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1988 Yellowstone National Park Fire (Before)

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1988 Yellowstone National Park Fire (Before)

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A natural disturbance, such as a wildfire, occurs in a climax community, which kills most or all of the community

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An event, such as a volcano eruption occurs and creates a bare rock, where there is no life or soil present

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When communities develop on entirely new land without any established soil (like newly exposed rocks)

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When succession starts on existing soil following a natural or artificial upheaval of the primary succession/pre-existing ecosystem

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Organisms which first colonize the region, like moss or lichen, that can decompose to create organic soil

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End result of succession where the community has all its characteristics and is a stable, unchanging state

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Tropical and subtropical coniferous forests

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Weathering and other natural forces break down the substrate to establish pioneer species in the area such as lichen or moss

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Since the soil is unaffected and remains there, a new ecosystem can be created faster than primary succession, starting with grass and plants

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As the pioneer species (lichen/moss) decompose, they add to a layer of decomposing organic material and create organic soil capable of plant growth

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Over the years, more species will return or new species will be present in the area, and it'll eventually go back to its original climax community state

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Tropical and subtropical coniferous forests

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The process repeats multiple times, with each stage having new species in the area. Eventually, the end result will create a climax community, and it'll stop changing

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In 1988, the Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming went through a wildfire caused by lightning. The wildfire destroyed many areas of the national park and they had to close for recovery. Now, decades after the incident, the park has improved and is still recovering from the fires, but for the most part the areas have returned.

This real life example is an example of secondary succession as the wildfire is a natural disturbance that occurred in a climax community, which was the park. Over the years, the ecosystem has improved and has mostly recovered, but it's still recovering and has yet to go back to its original climax community state, which is what makes this example a secondary succession.