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The research question chosen is:
Bio-psychology:
ARE DIFFERENT SEXES PSYCHOLOGICALLY, AS WELL AS BIOLOGICALLY DIFFERENT?
It is predicted that...
As well as biological differences, there are psychological difference between both genders.

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There is a vast contrast between both sexes. Most of the studies that have been conducted reveal major distinguishers between males and females, mentally as well as physically. Though we would like to think males and females are fairly similar (except for the obvious physical or reproductive differences), we know that there are fundamental psychological differences. These psychological differences does not mean that one sex is better than the other, but it does mean that as an individual each one of us whether male or female, are unique in their own way. We have distinct abilities in the world which are rooted in their gender.

The intended audience for this research question is general population as a whole, especially those who have an interest in this topic.

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http://andrewd.ces.clemson.edu/courses/cpsc412/fall03/teams/reports/group5.pdf
Knox R, Bergstein M, Seth R, Longo J, McElveen N., Short Term Memory Based on Gender, Clemson- School of Computing

Aim:
An experiment was conducted with the aim to determine whether there is a difference in the short term memory of male and female college students. They wanted to investigate whether gender makes a difference in how much a person could retain information about what they saw. The hypothesis for this experiment was the female subjects will prove to have better short term memory than the male subjects.

Basic Information:
For this experiment to take place, 6 participants were recruited; 3 males and 3 female college students. The participants had to fill out questionnaires such as 'Do you have 20/20 vision', and then was asked to enter a virtual room with pictures on different walls. After 60 seconds they then had to record which pictures where on the specified wall.

Results:
After running all of the participants through the experiment, they were able to observe how they explored the virtual room by replaying each participant’s trial run. The replay of the subject’s session was divided into four sections. The lower left hand corner of the replay was the subject’s view of the virtual room (the frontal view). The other three sections, which were out of the subject’s line of sight, was the view from the left, right, and back. A red square in the frontal view showed the subject’s eye position in the virtual room.

The data that was collected clearly indicated that the male subjects looked at each painting in a much faster rate than the females. The female participants, on the other hand, focused more heavily on each picture and wall label.

Conclusion

The results from the experiment showed that gender had an effect on short term memory. The male participants averaged a percentage of 21.2% and the female participants averaged a percentage of 61.1%. These averages were calculated by averaging the number of correct responses over the total number of pictures, for each gender. This nearly was a 40% difference in the efficiency of short term memory between the sexes. The results clearly showed that females proved to have a better short term memory than male subjects.

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https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1963313/

TOUSSAINT L, WEBB JR., Gender Differences in the Relationship Between Empathy and Forgiveness, The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), (2005)

Aim:
Another study was conducted with the aim to examine gender differences in levels of empathy and forgiveness and the extent to which the association of empathy and forgiveness differed by gender. (In the study 4 hypothesis’ was predicted, but in this case only discussing 2 and 3)

Hypothesis 2: Women will show higher levels of empathy than will men.

Hypothesis 3: There will be no gender differences in forgiveness.

Basic Information:

For this study to be conducted 127 participants were recruited from public beaches and community parks in Los Angeles, Orange, and San Diego Counties in California. The participants formed a convenience sample for this cross-sectional study. In terms of gender, 45 (35%) were men, and 82 (65%) were women. Participants also had to have some requirements to be part of this research, such as they had to be between the ages of 25 years and 45 years, their annual income had to be between $25,000 and $65,000, and their education had to be between having some high school and having a college degree.

Forgiveness:
In this study the Enright Forgiveness Inventory (EFI; Enright, 2005) was used to assess multidimensional aspects of forgiveness. It is a self-report measure of the degree to which one person forgives another who has hurt him or her deeply and unfairly. A scale form 1 to 6.

Empathy

The Balanced Emotional Empathy Scale (BEES; Mehrabian, 1996, 1997), was used which is a one-dimensional measure of affective or emotional empathy. It is a self-report measure of one’s ability to experience another individual’s emotions or to feel what someone else feels. The BEES consists of 30 items. Eg. - Unhappy movie endings haunt me for hours afterward. - I cannot feel much sorrow for those who are responsible for their own misery.

Scale ranging from −4  to +4

Results:

The results of these analyses showed that, as predicted in Hypothesis 2, women had higher levels of empathy than did men. Also, as predicted in Hypothesis 3, no gender differences were observed in forgiveness between genders.

Conclusion:

The present results supported Hypothesis 2 and Hypothesis 3. As expected, analyses revealed that women had higher levels of empathy than men but that forgiveness did not differ by gender. There are gender differences in empathy but not in forgiveness.

Although men show lower levels of empathy than do women, on the basis of the present findings, that empathy is more important for men in terms of promoting forgiveness. Women have higher levels of empathy, but this does not seem to help them forgive. From the study it seems that although they already possess higher levels of empathy, empathy- based forgiveness interventions may be less effective. It can also be concluded that these gender differences in the relationship between empathy and forgiveness is related to motivation rather than ability. Women generally may be more motivated to be empathetic and thus may show higher levels of empathy.

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From the two studies that took place, it clearly showed that there are psychological differences between both genders. However females have been shown to have consistently stronger short-term or working memory than men. Women are thought to be able to hold more items of verbal information in short-term storage at once.

Men may empathize differently than women.  Researchers in the empathy field describe two types of empathy. One type is called effective empathy which involves a shared emotional response that women may be better at achieving. The other type is called cognitive empathy and involves being able to see the world through the perspective of the other. Men may be better able to access this type of empathy.

From both studies that were taken place I do believe that there are psychological difference between both sexes. Gender does have an impact on how we deal with problems and situations that arise in our lives. Males and females think very differently from each other and this was proven by the two studies that took place.

I think that men tend to recall events using strategies that rely on reconstructing the experience in terms of elements, tasks or activities that took place, such as activities associated with competition or physical.

Whereas I think that women have an enhanced ability to recall memories that have strong emotional components. They can also recall events or experiences that have similar emotions in common. Women are very adept at recalling information, events or experiences in which there is a common emotional theme.

Source 1:
Limitations: One limitation is the total number of subjects that participated in this experiment was less. There were only 6 students. A larger number of participants could provide more accurate results.

Another limitation could be whether if they carried out the ethical procedures/considerations accurately or if they did not.

Source 2:

Limitations: The present results represent cross-sectional data however we cannot be certain that this is the case entirely and that the reverse is not also true. Forgiving states may precede empathetic states, or these may simply be co-occurring phenomenon with neither having any causal priority. Future researchers should address changes in empathy and forgiveness using longitudinal designs.

A second limitation is that, the participants were selected from the community, the present sample was a convenience sample, and hence its representatives is questionable.

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Source 1:

Ethical: Important to get the consent of the subjects that participates, however this information was not provided in the study article. Another ethical issue is that, the participants should be treated with respect, however this was not mentioned in the research.

Source 2:

Ethical: It is important to get the consent of the participants that participated in this study and this was done before the experiment. Participants then only completed the questionnaires. This was mentioned in the research.

Another ethical issue is that, the participants should be treated with respect, however this was not mentioned in the research.

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Psychological- pertaining to the mind or to mental phenomena as the subject matter of psychology. Affecting, or arising in the mind; related to the mental and emotional state of a person.

Empathy- has also been defined as the ability to feel the same emotion as another

Hostility- is seen as form of emotionally charged aggressive behaviour. It is more commonly used as a synonym for anger and aggression.

Gender- is generally conceived as a set of characteristics or traits that are associated with a certain biological sex (male or female). The characteristics that generally define gender are referred to as masculine or feminine

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The research question that whether if there are any psychological differences between both genders was investigated upon. The two studies showed that even though both genders are similar in some ways, they also have a vast variety of psychological differences too. The hypothesis was supported as the evidence from both studies clearly depicted that there are psychological differences between both sexes. The research that took place does benefit the society as a whole, as people are now able to understand that men and women think differently, not just personality wise, but also in behavior and in traits. The investigation could be modified or extended in the future, by maybe investigating more than 2 studies to investigate. Having more evidence to support the research question, will makes the evidence and the question more accurate. It also helps society see that gender stereotyping is wrong. The evidence portrayed also shows that gender stereotyping is wrong. Gender stereotyping is when you think a gender is less than the other. Males are often featured as dominant over females. However research proves that they are equal. In some aspects women are better and in some men are better. So men and women are individually unique in their own way.

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Source 1:
Knox R, Bergstein M, Seth R, Longo J, McElveen N., Short Term Memory Based on Gender, Clemson- School of Computing

Source 2:
TOUSSAINT L, WEBB JR., Gender Differences in the Relationship Between Empathy and Forgiveness, The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), (2005)

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Source 1:
http://andrewd.ces.clemson.edu/courses/cpsc412/fall03/teams/reports/group5.pdf

Source 2:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1963313/