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http://www.actforyouth.net/documents/fACT%20Sheet05043.pdf

Berk, L. (1999). Infants, Children & Adolescents. Third Edition. Allyn and Bacon.

Fabes, R., Martin C.L (2003). Exploring Child Development. Second Edition. Allyn and Bacon.

The State of the World's Children 2011.

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Behavior Characteristics in Late Adolescence- Alex P-L

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Behavior Characteristics in Late Adolescence- Alex P-L

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Teenagers in their late adolescence tend to take bigger risks and get involved in riskier and more dangerous behaviors. They are very emotional and their moods vary quickly; typically angry, oppositional and irritable. Now that they can think for themselves and make their own decisions, they are more likely to argue, compromise or disagree instead of feeling the need to obey their parents. They can also be more disrespectful, outgoing and confrontational. They have established their own values and beliefs and can now challenge authority figures such as teachers, police officers, parents, and politicians. They can stress more and have more anxiety when it comes to social problems, school work, and personal issues. They date more, participate in sports or extra curricular activities, seek employment and spend less time with their parents and more time with friends. They consume more food, experiment with drugs, alcohol and sexual behavior. They can also make stupid decisions such as driving drunk or drop out of high school or get pregnant early and by accident.

A few quick facts:
* 1/3 of high school students drop out of school every year
* 16 year olds are more likely to die in a car accident
* over 5000 teens die from car accidents annually
*About 1 million teenage girls get pregnant every year
* 1 in 5 adolescents smoke, and around half of those continue to smoke for at least 15 years
*Girls are at a greater risk of experience negative health problems such as; depression, eating disorders and anxiety over body image

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Physical Changes in Late Adolescence- Alex Pierre-Louis

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Physical Changes in Late Adolescence- Alex Pierre-Louis

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During late adolescence the body is still developing. The brain is also still developing and changing dramatically as it is still reorganizing itself and the capacity for reflection and analytical thoughts has greatly increased. Hormones are also developing at a faster rate but their growth spurt has begun to slow down. Girls commonly complete puberty by the age of 16 and their menstrual cycle is well established by then. They care more about their physical appearance Teenagers are more likely to experiment with different hair styles and colors, clothing fads and are even capable of altering their bodies through surgeries such as breast reductions, butt implants, and nose/lip work. Lasty, bodies are developed enough so that after unprotected intercourse, females can get pregnant and carry a healthy baby full term (with many exceptions.)

Girls
* More developed
*Breasts, hips and pelvis are bigger/wider
*More rounded and curved figure
* More body hair especially under the arms and private area
* Sex organs matured
* Typically reach adult height 15 or 16

Boys
* Continue to gain height
*Weight gain
*Voice change
*Broad shoulders
*Muscle mass increase
*Increase in body hair, especially in the face and under the arms
*Bigger Testicles
*Typically reach adult height at 17-18.

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Late adolescence occurs between the ages of 17-21. During this time  adolescents have a firmer idea of who they are and have become more independent. They have also begun to think about what they want to be or accomplish career-wise and have started to think more about the future. Typically around this age range, they  are finishing their secondary education or attending /finishing college. They gain more confidence and have clearer opinions of what they want and have taken interest in current affairs and events around the world.  They also typically tend to think their peers opinions' are very important. Their sexuality is also clearer as they developed more meaningful relationships and explore their curiousity about the human body and the mating process. Late adolescence is often referred to as the 'teenage' years. Teenagers tend to be egocentric but also share concern for others. They can set goals and know how to go about achieving them. They can make many of their own decisions without approval or guidance from their parents. Lastly, they begin to question and evaluate their purpose in life. The question "Who Am I?" is a journey they continue to search through as their experiences prepare them for adulthood.

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My Chemical Romance - Teenagers [Official Music Video] [4K]

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8 tips for moms on talking to your son about puberty from dads. Popsugar. (2011) Retrieved from https://www.popsugar.com/moms/8-Tips-Moms-Talking-Your-Son-About-Puberty-from-Dads-27332055

Draper C. (2015). How to prepare your daughter for puberty and menstration. Retrieved from http://www.kidspot.com.au/parenting/teenager/teen-development/how-to-prepare-your-daughter-for-puberty-and-menstruation/news-story/5ecd3a1d0f7aa00ffac21367d698da60

Mwale, M. (2012). Adolescent Psychology . The African Perspective, p. 41, 46-47

Pickhardt, C. E. (2009). Early adolescence (9-13) = change for the worse. Psychology Today. Retrieved from https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/surviving-your-childs-adolescence/200902/early-adolescence-9-13-change-the-worse

watchwellcast. (2013, April 4). Inside puberty: what are the stages of puberty. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rsj6dW6qKRc

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AMLE - Association for Middle Level Education. (n.d.). Developmental Characteristics of Young Adolescents. Retrieved September 18, 2017, from https://www.amle.org/BrowsebyTopic/WhatsNew/WNDet/TabId/270/ArtMID/888/ArticleID/455/Developmental-Characteristics-of-Young-Adolescents.aspx

C. (2014, June 23). Adolescence: Crash Course Psychology #20. Retrieved September 18, 2017, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PzyXGUCngoU&t=91s

CorporateName=Raising Children Network (RCN); jurisdiction=Commonwealth of Australia; sector=non-government. (n.d.). Social and emotional changes in adolescence. Retrieved September 18, 2017, from http://raisingchildren.net.au/articles/social_and_emotional_development_teenagers.html

You shall not pass! (n.d.). Retrieved September 18, 2017, from https://padlet.com/duffinm/4ni8pl6kf6xs

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Adolescence: Crash Course Psychology #20

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Social and Emotional Characteristics - Late Adolescence - Christine Gussen

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Social and Emotional Characteristics - Late Adolescence - Christine Gussen

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Late Adolescents move closer towards independence. They tend to have a firmer grip on their own identities with greater emotional stability.

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Socio and Emotional Characteristics - Late Adolescence - Christine Gussen

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Socio and Emotional Characteristics - Late Adolescence - Christine Gussen

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Children in this stage have the ability to think ideas through. They are able to examine inner experiences and delay gratification. They also have an increased concern for the future and a continued interest in moral reasoning.
Peer influence in drug use increases and surpasses the parental influence.

Peer choice is influenced by parents.

Strong peer pressure aspect of adolescent development

· Only a minority of adolescents experience serious psychological disturbances.

· Most adolescents continue to value their parents as companions and turn to them for advice.

· Most peers do not rate peer pressure as a major problem and believe they can resist it.

· Less time in front of TV compared to other age groups.

· Undertake substantial responsibilities at school and at home.

· Experiment with drugs, but majority do not allow to lead to dependency.

Adolescence is a large developmental period with big changes and differences.

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Socio & Emotional Characteristics - Christine Gussen

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Socio & Emotional Characteristics - Christine Gussen

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Social and Emotional Characteristics - Middle Adolescence - Christine Gussen

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Social and Emotional Characteristics - Middle Adolescence - Christine Gussen

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Social and Emotional Development

· Become interested in adult appearance

· Increased interest in sex

· Biological changes

· Cognitive developments (examples??)

· Impact of other people’s expectations

· Gender becomes much more central importance

· Societal expectations with regards to gender

· Appropriate behavior increase in importance

· Acceptable/unacceptable behavior is more clearly defined

· Young people develop sexually due to increased hormonal levels

· Girls – now more influenced by social factors like parental attitude and sexual behavior

· 2/3’s of 16-17 year old report having sexual intercourse

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Social and Emotional Development - Middle Adolescence - Christine Gussen

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Social and Emotional Development - Middle Adolescence - Christine Gussen

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Intellectual growth spurt during adolescence. Now becoming capable of thinking about the world and dealing with the challenges it presents.

According to Piaget, adolescence was the Concrete Operational Period. Many adolescents progress and can now deal with more abstract cognitive tasks. (Formal Operations Stage)

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Emotional Characteristics - Early Adolescence - Christine Gussen

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Emotional Characteristics - Early Adolescence - Christine Gussen

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Developments changes affect the young adolescents sense of self and relations with others.

Consciously aware of the changes they are undergoing.

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Social Characteristics - Early Adolescence - Christine Gussen

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Social Characteristics - Early Adolescence - Christine Gussen

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Variations in the timing of developmental changes affect adolescents socially and emotionally.

Those who mature early (especially males) are looked more favorably upon and gain greater popularity and are, therefore, more confident which can continue through adulthood.

Those who mature later may have insecurities when compared to their peers and may cause setbacks.

Early developers may have some troubles as they are forced to deal with pressure to act like adults that they are not ready to handle. Boys may be more likely to get into trouble. Girls may have higher level of psychosomatic distress.

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Social changes and emotional changes -  Early Adolescence -Christine Gussen

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Social changes and emotional changes -  Early Adolescence -Christine Gussen

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During early adolescence, the interaction of children with family, friends and peers changes.  The social and emotional development is different for each child. A combination of genes, brain development, environment, experiences with family and friends, and community and culture all play a role into an adolescent’s development.

Social changes and emotional changes demonstrate how forming an independent identity and learning to be an adult.
"People spend their childhood learning to be like their parents, and their adolescence learning who they are and how they are different from their parents."
– Dr Miriam Kaufman, 2006

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Social & Emotional Characteristics during Middle Adolescence - Christine Gussen

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Social & Emotional Characteristics during Middle Adolescence - Christine Gussen

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Emotional & Social Development - Christine Gussen

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Emotional & Social Development - Christine Gussen

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Emotional and Social Development of Adolescence

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Middle adolescence starts around the age of 14 and ends around the age of 17. Most adolescents have entered puberty by the beginning of middle adolescence and will complete puberty by the end of middle adolescence. (Salkind, 2005, 32)

Adolescents entering middle adolescence will see physical changes such as the changes that occur during puberty, as well as increased strength, muscle mass, height and weight, and higher cardiopulmonary endurance. (Salkind, 2005, 32)

Youths in middle adolescence also experience behavioral and social and emotional changes. These changes can be difficult to deal with at times which reflects in the way middle adolescents act, think, and behave.

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Salkind, D. J. (2005). Encyclopedia of Human Development. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications, Inc.

Kaneshiro, N. K., & Zieve, D. (2017, February 16). Adolescent Development. Retrieved September 18, 2017, from https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002003.htm

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Behavior in Middle Adolescence- Mally Duffin

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Behavior in Middle Adolescence- Mally Duffin

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Due to the drastic, uncomfortable physical changes of middle adolescence, youths can become very self-conscious and anxious and easily succumb to peer pressure. They constantly compare themselves to others, are worried about what they look like physically, and how they fit in with everyone and the world around them.

During middle adolescence, children begin to develop their identity, their sense of self. During this time, youths begin to drift away from their parents’ ideas and beliefs and begin to develop their own. They begin to experience the world on their own, they want to explore how they can contribute to the world when they are older. Teens have an extreme desire to be independent which could be troublesome because they have not fully developed good decision-making skills, teens can be impulsive. Teens in middle adolescence are at a higher risk of engaging in risky behaviors, mainly because of peer pressure and the need for others approval. They act before fully thinking of the consequences or make decisions based on how others will perceive it rather than what is actually the best, most beneficial option.

During this time, the relationships teens have with their friends and peers is crucial. Friends and peers influence how teens behave, they learn from the actions of others and peer pressure is a daily struggle for teens; wanting to fit in can make teens behave wild and disobey adults. In addition, relationships can move from platonic to romantic.

Teens begin to establish their sexual identity. They being to experiment with the opposite sex. The onset of puberty brings out a bunch of new hormones, emotions, and desires teens have never experienced. Adolescents feel compelled to explore these feelings and explore their developing bodies. It is crucial for teens in middle adolescence to being to learn how to express and receive intimate or sexual actions. Not exploring one’s sexual identity can hinder the adult relationships a teen will have.

(Kaneshiro, 2017)

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Physical Changes In Middle Adolescence-Mally Duffin

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Physical Changes In Middle Adolescence-Mally Duffin

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Adolescents experience physical changes once they enter middle adolescence. In addition to the physical changes, adolescents’ motor, visual, auditory, language, and perceptual motor skills development should be fully developed by the end of middle adolescence. During middle adolescence, youths deeply develop their cognitive abilities. They develop the ability to weigh the pros and cons of their actions and decisions before actually taking action. They can develop fantasies and theories about life and being to think about the future. Finally, they develop the ability to engage in inductive and deductive reasoning. (Salkind, 2005, 32)
Boys and girls experience these changes differently.

Girls: (Kaneshiro, 2017)
- When girls enter puberty in early adolescence, they being to develop breasts which continue to grow throughout middle adolescence. The average breast develops fully by the ages 12-18. In addition to developing breast girls get their periods. Typically, periods being around the age of 12 but some can get it as late 16.
- Girls start to notice pubic hair, as well as armpit and leg hair, around the middle of early adolescence, which is 9 or 10, and will reach adult hair growth by 13 or 14.
- Girls experience their growth spurts around 12 and this will slow down around the age of 16. Girls are usually their full adult height by 16.

Boys: (Kaneshiro, 2017)
- Like girls, boys enter puberty in early adolescence and begin to develop their secondary sexual organs. By age 9 or 10, boys start to see their testicles and scrotum grow. By age 17 or 18, the male reproductive organs should be at full adult size and length.

- For boys, puberty isn’t marked by a disruptive event like menarche. It begins with the frequent occurrence of wet dreams which, on average, occur around the age of 14 or 15. Wet dreams usually starts around the peak of the child’s growth spurt. In addition to this, boys experience voice changes which beigns aornud the same time as their reproductive orangs begin to grow.
- Unlike girls, boys being to develop body and pubic hair at the end of early adolescence, around age 12, and don’t reach adult growth patterns until ages 17 or 18.

- Boys experience their growth spurt around age 13 which slows down around age 18.

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Behavior Changes in Early Adolescence - Mariah Berrios  

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Behavior Changes in Early Adolescence - Mariah Berrios  

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· According to Dr. Carl E. Pickhartd, early adolescents begin a behavior shift. They separate themselves from childhood to pursue the journey to independence. There are four phases to this behavior shift.

1. Disorganization – the adolescent discovers that their childhood “self-management system”  was much simpler than their adolescent “self-management system”. This causes adolescents to become more disorganized, distracted, and forgetful.

2. Negative attitude – Early adolescents start to reject the child they once were. By rejecting themselves, they become angry at their rejection and they turn that angry into criticism of those around them. This is often why early adolescents will reject their parents positive suggestions when the early adolescent says “I’m bored.”. If the attitude change coincides with puberty, the release of hormones makes the attitude change more emotional.

3. Rebellion – Since early adolescents are beginning to reject the child they once were they begin to form resentment to their “over-protected” parents and start to rebel. There are two forms of rebellion in early adolescents – passive and active resistance. Active resistance is when the early adolescent debates and disobeys, while passive resistant early adolescents procrastinate.

4. Early experimentation – With the freedom they attain from rebellion, early adolescents now feel like they can experiment with risk-taking and limit testing. They want to find out which rules are firm and they do this by testing the limits to see what he or she can get away with.

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Talking to Your Son About Puberty - Mariah Berrios 

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Talking to Your Son About Puberty - Mariah Berrios 

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Talking to children about puberty is difficult and uncomfortable for many parents. And for moms, discussing puberty with a son can feel especially daunting since you haven't experienced these particular changes first-hand. To help you tackle the conversation, we asked our Daddy Bloggers for advice on how to talk to boys about puberty. Here are some of the most helpful and practical tips they shared.

4. Let Him Know Timing Varies

5. Talk about Aggression and Respect

7. Provide Other Sources for Information

8. Let a Man Broach Some Things...

"The 'masturbation talk' can be passed off to Dad or Dad surrogate. Mom shouldn't have to do everything." - Brent Almond of Designer Daddy

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8 Tips for Moms on Talking to Your Son About Puberty, from Dads

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Talking to children about puberty is difficult and uncomfortable for many parents. And for moms, discussing puberty with a son can feel especially daunting since you haven't experienced these particular changes first-hand. To help you tackle the conversation, we asked our Daddy Bloggers for advice on how to talk to boys about puberty.

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How to Talk to Your Daughter About Puberty and Menstruation - Mariah Berrios  

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How to Talk to Your Daughter About Puberty and Menstruation - Mariah Berrios  

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Puberty is a very confusing time in a young girl's life. Her body is changing, her thoughts are changing and it's likely she's beginning to get self-conscious about all these things. These tips will help you talk to her about it.

Puberty is a time of massive change

The is the time where our children begin the transition from kids to adults. It can be anxious, exciting, difficult and challenging all in one. There are ways that you can help your daughter through this stage and preparation is the key.

Having 'the talk'

Back in the day, parents sat their children down and had 'the talk' about the birds and bees and our changing bodies. While it's great to talk to our daughters, the discussion about puberty should be more than just one chat or lecture. The best way to prepare your daughter for the big changes she's about to go through is to have a series of frank discussions. These can begin quite young and don't have to be detailed in the beginning. Just opening up the channels of communication and laying a good foundation of trust is the best way to start. This way your daughter will feel comfortable and secure talking to you.

The details of puberty

As she begins to get closer to puberty, this is the time to talk about all the nitty gritty details. Explain how her body is going to change - breasts growing, underarm and pubic hair sprouting, needing to use deodorant, etc. Talk about menstruation, what will happen when she gets her first period, about sanitary protection and what to expect. If she has as much knowledge as possible before her first period arrives, she won't feel scared about what's happening to her. Your daughter will also feel comfortable coming to you and talking about what is happening and any questions she may have.

Prepare a period pack

Prepare a pack of sanitary products that she can carry in her school bag, in case she gets her period while out and about. This is a good chance to talk about what different products (ie pads, tampons, liners) can be used and when. It will also make her feel more confident about what is happening to her.

Boost her self-esteem

During puberty a young girl's self-esteem can take a battering. Her changing body can make her feel self-conscious and embarrassed. You can help her by complimenting her looks and making her feel good about herself. A girl who feels confident will be able to handle the big changes with greater ease.
This article was written by Corinne Draper for Kidspot. Sources include Child and Youth Health and BetterHealth.

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How to prepare your daughter for puberty and menstruation

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Puberty is a very confusing time in a young girl's life. Her body is changing, her thoughts are changing and it's likely she's beginning to get self-conscious about all these things. These tips will help you talk to her about it.

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Inside Puberty: What Are the Stages of Puberty?

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Physical Changes in Early Adolescent Boys - Mariah Berrios

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Physical Changes in Early Adolescent Boys - Mariah Berrios

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1. The testes and scrotum begin to enlarge

2. Hair begins to grow lightly

3. The penis begins to enlarge

4. Voice changes take place

5. The first occurrence of ejaculation

6. Maximum growth rate is reached

7. Hair under the armpit appears

8. Their voice deepens

9. Hair reaches adult stage

(Mwale, 2012)

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Physical Changes in Early Adolescent Girls - Mariah Berrios

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Physical Changes in Early Adolescent Girls - Mariah Berrios

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1. Breasts begin to enlarge

2. Pubic begins to grow

3. Maximum growth rate is reached

4. As girls go through puberty, their pubic hair becomes adult

5. Breasts continue to enlarge

6. Menstruation occurs for the 1st time

7. Hair under the armpit appears

8. Girls’ breasts and their pubic hair reach adult stage

(Mwale, 2012)

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Physical Changes in Early Adolescence - Mariah Berrios 

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Physical Changes in Early Adolescence - Mariah Berrios 

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Early adolescents go through puberty. Santrock states that puberty is “a rapid change to physical maturation involving hormonal and bodily changes (as cited in Mwale, 2012, p. 41).