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How radioactive materials are moved, used and stored in a safe way:

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How radioactive materials are moved, used and stored in a safe way:

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Transportation of radioactive material may be achieved by bus , train, plane or ship. Unique regulations are in place which help keep drivers, the public and the environment secure. The packaging used to carry radioactive material is being checked to ensure that if an incident happens it will keep people safe. For radioactive materials special packaging is required. The type of packaging used is based on the radioactive material being shipped, as is the choice between an envelope and a box. Each type of packaging requires careful testing to make sure that if anything goes wrong it can withstand injuries, fire and water. Shippers use packaging labels to mark the types of materials inside the box, and, if possible, put a sign on the vehicle warning that hazardous material is on board. The warning also reveals exactly how radioactive the substance is. Any radioactive material that comes with storage information comes from the vendor. This can need to be kept at room temperature, refrigerated, or frozen, depending on its chemical type. Any conditions of temperature or storage are required, stock vials of radioactive material must be stored in a safe manner. Radioactive materials are used for the study of living organisms, the detection and treatment of illnesses, the sterilization of medical instruments and food, the production of energy for heat and electricity and the control of various measures in all forms of industrial processes.

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How alpha particles are used in smoke detectors:

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How alpha particles are used in smoke detectors:

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A radioactive source "decays" or sheds particles and photons from unstable atoms, the particles interact with the neutral air molecules that pass through the chamber, the particles detach electrons from the air molecules and produce positive ions. The free electrons then bind to other neutral molecules, thereby becoming negative ions, two electrodes, or charged surfaces, attracting the ions, producing a low but steady current. Any smoke entering the chamber will ultimately disrupt the current and activate the alarm. For smoke detectors an isotope of the americium that releases alpha particles is used. The air is ionized by alpha radiation and this causes a slight current to pass between two electrodes. Alpha is weakly penetrating so smoke stops it, the current drops and the alarm goes off.

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Carbon-14 dating, also known as radiocarbon dating, age determination method which depends on the decay of radiocarbon nitrogen (carbon-14). Carbon-14 is continuously produced in nature by the interaction of nitrogen-14 neutrons in the Earth's atmosphere; cosmic rays that interact with the atmosphere produce the neutrons needed for this reaction. Radiocarbon that is found in ambient carbon dioxide molecules enters the biological carbon cycle: it is consumed by green plants from the soil and then transferred through the food chain to animals. Within a living organism, radiocarbon decreases gradually, and the amount lost is continuously replenished as long as the organism takes within air or food. However, once the organism dies, it stops absorbing carbon-14, so that the amount of radiocarbon in its tissues is steadily diminishing.

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The origins and effect of background radiation:

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The origins and effect of background radiation:

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Natural radiation is a measure of the amount of ionizing radiation present in the atmosphere at a given location and is not attributable to intentional radiation sources being added. Background radiation originates from a range of natural as well as artificial sources. Which include cosmic radiation as well as ambient radioactivity from naturally occurring radioactive products (such as radon and radium), as well as man-made medical X-rays, nuclear weapons test waste, and nuclear accidents. Radiation can damage cells, or kill them. Radiation also causes a person's genetic code to become mutated. Human body repair systems fix most of the cellular damage. The body replaces dead cells that have been destroyed by radiation exposure by the same biological processes it uses to destroy other cells. Exposure to high levels of radiation causes a condition known as radiation sickness. If the levels of radiation are bellow 100 millirems of background radiation, this is safe for humans and should cause few to no harm.

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How Gamma Rays can be used in medicine #2:

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How Gamma Rays can be used in medicine #2:

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Gamma rays can be used in medicine by treating cancer due to them being able to penetrate more, in matter resulting in them killing living things such as cancer cells, this is done with radiotherapy and can be used for chemotherapy. Gamma rays are one of the few different type of Rays that are used to treat cancer as they are able to kill living cells. The radiation therapy is used in over half of the cancer patients mainly because it is the only treatment possible to treat certain cancers or it is used with other treatments. The process to kill the cancer cells is by using high-energy waves or particles which are the gamma rays, and when the cells are dead the human body will remove them. Although it has been proven that and type of rays such as gamma rays can cause cancer by damaging the DNA, for those that can only be treated with the radiation therapy it is done in a safe way while still being affective.

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“Background Radiation - Types of Radiation – WJEC - GCSE Physics (Single Science) Revision - WJEC - BBC Bitesize.” BBC News, BBC, www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zcynv9q/revision/6#:~:text=Natural%20sources%20of%20background%20radiation,pass%20up%20the%20food%20chain.

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. “Carbon-14 Dating.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 7 Feb. 2020, www.britannica.com/science/carbon-14-dating.

Libretexts. “17.3: Types of Radioactivity: Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Decay.” Chemistry LibreTexts, Libretexts, 1 July 2019, chem.libretexts.org/Courses/can/intro/17%3A_Radioactivity_and_Nuclear_Chemistry/17.03%3A_Types_of_Radioactivity%3A_Alpha%2C_Beta%2C_and_Gamma_Decay.

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How Gamma Rays can be used in medicine #1:

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How Gamma Rays can be used in medicine #1:

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Gamma Rays are used in medicine to detect diseases. In hospitals doctors usually will give patients radioactive medicine that gives out gamma rays. By giving them this they can determine some diseases by calculating the number of rays that come out. This process is mainly used in adults because children are much more sensitive to radiation and rays than adults are, they are younger which gives them longer to evolve problems due to radiation, and since rays are unpredictable, children might get more than they should be getting and it is not adjustable which makes it hard to determine if it is too much for such small bodies.