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An Epidemic is a disease that is infectious enough that it affects a large number of people within a population or region. A Pandemic is an Epidemic but is spread over multiple countries or continents.

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Science Summative | Research Scaffold 2020

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Health research is considered to be 'a systematic investigation, including research development, testing and evaluation, designed to develop or contribute to generalisable knowledge'.  The most performed health research is clinical trial, in which volunteers engage in the study to test the efficiency and the safety of medication or vaccines. Currently majority of health research can be extracted from pre-emptive data and other biological samples. Health research can provide the public with disease trends, risk factors, medication outcomes and health care costs. Using clinical and information based research, an institution is able to develop cures, vaccines and other medical interventions by testing and studying after its effects, efficiency, availability and affordability. Vaccines in particular take time and months of research to develop due to how vast it is to be mass produced and sold. It is the government's responsibility to ensure that each vaccine and medication approved should have rare minimalistic after effects. Health research has been leading its way into a modern era of medical science, enabling us access to facilities never dreamt of, providing the people with insight and care regarding epidemiology.

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Animal testing is a huge issue due to animals feeling pain. It is unethical to injure animals for the benefit of human society. Organisations such as PETA does not support animal testing. Furthermore, human trials are very dangerous, scientists pay a huge amount of money to test their vaccination prototypes on humans. There is a chance for the chosen human to die or have serious repercussions. Developing countries such as Africa do not have immediate access to vaccines due to a lack of money. Vaccines should be public to the world for free. It is socially wrong to deny access to countries in need because they don’t have enough money.

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If leprosy has been diagnosed at an early stage, it is possible to be cured with no repercussive impacts on your nervous system. The treatment regime consists of 2 or 3 antibodies (multi-drug therapy) used at the same time. Treatment should only last about 1 to 2 years. The antibodies can fight off the leprosy bacteria. however it cannot reverse any nerve damages.

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Symptoms of Leprosy can vary and differ person to person. These symptoms can be:
- Skin Lesions
- Patches of skin with less sensation
- Numbness in hands or feet
- Ulcers on the soles of feet

If not treated in time, leprosy can cause disability and sever disfigurement.

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Leprosy is an infection which damages the skin and superficial nerves. Leprosy is very rare now, however its presence is not surprising in subtropical Asia, Africa and South America. Leprosy doesn't affect your central nervous system but your PNS (motor & sensory nerves).

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(also known as Hansen's disease)

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No specific cure currently exists for HIV, but diligently following your required dosage of HIV antivirals can significantly slow the progression and prevent other complications.

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Getting tested is the only most accurate way of finding out if one has contracted the disease however there can be a few symptoms which might express the effects of HIV. The severity of these symptoms come in different stages

Stage 1: Acute HIV Infection
- Flu-like symptoms
- Rash
- Fatigue
- Muscle Pains

Stage 2: Chronic HIV Infection
In this stage the virus is still reproducing and multiplying but the individual won't be experiencing any significant symptoms.  Without any treatment people most often stay in here for 10-15 years but others can move through faster.

Stage 3: AIDS
If still not on treatment, your body's immune system has been totally weakened by now and has contracted AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome).  Symptoms of AIDS consists of:
- Rapid weight loss
- Unexplained tiredness
- Pneumonia
- Memory Loss

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HIV is a virus which destroys the body's cells which fight off infections, leaving an individual vulnerable and at great risk to other diseases. It is spread by  contact with the body fluids of a person who has HIV, most often when engaging in unprotected sex or sharing injection drug equipment. If left untreated it can lead to AIDS, where your body's immune system has been totally destroyed. As HIV has no cure, once contracted you have it for life.  However, there is medication and other substances available to enable HIV patients to life an enjoyable life and to engage in safe sex with their partners without transmission.

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(human immunodeficiency viruses)

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Flu can be transmitted from one person to another through direct contact and the inhalation of infected droplets. Once the infection enters your body it directs its attacks at your respiratory tract, disrupting your ability to breathe and respire. The pre-existing immunity will support your body in identifying the strength of the virus and when the infection is recognised the body sends out signals to eliminate them. Majority of the symptoms of the flu are the result of your body's immune system fending off the virus. Chemicals in your body released to increase the production of white blood cells lead to a higher temperature (fever). Your body also increases in snot production using it as a means to get rid of the inflammation. This also causes runny and blocked noses.

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If you are a relatively healthy individual, most often you will only need some good rest and an abundance of fluids to combat the flu. Over the counter medications like ibuprofen can be used to relieve the symptoms.

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Due to the nature of this disease it is alright to self diagnose having the common cold. Symptoms of influenza include:
* fever
* chills
* muscle aches
* cough
* runny nose
* headache
* fatigue

Influenza can often be a symptom of another much more serious disease which could be pneumonia, tonsillitis and sinusitis

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Influenza is a highly underrated infection with high kill potential. It is a very contagious disease which attacks your respiratory tract. Influenza has the capability of causing serious infections and deaths, up to 650 000 each year which spreads faster during winter. Due to pre-existing immunity and medications readily available influenza is not considered a direct threat, however for the elderly and those with poor immune systems the complications can cause death.

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(also known as the common cold)

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The last major rubella epidemic was in America from 1964 to 1965 where 12.5 million had contracted the disease, 11000 pregnant women lost their babies, 2100 newborns died and 20000 babies were born with congenital rubella syndrome.

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Vaccinations are available to prevent contracting the disease, but there is no specific medication or substance to cure a rubella infection. However, there are medication readily available to lessen the severity of the symptoms. Mild symptoms can be managed by well supervised bed rest .

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Rubella symptoms include:
* rash
* swollen lymph glands
* join pain
* mild fever
* headache
* sore throat
* red eyes

Signs of rubella often shows its presence 14-21 days after catching it, but majority of people dont experience any symptoms. Most people who do confront them recover in about 3 days

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Rubella is an infectious illness which causes immense rash, fever and joint pain. Luckily, rubella can be treated by a vaccine and the condition can be easily managed. However this virus can cause substantial harm to pregnant women as it can lead to life long effects on a child's development if the mother was to contract rubella within the first 10 weeks of pregnancy. It can be transmitted through direct contact with an infected individual or by inhaling infected droplets.

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(also known as German Measles)

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In fear of avoidable deaths, the government will ideally close public areas which include beaches and parks. Forcing a majority of the population to stay home causes many athletes and other health and fitness fanatics to a miserable lifestyle in the comfort of their homes. Exercise, a significant factor for maintaining mental wellbeing when disrupted can cause repercussive impacts on an individual’s experience during quarantine. Mental illness has a very prominent connection to one’s physical health. When physique is in jeopardy, patient numbers in hospitals increase adding onto the stack of health sector demands.

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The restrictions instituted by the government will restrict everyday workers to stay home, forcing business owners to cut down on shift hours and monthly salary. The cut down on pay and working hours will result in a domino effect of an immense recession. A thoughtful government like Australia will ensure to invest in care packages and other services to tank the majority of the economic blow. A few weeks of economic downtime can take years of mending and reparation.

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Australia will have to endure significant economic and social downfall if the ebola virus was to ever reach an epidemic or pandemic level. First and foremost, the increase in the number of cases will result in major costs for the health system. An epidemic itself can shutdown vital supply chains of food, medical supplies, retail and other goods. The disease outbreak can easily overwhelm the private and public health sectors, leading to the neglect and eventual unavoidable deaths of countless people due to the shortage of utilities and resources.

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https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2014/08/what-does-ebola-actually-do
As the virus begins its journey in your body it identifies and engages in combat with the very first line of cells responsible of defending the body. Ebola makes sure to attack the dendtric cells which have the role of informing the white blood cells of the virus location and level of emergency. The dendtric cells failing to send signals, as a result the T cells and the antibodies do not respond to the infection. The virus starts to mass reproduce sending itself through the vast body system.

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Once an individual is diagnosed it is recommended that they are under supportive hospital care. Minor treatment includes oxygen therapy, supportive intensive care and IV fluids. Blood transfusion may be used if the individual is in a very critical stage. However there is a vaccine to prevent contracting ebola.

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It was first discovered in 1976 near the Ebola River in what is now known as the Republic of Congo. Ever since,  outbreaks have occurred in several African countries. The largest outbreak had taken place between March 2014 and June 2016 with over 28,000 cases being recorded.

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Initial symptoms include fever, headaches and  bleeding which may cause a person to experience coughing or vomiting up blood. As the virus spreads across the body it damages your organs and immune system. The ebola virus destroys your blood clotting cells resulting in severe internal bleeding.

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Ebola virus disease is a deadly disease which often has outbreaks in the continent of Africa. EVD can affect both humans and animals such as monkeys, gorillas and chimpanzees. The virus causes severe bleeding and organ failure which in its fatal stages can lead to death.

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(also known as ebola hemorrhagic fever)