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Thanks for sharing the video on global citizen and giving insight into discovery of agar.

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What does international-mindedness mean to you?

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What does international-mindedness mean to you?

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To me international-mindedness means that we think and act in a way that takes into consideration the potential benefits, as well as ramifications of our actions beyond a local context.

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What does it means to be a “global citizen”?

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What does it means to be a “global citizen”?

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In my opinion the ideal embodiment of a citizen is someone who is patriotic, and who works to not only achieve his/her personal goals, but who has a strong sense of community. He/she is a person who strives for the best quality of life, and wants the same for others. Therefore, to be a "global citizen" is to reflect all of these ideals in a pancentric way. Attached is a brief video that promotes a global citizenship approach to ending poverty.

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Global Citizen is a community of people who want to learn about and take action on the world's biggest challenges. Subscribe to Global Citizen on YouTube to get up to speed on global issues, hear what other global citizens are saying about the world, and take action on the challenges you care about most.

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How do schools today prepare students for global citizenship within biology and other group 4 subjects?

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How do schools today prepare students for global citizenship within biology and other group 4 subjects?

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Ideally, schools should be preparing students for global citizenship in by using every opportunity to encourage students to see themselves as part of an international family, instead of as isolationist nations. Most people across the globe can trace their ancestry to some other location apart from where they might have been born or grew up. Therefore teachers should encourage students to think about the educational process as an exploration of their extended roots, where they investigate, analyze and apply various concepts to understand their past, but most importantly to plan for and enact a positive future for everyone.

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What are the ways in which the texts, topics, or ideas in your classroom have benefited from contributions from other communities, cultures, and nationalities?

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What are the ways in which the texts, topics, or ideas in your classroom have benefited from contributions from other communities, cultures, and nationalities?

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Science in general has benefited tremendously from various cultures and nationalities. When I teach courses in biology or microbiology, I enjoy spending time having the students research contributions from not only trained scientists, but from those who were not trained as scientists, but were able to make important contributions to that specific field. For example:  In microbiology, scientists use a solid gel call "agar" to study bacteria. However, this was not always the case.  Before the use of agar, scientist had a very hard time finding a suitable material on which to grow their bacteria. Then Fannie Hesse, the housewife of one of the junior scientist (Walter) in the lab of a well renowned scientist named Robert Koch, encouraged her husband to try something called agar. It was a substance she used in pie and jam-making to solidify the desserts.  He tried it and the rest is scientific history!  Had it not been for her pie-making insight, who knows how long it would have taken for scientist to come up with a suitable material for their very important microbiological studies.

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In 1881, Walther and Fanny Hesse made their most famous contribution to microbiology – one that owed as much to Fanny's skill with jams and jellies as Walther's expertise with bacteria. Walther Hesse (1846-1911) was a talented physician and scientist originally from Zittau, Germany. After graduating from the University of Leipzig, Walther began his career as a country doctor. Fanny Angelina Eilshemius (1850-1934) was the daughter of a wealthy New York merchant. The couple met when Walther traveled to New York as a ship's doctor, and Fanny later toured Europe with her family. In 1874, they married and Walther settled down to his professional work. Fanny raised and educated their three sons, attended to her housework, helped Walther in the laboratory and illustrated his scientific papers.

After more than 10 years as a physician, Walther decided to study the bacteria that might be at the root of his patients' illnesses. In 1881, he joined Robert Koch's laboratory. One of Walther's first projects was to isolate bacteria from the air. But, like most of his colleagues, Walther had a terrible time getting pure cultures. His options were few. He could boil a potato, cut slices with a sterilized knife and inoculate the slices with bacteria. However, a potato has only a limited number of nutrients and many bacteria simply refused to grow. Another possibility was a beef broth solidified with gelatin. Bacteria grew well on this medium, but it had a maddening tendency to turn into a cloudy liquid overnight. Many bacteria made enzymes that broke down the gelatin as they grew. Even when this wasn't the case, the gelatin often liquefied if the laboratory became warm.

Walther confided his frustrations to Fanny. She thought she might have a solution. When she was growing up in New York, Fanny had a neighbor who had lived for a time in Java. The neighbor taught the Eilshemius family about agar-agar, a seaweed extract used in Asia to solidify jellies and thicken soups. Fanny had been successfully using agar-agar in her jams for years. Perhaps, she said, it would do the trick.

Walther discovered that agar-agar was indeed an ideal agent to gel the beef broth. At 100° C, it could be melted, mixed with the liquid broth and poured into dishes. The new medium was solid at room temperature and well above. Bacteria grew well on it but they could not break it down. Agar-agar was even translucent, a property that made identifying bacterial colonies and their characteristics much easier. Walther went on to make many contributions to microbiology: he helped develop new techniques to count bacteria in water samples, worked on the diagnosis of tuberculosis and helped introduce pasteurization to Germany. Fanny contributed detailed and highly accurate scientific illustrations. But Walther and Fanny's breakthrough with agar-agar was what brought them lasting fame. Though it's simply called agar now, the substance used in microbiology labs is the same one that originated in Fanny Hesse's kitchen.

Hesse, Wolfgang. Walther and Angelina Hesse – early contributors to bacteriology. ASM News [serial online]. 1992;58:425-428. Available at: http://www.asmusa.org/mbrsrc/archive/SIGNIFICANT.htm Accessed September 22, 2000.

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In 1881, Walther and Fanny Hesse made their most famous contribution to microbiology - one that owed as much to Fanny's skill with jams and jellies as Walther's expertise with bacteria. Walther Hesse (1846-1911) was a talented physician and scientist originally from Zittau, Germany.

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How can you help your students understand the importance of international understanding as it relates to your course?

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How can you help your students understand the importance of international understanding as it relates to your course?

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I can help students to understand the importance of an international approach to my course by providing them the opportunity to research and discuss historical, as well as contemporary examples of how a particular topic is relevant on a local, as well as global scale. I can also give them opportunities to plan and execute a project of their own that has an international component

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What activities have you carried out in your class that have knowingly or unknowingly highlighted or celebrated international-mindedness?

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What activities have you carried out in your class that have knowingly or unknowingly highlighted or celebrated international-mindedness?

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There are a myriad of activities that I typically carry out in my classroom to highlight and/or celebrate international-mindedness. We watch documentaries, discuss current events, review case studies from historical events, develop research projects, etc.