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Deep diamonds contain evidence of deep Earth recycling processes - Sage Baker

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Deep diamonds contain evidence of deep Earth recycling processes - Sage Baker

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Diamonds that formed deep in the earth’s mantle contain evidence of chemical reactions that occurred on the seafloor. Probing these gems can help geoscientists understand how the material is exchanged between the earth and its depths. Peng Ni of Carnegie Mellon and Evan Smith of the Gemlogical Institue of America, ran this research project. They found physical evidence confirming that there is a pathway through the Earth’s depth. They had found chemical combustion of erupted mantle material that makes up mid-ocean ridges, seamounts, and ocean islands. Diamonds are being formed between 360 and 750 kilometers down by minerals left from past recycling processes and minerals down in the depths of the ocean. The diamond that the researchers found had a higher level of heavy to light iron isotopes than typically found in the other diamonds found at the mantle. This being said, they concluded that the diamond found by them was not formed by a geological process, instead, it shows that the periodite and serpentinite which are normally found at the earth’s mantle caused a magnetic effect for the iron-rich material.
There is no impact on the local community but this is a really cool discovery for science. It was up until this find that no one knew about a pathway through the ocean to the mantle. This could lead to more research by scientists to see if anything else can get through this pathway. There can be many different discoveries done from this finding which is really great for the science community.

I do not think this article affects my life. I believe that it could affect a lot of people because they can get a lot of discoveries from this one piece of information. In my day-to-day life, nothing would be different if they had not made this discovery. In my opinion, I think they could of did research that would affect more people’s lives but they still found very cool and interesting things.

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Diamonds that formed deep in the Earth's mantle contain evidence of chemical reactions that occurred on the seafloor. Probing these gems can help geoscientists understand how material is exchanged between the planet's surface and its depths.

New work published in Science Advances confirms that serpentinite -- a rock that forms from peridotite, the main rock type in Earth's mantle, when water penetrates cracks in the ocean floor -- can carry surface water as far as 700 kilometers deep by plate tectonic processes.

"Nearly all tectonic plates that make up the seafloor eventually bend and slide down into the mantle -- a process called subduction, which has the potential to recycle surface materials, such as water, into the Earth," explained Carnegie's Peng Ni, who co-led the research effort with Evan Smith of the Gemological Institute of America.

Serpentinite residing inside subducting plates may be one of the most significant, yet poorly known, geochemical pathways by which surface materials are captured and conveyed into the Earth's depths. The presence of deeply-subducted serpentinites was previously suspected -- due to Carnegie and GIA research about the origin of blue diamonds and to the chemical composition of erupted mantle material that makes up mid-ocean ridges, seamounts, and ocean islands. But evidence demonstrating this pathway had not been fully confirmed until now.

The research team -- which also included Carnegie's Steven Shirey, and Anat Shahar, as well as GIA's Wuyi Wang and Stephen Richardson of the University of Cape Town -- found physical evidence to confirm this suspicion by studying a type of large diamonds that originate deep inside the planet.

"Some of the most famous diamonds in the world fall into this special category of relatively large and pure gem diamonds, such as the world-famous Cullinan," Smith said. "They form between 360 and 750 kilometers down, at least as deep as the transition zone between the upper and lower mantle."

Sometimes they contain inclusions of tiny minerals trapped during diamond crystallization that provide a glimpse into what is happening at these extreme depths.

"Studying small samples of minerals formed during deep diamond crystallization can teach us so much about the composition and dynamics of the mantle, because diamond protects the minerals from additional changes on their path to the surface," Shirey explained.

In this instance, the researchers were able to analyze the isotopic composition of iron in the metallic inclusions. Like other elements, iron can have different numbers of neutrons in its nucleus, which gives rise to iron atoms of slightly different mass, or different "isotopes" of iron. Measuring the ratios of "heavy" and "light" iron isotopes gives scientists a sort of fingerprint of the iron.

The diamond inclusions studied by the team had a higher ratio of heavy to light iron isotopes than typically found in most mantle minerals. This indicates that they probably didn't originate from deep-Earth geochemical processes. Instead, it points to magnetite and other iron-rich minerals formed when oceanic plate peridotite transformed to serpentinite on the seafloor. This hydrated rock was eventually subducted hundreds of kilometers down into the mantle transition zone, where these particular diamonds crystallized.

"Our findings confirm a long-suspected pathway for deep-Earth recycling, allowing us to trace how minerals from the surface are drawn down into the mantle and create variability in its composition," Shahar concluded.

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geology; earth science; oceanography; earthquakes; origin of life; early climate; paleontology

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Deep diamonds contain evidence of deep-Earth recycling processes: Findings allow us to trace how minerals from the surface are drawn down into the mantle

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Diamonds that formed deep in the Earth's mantle contain evidence of chemical reactions that occurred on the seafloor. Probing these gems can help geoscientists understand how material is exchanged between the planet's surface and its depths.

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Italian supervolcano showing signs of eruption-Samuel Stevens

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Italian supervolcano showing signs of eruption-Samuel Stevens

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link: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1MAZ_F6fFIbnWvucwRKf7ZooxXjMt9yGeJk7R-YS9GvQ/edit

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Pulsed volcanic combustion events coincident with the end-Permian terrestrial disturbance and the following global crisis - Mikhail Statcenko

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Pulsed volcanic combustion events coincident with the end-Permian terrestrial disturbance and the following global crisis - Mikhail Statcenko

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The End Permian mass extinction event has been one of the most devastating extinctions in the history of our planet, it occurred at the boundary between the Permian and Triassic periods about 252 mya, wiping out about 95% of marine species and 70% of terrestrial ones. Despite this scale, what caused the event has remained fairly mysterious and a source of significant debate among paleontologists and geologists. In this study, researchers from Japan, the US and China have found some of the most concrete evidence tying this event to volcanic activity in Siberia during the time. The extinction is thought to have been caused by an eruption of the Siberian Traps (see map below), a large igneous province, the team of researchers utilized evidence in the form of concentrations of mercury and certain organic compounds in sedimentary rocks to identify a potential cause of the event. They found two coronene Mercury spikes which coincided with the ecological disturbance and the mass extinction which makes up the event. Mercury spikes are generally tied to volcanic activity while coronene spikes are found where temperatures get unusually high like with volcanic activity or in collisions with asteroids, this shows clear evidence tying the mass extinction event to volcanic activity from the Siberian Traps which was occurring at the same time.
There are many important implications of this new research. First of all, this event was the cause of the single biggest die off in the duration of the Phanerozoic eon (last 541 million years), this extinction opened up many biological niches which led to a boom in diversity on Pangea as well as in the marine habitats, knowing more about such events can show us how life adapts to these massive and unanticipated events, in this case large volcanic eruptions. Another important implication of this new research is that if this is in fact true, and the extinction was caused by the eruption it can tell us a lot about the nature of global warming which is a prevalent issue in the modern world. Volcanic eruptions release aerosols and CO2 into the atmosphere, these if they occur on a large scale like they did here, will cause rapid climate change meaning that this is what likely led to the crisis. This can show us that if anthropogenic climate change is to continue and rapidly releases gases like CO2 into the atmosphere it may have effects similar to that which were observed during the biggest mass extinction the Earth has ever seen. Finally this also has implications for future research as scientists can now focus on this model for the extinction event to test it through other methods and see if it holds up.
Personally, I find such research very fascinating. To me, learning about evolution especially after extinction events when life takes on a diversity of forms is always fascinating and this is no exception, knowing that volcanism and warming were the likely causes of the crisis makes me interested in what ways does this affect organisms, how do they adapt and if any other extinctions also tied to it. These are all questions that I plan to do more research about after reading this article. Also, this read was quite interesting to me in the techniques they used to make the connection of the extinction to volcanism, previously I had never even known of the compound called coronene but it appears to have some very important uses in geology and I plan on doing more research about the methods and compound as well to see what else I can learn as a result. Finally, I also think that the implications discussed above are highly important, understanding global warming and extinctions is something that is much needed today, evidence from past times the Earth has experienced similar events will definitely play an important role in our accumulation of knowledge about such events.

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UM researcher Jie Li published a study in Science Advances on the theory of how carbon came to Earth. Carbon was previously thought to come from nebular gas, however, carbon vaporizes rather than condensing into a solid. Li and her team inferred that most of Earth’s carbon was inherited from an interstellar medium, avoiding vaporization. Using seismic waves, Li estimated that carbon likely makes up less than half a percent of Earth's mass. Earth and Earth-like planets can only exist because of there being not too little carbon, and not too much carbon.

This study challenges the age-old and widely accepted theory of how carbon came to our planet. The study was published in Science Advances and funded by NASA. It’s a very recent, and groundbreaking discovery, considering that all life on Earth is carbon-based. The average person won’t do much with this information, but for science it’s revolutionary. There’s uncertainty in some details, such as the amount of carbon in the Earth’s core, but that’s something to embrace and discover.

It was most intriguing how Li used comparison of seismic waves to the known sound velocities of the core for her research. It’s fascinating to see how seismic waves can be used for research outside of earthquakes. Not only that but the idea that carbon came from an interstellar source is mind-blowing. The only reason we’re able to live on Earth is because the amount of carbon in it supports life, and the thought that there could possibly be other Earth-like planets, or planets that support life is uplifting. Even if all we know so far is that carbon didn’t come from the dust cloud before our planet, it’s still cool to know that carbon survived an interstellar voyage to our planet.

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Mauna Loa experiences tiny earthquakes - Morgan Phillippe

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Mauna Loa experiences tiny earthquakes - Morgan Phillippe

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The article is about Hawaii’s volcano Mauna Loa was hit with several earthquakes on March 29 at 2:30 a.m. with the biggest magnitude of 2.7.  The volcano did not erupt, and seems to not be near eruption anytime soon.  There may have been some slight shifts inside the volcano with its magma, ground deformation, and gas.  The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HOV) is still monitoring the volcano in case of any changes.

While Mauna Loa is no stranger to earthquakes, however it is odd that there were a lot of small earthquakes around the volcano.  The volcano isn’t going to erupt at the moment, but there is still a possibility that those small earthquakes caused changes inside the volcano to cause an eruption in the future.  The HOV is still monitoring Mauna Loa as well as the other Hawaiian volcanoes.

I find it interesting that the small earthquakes didn’t cause anything major in Mauna Loa.  Usually earthquakes cause the volcanoes to erupt quicker than they normally would.  But it does make sense as volcanoes are massive and it would take more than a swarm of tiny earthquakes to cause a volcano to erupt.  It may cause minor changes in the volcano that may cause the volcano to erupt sooner, but for the time being nothing will happen to the people of Hawaii.

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Traces of Earth's early magma ocean identified in Greenland rocks

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Traces of Earth's early magma ocean identified in Greenland rocks

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New research published by University of Cambridge on March 12th, 2021, has discovered rare evidence concerning a period of time where the Earth is thought to have been covered in a sea of magma. Researchers found chemical remnants of this magma ocean in rocks found in Greenland that date back 3.6 billion years, proving the existence of these magma oceans in the early stages of Earth’s formation. This discovery has been delayed despite theorization because of how the tectonic plates have a process by which they recycle all rock older than 4 billion years. Despite this, they were able to find this evidence in the Isua rocks of greenland which are the oldest exposure of rocks on the planet, of rare evidence that predates plate tectonics, and gives scientists and researchers a clue as to how and why the Earth formed the way it did. The chemicals were able to prove to scientists that the Earth's chemical composition and way in which it was formed was due to the crystallization of these magma oceans.

This discovery has a huge impact on the science community as they now have evidence of a time they were unsure of in Earth’s history. This revelation also leads to the funding of these types of projects to investigate the chemical composition of these ancient rocks. It's exciting for the science community, as they are discovering new things about our ancient Earth. Scientists were previously reluctant to look for chemical evidence of these events, but now see it can bring further insight into the history of our planet. This impact is huge on the scientific community because of the new evidence, though to people who don't think much of the Earth’s creation, it's far less significant, though interesting to learn about through their findings.

In this article the only issue I see is their reluctance to investigate chemicals in the ancient rock which I can see why because of the ever changing nature of them, though I see it as worth it, as they were able to discover something by doing so. I think the evidence found is powerful and important for them to crack the code on the chemistry and composition of our planet. I plan on doing nothing except retaining this information as this kind of thing doesn't peak my interest enough to go explore it further, though I hope these researchers and scientists do. As I said previously the only people affected are those who study the Earth and those whose interest is peaked with these sorts of findings.

https://www.deviantart.com/efabo/art/Isua-Greenstone-Belt-Greenland-829175941

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Extra 100 million years before Earth saw permanent oxygen rise

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Extra 100 million years before Earth saw permanent oxygen rise

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The first time oxygen was significantly present in the atmosphere was about 2.43 billion years ago, and this marks the start of the Great Oxidation Event. Although the Great Oxidation Event led to oxygen levels that were still much lower than today, it dramatically changed the chemical composition of the planet's surface. Professor Simon Poulton, of Leeds' School of Earth and Environment, led the research. He said: "The Great Oxidation Event fundamentally changed Earth's environment and habitability. This early period of oxygenation was thought to have occurred between about 2.43 and 2.32 billion years ago.
However, our research shows that, in fact, oxygenation of the atmosphere was highly unstable over a period of about 200 million years, with permanent atmospheric oxygenation occurring about 100 million years later that previously thought." Unravelling the history of atmospheric oxygenation ultimately allows us to understand how oxygen rose to levels that were sufficient to allow the evolution of animals. We cannot begin to understand the causes and consequences of atmospheric oxygenation, the most significant control on Earth's habitability, if we do not know when permanent atmospheric oxygenation actually occurred. Now at last we have that piece of the puzzle.

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 Earthquake, tsunami hazards from subduction zones might be higher than current estimates

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 Earthquake, tsunami hazards from subduction zones might be higher than current estimates

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In this article it talked about two very destructive forces that happen in nature. From earthquakes to tsunamis . In the article they were talking about how scientists believe that earthquakes and tsunamis might actually be more of a threat than they think. The scientists at the University of New Mexico have come together to form a new way to assess the earthquake and tsunami hazards. They feel like parts of the shore’s subduction zones might have been systematically underestimated in certain areas. What this means is that the statistical risk of having these unfortunate natural events are not as accurate as they should be.

Having accurate statistics can greatly impact society in the world as a whole. Scientists use the statistics to be able to let society know when there may be an earthquake or tsunami. With further research by scientists they were able to develop a new method which can display the interaction between all of the different parts of the fault. Because of this we are able to see a more physically accurate result. And people's life on a day today basis is slightly safer.

Personally I am glad that Researchers took time to acknowledge that there was a fault in our measurements. I think that it is very important that we know when earthquakes or possible tsunamis can occur. Having accurate measurements can save many lives and can prepare many for the worst to come. Personally I will be on the lookout every so often to check what statistics are looking like for possible future natural disasters. And I think the topic of this article affects many people in their life. Because of this article, it can spread awareness to people who may not have been too educated on this topic. And protect people from unfortunate events.

PICTURES OPEN LINK :

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A New Hampshire family's gender reveal party was such a blast that it set off reports of an earthquake, and could be heard from across the state line, police said.

Police in Kingston, a town not far from the Massachusetts border, received reports of a loud explosion Tuesday evening. They responded to Torromeo quarry where they found people who acknowledged holding a gender reveal party with explosives.

The source of the blast was 80 pounds (36 kilograms) of Tannerite, police said. The family thought the quarry would be the safest spot to light the explosive, which is typically sold over the counter as a target for firearms practice, police said.

Nearby residents said the blast rocked their homes and some reported property damage, NBC 10 Boston reported.

"We heard this God-awful blast," Sara Taglieri, who lives in a home that abuts the quarry, told the television station. "It knocked pictures off our walls ... I'm all up for silliness and whatnot, but that was extreme."

Taglieri's husband, Matt, told the TV station that neighbours reported cracks in the foundation of their homes from the explosion.

No injuries were reported, police said. The person who bought and detonated the explosives has turned himself in to police. He was not identified.

Police said that they had seen a video of the reveal and could confirm that the child was a boy, NBC Los Angeles reported. An investigation was ongoing and they will make a determination on charges

The blast was the latest in a series of dramatic and hazardous gender reveals. The practice, during which expectant parents announce the sex of their soon-to-be-born infants in elaborate ways, became popular about a decade ago.

In March, two pilots were killed when their plane crashed into the waters off Cancun while it was streaming a pink substance as part of a gender reveal, Fox News reported.

In 2020, smoke-generating pyrotechnic device used as part of a California gender reveal party caused a fire that damaged more than 7,000 acres (2,800 hectares) of land. In April 2017, an off-duty US border patrol agent, Dennis Dickey, caused $8m of damage to 19,000 hectares (47,000 acres) of Arizona forest when he shot at a target full of blue-coloured explosive as a means of announcing the gender of his unborn child.

In July 2019, one of the pioneers of the gender-reveal movement - Jenna Karvunidis - said it was time to "re-evaluate" the practice, and that her own daughter, announced to friends via a cake with pink icing inside, had begun to explore her gender and defy gender norms.
With Associated Press

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Gender reveal party using 80 pounds of explosives sets off earthquake reports

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A New Hampshire family's gender reveal party was such a blast that it set off reports of an earthquake, and could be heard from across the state line, police said. Police in Kingston, a town not far from the Massachusetts border, received reports of a loud explosion Tuesday evening.

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Throughout history we have had some big natural disasters. Tsunamis, hurricanes, and volcanoes. But volcanoes are the most interesting of all the natural disasters. They have the capability to restructure our environment and to create new ones out of the ashes of lava floods. Volcanoes are a marvelous phenomenon that is a sight to behold. From the Smithsonian magazine, volcanoes have been reshaping ecosystems for decades. Because of the knowledge that we already know about eruptions and the fact that vegetation needs a little bit of the chemicals in the air after the eruption we can’t infer that volcanoes create the start of new ecosystems. It is the most common in areas on convergent plate boundaries where volcanoes are most predominant.