# data[].attributes.body
Reichenberg, L.W. (2014). Theories of counseling and psychotherapy: Systems,          strategies, and skills (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.

# data[].attributes.headline
What the 21st Century has to offer....(fourth force)

# data[].attributes.subject
What the 21st Century has to offer....(fourth force)

# data[].attributes.body
Components of each force have been integrated in today's comprehensive and holistic approaches

Goal is to understand people as best as possible

Therapeutic alliance & individual identity holds a great importance

Collaborating with other mental health professionals, finding additional resources and supports in the community, and significant people in client's lives are essential part of treatment

New approaches have been introduced in the 21st century

Dialects

Narrative therpay

The incorporation of Eastern thoughts & philosophies

Empowering clients to take action in changing their emotions, perceptions, & behavior

# data[].attributes.body
Rogers's work in the 1960s influenced the development of existential-humanistic psychotherapy

Fritz Perls, Victor Frankl, and others also influenced the development of existential-humanistic psychotherapy

This form of psychotherapy focused on the importance of emotions, sensations, people taking charge of their lives, and people finding meaning in their personal lives.

The therapeutic alliance held a huge importance

# data[].attributes.headline
The Drive of Modern Theorists (second force)

# data[].attributes.subject
The Drive of Modern Theorists (second force)

# data[].attributes.body
The forces behind behavioral and cognitive theories & interventions were due to the following individual's work and contributions:

B.F. Skinner

Albert Ellis

Aaron Beck

William Glasser

Donald Meichenbaum

Behavior theories were used in the 1970s

Cognitive approaches were more apparent in the 1980s which led to cognitive-behavioral approaches in the 1990s

Interventions focused on the present

Idea of cognitive & behavioral treatment was to decrease dysfunctional thoughts & actions and replace them with more helpful and functional thoughts & actions

# data[].attributes.body
The work of Freud was the driving force behind the development of psychotherapy (First Force)

Believed past experiences were linked to individuals current emotional difficulties

Focused on the unconscious processes treatment being long-term

# data[].attributes.body
Mental health and emotional difficulties weren't understood before the late 19th century

Individuals with severe mental health symptoms were forced in institutions

Due to the lack of understanding for mental health, individuals in mental health institutions were exposed to either ineffective treatments or received no help at all