of red foods.

20. Commit to anti-racism and celebrating Black history all year long

This Juneteenth, continue your journey in anti-racism and commit to lifelong learning and even unlearning potential biases. Celebrate the true, complete, and beautiful history, stories, literature, and creativity of Black Americans all year long.

What activities do you use to celebrate Juneteenth? Share in the comments.

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20 Inspiring Activities To Celebrate Juneteenth

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Get ideas for teaching Juneteenth with activities that introduce kids to the day when all slaves in the United States were finally freed.

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Juneteenth serves symbolically, and in reality, as a reference point from which to measure and appreciate the progress and contributions made by African Americans to this society.

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Maya Angelou   Little People, BIG DREAMS

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PBS Historical Videos - Juneteenth Jamboree

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PBS Historical Videos - Juneteenth Jamboree

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Explore the history of the Juneteenth holiday and celebrate black culture and art.

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Read Aloud: "Juneteenth Jamboree" by Carole Boston Weatherford & Yvonne Buchanan

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(Official Juneteenth Poem)

From Africa’s heart, we rose

Already a people, our faces ebon, our bodies lean,

We rose

Skills of art, life, beauty and family

Crushed by forces we knew nothing of, we rose

Survive we must, we did,

We rose

We rose to be you, we rose to be me,

Above everything expected, we rose

To become the knowledge we never knew,

We rose

Dream, we did

Act we must

Kristina Kay,

We Rose  © 1996, Juneteenth.com

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(born 1968). American poet and young adult and children's author Kwame Alexander was an advocate for introducing literary works and the art of writing to schoolchildren. He won the Newbery Medal in 2015 for his book The Crossover (2014), which he wrote in verse.

Alexander was born on August 21, 1968, in Manhattan, New York, to literary parents: his father was a writer and his mother an English teacher. When he was 12 years old, his family moved to Virginia. After first studying biochemistry at Virginia Tech, Alexander switched to English and developed an interest in poetry under professor and poet Nikki Giovanni. He began his career as an editor, producing The Flow: New Black Poets in Motion (1994). Among his literary pursuits he founded and became president of BlackWords Press, which was in existence from 1995 to 2005. He also formed the Alexander Publishing Group. In 2019 Alexander teamed with publisher Houghton Mifflin Harcourt to launch the Versify imprint, under which he helped choose children's books to publish.

Alexander's first poetry collection for adults, Just Us: Poems and Counterpoems, 1986-1995, was published in 1995. His other collections included Kupenda: Love Poems (2000), Dancing Naked on the Floor (2005), and And Then You Know: New and Selected Poems (2009). The book Crush: Love Poems (2007) was written for young adults. In Out of Wonder (2017), Alexander and poets Chris Colderley and Marjory Wentworth created poems in celebration of 20 of their favorite poets. Ekua Holmes, who illustrated Out of Wonder, won the 2018 Coretta Scott King Illustrator Award for her work.

Among his other writing accomplishments, Alexander wrote stories for children. Indigo Blume and the Garden City (2010) tells about a little girl and her rooftop garden. Acoustic Rooster and His Barnyard Band (2011) introduces jazz to young children through animals. Surf's Up (2016) follows the adventures of two frogs, one who likes to read and the other who likes to surf. In Animal Ark: Celebrating Our Wild World in Poetry and Pictures (2017), Alexander contributed verse to go along with photographs of animals. Published in 2019, The Undefeated is an homage to black life in America. The book was named a Newbery Honor Book in 2020. Kadir Nelson, who illustrated The Undefeated, won the Caldecott Medal and the Coretta Scott King Illustrator Award in 2020 for his artwork.

Alexander also wrote books for an older audience. He Said, She Said (2013), for teens, explores the relationship between two seniors in high school: a football player and a social activist. Alexander's award-winning book The Crossover follows a year in the lives of twin African American 12-year-old boys and their love of basketball. Rebound (2018) is a prequel to The Crossover, focusing on the twins' father. In Booked (2016), Alexander again used verse to explore a boy's relationship with his family and friends as the boy navigates a soccer injury, bullying, and his reluctance to read. Solo (2017) and Swing (2018), both written with Mary Rand Hess, deal with weightier topics, such as drug addiction and social divisions, respectively.

Throughout his career Alexander also wrote about the technical aspects of being an author. He published Do the Write Thing: Seven Steps to Publishing Success (2002), with Nina Foxx. In The Write Thing (2018), he discussed how writing workshops can benefit school-age children.

Besides writing, Alexander was active in community-based initiatives. In 2006 he founded Book-in-a-Day, a nonprofit educational literacy service. The organization helps to promote reading and writing skills by encouraging children to write poetry and publish their work. In 2012 Alexander cofounded the Literacy Empowerment Action Project (LEAP), which is dedicated to increasing educational opportunities in Ghana.

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(born 1968). American poet and young adult and children's author Kwame Alexander was an advocate for introducing literary works and the art of writing to schoolchildren. He won the Newbery Medal in 2015 for his book The Crossover (2014), which he wrote in verse.

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Few people know the story of Claudette Colvin: When she was 15, she refused to move to the back of the bus and give up her seat to a white person - nine months before Rosa Parks did the very same thing.

Most people know about Parks and the Montgomery, Ala., bus boycott that began in 1955, but few know that there were a number of women who refused to give up their seats on the same bus system. Most of the women were quietly fined, and no one heard much more.

Colvin was the first to really challenge the law.

Now a 69-year-old retiree, Colvin lives in the Bronx. She remembers taking the bus home from high school on March 2, 1955, as clear as if it were yesterday.

The bus driver ordered her to get up and she refused, saying she'd paid her fare and it was her constitutional right. Two police officers put her in handcuffs and arrested her. Her school books went flying off her lap.

"All I remember is that I was not going to walk off the bus voluntarily," Colvin says.

It was Negro history month, and at her segregated school they had been studying black leaders like Harriet Tubman, the runaway slave who led more than 70 slaves to freedom through the network of safe houses known as the Underground Railroad. They were also studying about Sojourner Truth, a former slave who became an abolitionist and women's rights activist.

The class had also been talking about the injustices they were experiencing daily under the Jim Crow segregation laws, like not being able to eat at a lunch counter.

"We couldn't try on clothes," Colvin says. "You had to take a brown paper bag and draw a diagram of your foot ... and take it to the store. Can you imagine all of that in my mind? My head was just too full of black history, you know, the oppression that we went through. It felt like Sojourner Truth was on one side pushing me down, and Harriet Tubman was on the other side of me pushing me down. I couldn't get up."

Colvin also remembers the moment the jail door closed. It was just like a Western movie, she says.

"And then I got scared, and panic come over me, and I started crying. Then I started saying the Lord's Prayer," she says.
'Twice Toward Justice'
Now her story is the subject of a new book, Claudette Colvin: Twice Toward Justice.

Author Phil Hoose says that despite a few articles about her in the Birmingham press and in USA Today, and brief mentions in some books about the civil rights movement, most people don't know about the role Colvin played in the bus boycotts.

Hoose couldn't get over that there was this teenager, nine months before Rosa Parks, "in the same city, in the same bus system, with very tough consequences, hauled off the bus, handcuffed, jailed and nobody really knew about it."

He also believes Colvin is important because she challenged the law in court, one of four women plaintiffs in Browder v. Gayle, the court case that successfully overturned bus segregation laws in Montgomery and Alabama.

There are many reasons why Claudette Colvin has been pretty much forgotten. She hardly ever told her story when she moved to New York City. In her new community, hardly anyone was talking about integration; instead, most people were talking about black enterprises, black power and Malcolm X.

When asked why she is little known and why everyone thinks only of Rosa Parks, Colvin says the NAACP and all the other black organizations felt Parks would be a good icon because "she was an adult. They didn't think teenagers would be reliable."

She also says Parks had the right hair and the right look.

"Her skin texture was the kind that people associate with the middle class," says Colvin. "She fit that profile."

David Garrow, a historian and the author of Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, says people may think that Parks' action was spontaneous, but black civic leaders had been thinking about what to do about the Montgomery buses for years.

After Colvin's arrest, she found herself shunned by parts of her community. She experienced various difficulties and became pregnant. Civil rights leaders felt she was an inappropriate symbol for a test case.

Parks was the secretary of the NAACP. She was well-known and respected and, says Garrow, Parks had a "natural gravitas" and was an "inherently impressive person."

At the same time, Garrow believes attention to Colvin is a healthy corrective, because "the real reality of the movement was often young people and often more than 50 percent women." The images you most often see are men in suits.

Hoose says he believes Colvin understands the pragmatism that pushed Parks to the fore, but "on the other hand, she did it."

Hoose says the stories of Parks and the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. are wonderful, but those are the stories of people in their 30s and 40s. Colvin was 15. Hoose feels his book will bring a fresh teen's perspective to the struggle to end segregation.

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Before Rosa Parks, There Was Claudette Colvin

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Most people know about Rosa Parks and the 1955 Montgomery, Ala., bus boycott. Nine months earlier, 15-year-old Claudette Colvin refused to give up her seat on the same bus system.

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MLA - Michals, Debra. "Shirley Chisholm." National Women's History Museum. National Women's History Museum, 2015. Date accessed.

Chicago - Michals, Debra. "Shirley Chisholm." National Women's History Museum. 2015. www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/shirley-chisholm.

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Shirley Anita St. Hill Chisholm was the first African American woman in Congress (1968) and the first woman and African American to seek the nomination for president of the United States from one of the two major political parties (1972).

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Bessie Coleman

From the Collection: Women in American History

1892 -1926

Bessie Coleman, the first African-American woman and also the first of Native-American descentfemale pilot, grew up in a cruel world of poverty and discrimination. The year after her birth in Atlanta, Texas, an African American man was tortured and then burned to death in nearby Paris for allegedly raping a five-year-old girl. The incident was not unusual; lynchings were endemic throughout the South. African Americans were essentially barred from voting by literacy tests. They couldn't ride in railway cars with white people, or use a wide range of public facilities set aside for whites. When young Bessie first went to school at the age of six, it was to a one-room wooden shack, a four-mile walk from her home. Often there wasn't paper to write on or pencils to write with.

When Coleman turned 23 she headed to Chicago to live with two of her older brothers, hoping to make something of herself. But the Windy City offered little more to an African American woman than did Texas. When Coleman decided she wanted to learn to fly, the double stigma of her race and gender meant that she would have to travel to France to realize her dreams.

It was soldiers returning from World War I with wild tales of flying exploits who first interested Coleman in aviation. She was also spurred on by her brother, who taunted her with claims that French women were superior to African American women because they could fly. In fact, very few American women of any race had pilot's licenses in 1918. Those who did were predominantly white and wealthy. Every flying school that Coleman approached refused to admit her because she was both black and a woman. On the advice of Robert Abbott, the owner of the "Chicago Defender" and one of the first African American millionaires, Coleman decided to learn to fly in France.

Coleman learned French at a Berlitz school in the Chicago loop, withdrew the savings she had accumulated from her work as a manicurist and the manager of a chili parlor, and with the additional financial support of Abbott and another African American entrepreneur, she set off for Paris from New York on November 20, 1920. It took Coleman seven months to learn how to fly. The only non-Caucasian student in her class, she was taught in a 27-foot biplane that was known to fail frequently, sometimes in the air. During her training Coleman witnessed a fellow student die in a plane crash, which she described as a "terrible shock" to her nerves. But the accident didn't deter her: In June 1921, the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale awarded her an international pilot's license.

When Coleman returned to the U.S. in September 1921, scores of reporters turned out to meet her. The "Air Service News" noted that Coleman had become "a full-fledged aviatrix, the first of her race." She was invited as a guest of honor to attend the all-black musical "Shuffle Along." The entire audience, including the several hundred whites in the orchestra seats, rose to give the first African American female pilot a standing ovation.

Over the next five years Coleman performed at countless air shows. The first took place on September 3, 1922, in Garden City, Long Island. The "Chicago Defender" publicized the event saying the "wonderful little woman" Bessie Coleman would do "heart thrilling stunts." According to a reporter from Kansas, as many as 3,000 people, including local dignitaries, attended the event. Over the following years, Coleman used her position of prominence to encourage other African Americans to fly. She also made a point of refusing to perform at locations that wouldn't admit members of her race.

Coleman took her tragic last flight on April 30, 1926, in Jacksonville, Florida. Together with a young Texan mechanic called William Wills, Coleman was preparing for an air show that was to have taken place the following day. At 3,500 feet with Wills at the controls, an unsecured wrench somehow got caught in the control gears and the plane unexpectedly plummeted toward earth. Coleman, who wasn't wearing a seat-belt, fell to her death.

About 10,000 mourners paid their last respects to the first African American woman aviator, filing past her coffin in Chicago South's Side. Her funeral was attended by several prominent African Americans and it was presided over by Ida B. Wells, an outspoken advocate of equal rights. But despite the massive turnout and the tributes paid to Coleman during the service, several black reporters believed that the scope of Coleman's accomplishments had never truly been recognized during her lifetime. An editorial in the "Dallas Express" stated, "There is reason to believe that the general public did not completely sense the size of her contribution to the achievements of the race as such."

Coleman has not been forgotten in the decades since her death. For a number of years starting in 1931, black pilots from Chicago instituted an annual fly over of her grave. In 1977 a group of African American women pilots established the Bessie Coleman Aviators Club. And in 1992 a Chicago City council resolution requested that the U.S. Postal Service issue a Bessie Coleman stamp. The resolution noted that "Bessie Coleman continues to inspire untold thousands even millions of young persons with her sense of adventure, her positive attitude, and her determination to succeed."

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Bessie Coleman | American Experience | PBS

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From the Collection: Women in American History 1892 -1926 Bessie Coleman, the first African-American woman and also the first of Native-American descentfemale pilot, grew up in a cruel world of poverty and discrimination. The year after her birth in Atlanta, Texas, an African American man was tortured and then burned to death in nearby Paris for allegedly raping a five-year-old girl.

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Track and field star Alice Coachman made history at the 1948 Olympic Games, becoming the first black woman to win an Olympic medal.

Synopsis

Born in Albany, Georgia, on November 9, 1923, Alice Coachman made history at the 1948 Olympics in London when she leapt to a record-breaking height of 5 feet, 6 and 1/8 inches in the high jump finals to become the first black woman to win an Olympic gold medal. She went on to support young athletes and older, retired Olympic veterans through the Alice Coachman Track and Field Foundation.

Early Years

Alice Coachman was born on November 9, 1923, in Albany, Georgia. One of 10 children, Coachman was raised in the heart of the segregated South, where she was often denied the opportunity to train for or compete in organized sports events. Instead, Coachman improvised her training, running barefoot in fields and on dirt roads, using old equipment to improve her high jump.

At Madison High School, Coachman came under the tutelage of the boys' track coach, Harry E. Lash, who recognized and nurtured her talent. Ultimately, Coachman caught the attention of the athletic department at the Tuskegee Institute in Tuskegee, Alabama, which offered the 16-year-old Coachman a scholarship in 1939. Her parents, who'd initially not been in favor of their daughter pursuing her athletic dreams, gave their blessing for her to enroll. Before she ever sat in a Tuskegee classroom, though, Coachman broke the high school and college high jump records, barefoot, in the Amateur Athlete Union (AAU) national championship's track and field competition.

Over the next several years, Coachman dominated AAU competitions. By 1946, the same year she enrolled in Albany State Colege, she was the national champion in the 50- and 100-meter races, 400-meter relay and high jump. For Coachman, these were bittersweet years. While probably at the peak of her athletic form, World War II forced the cancelation of the Olympic Games in both 1940 and 1944.

Olympic Success

Finally, in 1948, Alice Coachman was able to show the world her talent when she arrived in London as a member of the American Olympic team. Despite nursing a back injury, Coachman set a record in the high jump with a mark of 5 feet, 6 1/8 inches, making her the first black woman to win an Olympic gold medal. King George VI, father of Queen Elizabeth II, awarded her the honor.

"I didn't know I'd won," Coachman later said. "I was on my way to receive the medal and I saw my name on the board. And, of course, I glanced over into the stands where my coach was, and she was clapping her hands."

Post-Olympic Life

Following the 1948 Olympic Games, Coachman returned to the United States and finished her degree at Albany State. And although she was formally retired from athletic competitions, Coachman's star power remained: In 1952, the Coca-Cola Company tapped her to become a spokesperson, making Coachman the first African American to earn an endorsement deal.

Later in life, she established the Alice Coachman Track and Field Foundation to help support younger athletes and provide assistance to retired Olympic veterans.

In the decades since her success in London, Coachman's achievements have not been forgotten. At the 1996 Summer Olympic Games in Atlanta, she was honored as one of the 100 greatest Olympians in history. She's also been inducted into nine different halls of fame, including the National Track & Field Hall of Fame (1975) and the U.S. Olympic Hall of Fame (2004).

Alice Coachman died on July 14, 2014, at the age of 90 in Georgia. In the months prior to her death, she had been admitted to a nursing home after suffering a stroke. Coachman has two children from her first marriage. Her second husband, Frank Davis, predeceased her.

Fact Check

We strive for accuracy and fairness. If you see something that doesn't look right, contact us!

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Track and field star Alice Coachman made history at the 1948 Olympic Games, becoming the first black woman to win an Olympic medal. Born in Albany, Georgia, on November 9, 1923, Alice Coachman made history at the 1948 Olympics in London when she leapt to a record-breaking height of 5 feet, 6 and 1/8 inches in the high jump finals to become the first black woman to win an Olympic gold medal.

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A pioneer in law, Jane Bolin was the first Black woman to attend Yale Law School in 1931. In 1939, she became the first Black female judge in the United States, where she served for 10 years. One of her significant contributions throughout her career was working with private employers to hire people based on their skills, as opposed to discriminating against them because of their race. She also served on the boards of the NAACP, Child Welfare League of America, and the Neighborhood Children’s Center.

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Mae Jemison wasn’t just the first African American woman who orbited into space aboard the shuttle Endeavour. She's also a physician, teacher, a Peace Corps volunteer, and president of tech company, the Jemison Group. She continues to work towards the advancement of young women of color getting more involved in technology, engineering, and math careers.

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The West African-born poet spent most of her life enslaved, working for John Wheatley and his wife as a servant in the mid-1700s. Despite never having received a formal education, Wheatley became the first African American and third woman to publish a book of poems, entitled, Poems on Various Subjects. However, she died before securing a publisher for her second volume of poetry and letters. You can see the monument erected for her at the Boston Women's Memorial.

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Access these through Class Link

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1863. Seizing upon the Union Army victory at Antietam, Abraham Lincoln issues the Emancipation Proclamation, freeing all slaves held in the rebellious Confederate states. This ...