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When Germany occupied the Netherlands, a young Elise Kann went into hiding with Molly Van Heel, a non-Jewish friend of her mother's, and Molly's husband, Jerry. It wasn't until decades later that Elise learned the full story behind the Van Heels' efforts to rescue countless Jews.

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Risk and Resistance: The Elise Kann Jaeger Collection - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum

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When Germany occupied the Netherlands, a young Elise Kann went into hiding with Molly Van Heel, a non-Jewish friend of her mother's, and Molly's husband, Jerry. It wasn't until decades later that Elise learned the full story behind the Van Heels' efforts

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Born in Amsterdam in 1904, Frieda Belinfante joined a Dutch resistance group during the Nazi occupation of the Netherlands, forging identity documents for people in hiding and helping plan an attack on Amsterdam's population registry. Klaus Mueller, the M

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Charlotte Delbo and her husband, Georges Dudach, were arrested in March 1942 for their involvement in the French Resistance. Georges was executed in prison in May of that year. Charlotte spent nearly 11 months in a series of French camps. On January 24, 1943, she was one of 230 French women, members of the resistance, who were deported from France to Auschwitz. After a year in Auschwitz, she was sent to Ravensbrück. At the end of the war, she was one of only 49 women from the Janaury 24 transport who survived.

After liberation, Charlotte wrote about her experiences in the camps. She struggled to explain the unexplainable horrors she saw and lived through to readers who had not been there. Her memoir was translated into English as Auschwitz and After (Yale University Press, 1995). While they were at Auschwitz, Charlotte and her fellow prisoners kept count of the days so that if they were ever freed they would be able to report death dates and last words to the family members of those who did not survive. In her book Convoy to Auschwitz: Women of the French Resistance (Northeastern University Press, 1997), she provided a biographical sketch of each of her fellow deportees-those who survived as well as those who died-from January 24, 1943.

Learn More

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"Chere Odette": Charlotte Delbo's Letter

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Charlotte Delbo was arrested in March 1942 for her involvement in the French Resistance and spent nearly 11 months in a series of French detention camps before being sent to Auschwitz and then Ravensbrück. She survived and later wrote about her experience

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Jews Rescuing Jews: The Ben Zion and Clara Colb Collection

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This collection documents the efforts of Ben Zion Kalb (later Colb), who, working with leaders of the Jewish community in Poland and Slovakia, smuggled more than 1,000 of his fellow Jews out of Poland. His children donated the collection to the Museum to

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A Rare Photo Reveals a Family's Story: The Weilheimer Family Collection

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Visual documentation of Jewish spiritual practice in the camps is rare. Curator Kyra Schuster's pursuit of a photo of a prisoner at Gurs lighting Hannukah candles led her to a whole family's collection of documents that is unique in many ways.

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A variety of non-Jewish groups and individuals resisted the Nazi regime, both in Germany and in German-occupied territory. Learn more.

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Most Jewish armed resistance took place after 1942, as a desperate effort, after it became clear to those who resisted that the Nazis had murdered most of their families and their coreligionists. Despite great obstacles (such as lack of armaments and training, conducting operations in a hostile zone, reluctance to leave families behind, and the ever-present Nazi terror), many Jews throughout German-occupied Europe attempted armed resistance against the Germans. As individuals and in groups, Jews engaged in opposition to the Germans and their Axis partners. Jewish resistance units operated in France, Belgium, the Ukraine, Belorussia, Lithuania, and Poland. Jews also fought in general French, Italian, Yugoslav, Greek, and Soviet resistance organizations.

Armed Jewish Resistance in Eastern Europe

In eastern Europe, Jewish units fought the Germans in city ghettos and behind the front lines in the forests. While most Jewish armed resistance began in 1943, it should be noted that the general resistance movements in the region, operating under more favorable circumstances and with a more sympathetic local population, also did not start until 1943.

Despite minimal support and even antisemitic hostility from the surrounding population, thousands of Jews battled the Germans in eastern Europe. Resistance units emerged in over 100 ghettos in Poland, Lithuania, Belorussia, and the Ukraine. Jews resisted when the Germans attempted to establish ghettos in a number of small towns in eastern Poland in 1942. Revolts took place in Starodubsk, Kletsk, Lachva, Mir, Tuchin, and several other towns. As the Germans liquidated the major ghettos in 1943, they met with armed Jewish resistance in Krakow (Cracow), Bialystok, Czestochowa, Bedzin, Sosnowiec, and Tarnow, as well as a major uprising in Warsaw. Thousands of Jews escaped from the ghettos and joined partisan units in nearby forests. Jews from Minsk, for example, established seven partisan fighting units. Jews from Vilna, Riga, and Kovno also formed resistance units.

In western Belorussia, the western Ukraine, and eastern Poland, family camps were established in which Jewish civilians repaired weapons, made clothing, cooked for the fighters, and assisted Soviet partisan operations. As many as 10,000 Jews survived the war by taking refuge with Jewish partisan units. The camp established by Tuvia Bielski in the Naliboki Forest in 1942, for example, gave refuge to more than 1,200 Jews.

There were even uprisings in the killing centers of Treblinka, Sobibor, and Auschwitz during 1943-1944.

Armed Jewish Resistance in Western Europe

In France, the "Armée Juive" (Jewish Army), a French Jewish partisan group, was founded in Toulouse in January 1942. Composed of members of Zionist youth movements, the Jewish Army operated in and around Toulouse, Nice, Lyon, and Paris. Its members smuggled money from Switzerland into France to assist Jews in hiding, smuggled at least 500 Jews and non-Jews into neutral Spain, and took part in the 1944 uprisings against the Germans in Paris, Lyon, and Toulouse. "Solidarité," a Jewish Communist unit, also carried out attacks on German personnel in Paris. Many Jews joined the general French resistance as well.

In Belgium, a combined Jewish and non-Jewish resistance unit (also named "Solidarité") derailed a deportation train in April 1943. On July 25, 1942, Jewish resisters attacked and burned the files of the organization that the Nazis had forced on the Jews of Belgium. Jews were also active in the Dutch and Italian underground movements.

The impact of armed Jewish resistance should not be exaggerated. It did little to stop the Nazi apparatus from implementing the mass murder of the Jews. Most Jewish resistance to the Nazis focused on rescue, escape, aid to those in hiding, and spiritual resistance. Nevertheless, organized armed resistance was the most direct form of Jewish opposition to the Nazis.

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Most Jewish armed resistance took place after 1942, as a desperate effort, after it became clear to those who resisted that the Nazis had murdered most of their families and their coreligionists.

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In the face of Nazi terror, many Jews resisted the Germans and their collaborators. Underground resistance movements developed in over 100 ghettos in Nazi-occupied eastern Europe. Further, under the most adverse conditions, Jewish prisoners succeeded in initiating uprisings in some of the Nazi camps.

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https://talkandcomment.com/p/85ffd5e56aae3a9d52b4609e (voice note)

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https://talkandcomment.com/p/27d4a531d3af7c5650e561c3 (voice note)