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It was an intellectual movement in Europe when philosophes encouraged people to challenge the system. The Enlightenment's ideas caused the people of France to revolt against the French government. Jean-Jacques Rousseau was a French philosophe who helped spread enlightenment ideas about human rights and he wrote a book The Social Contract. This booked inspired French people to start a revolution.

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The 7 Years War was a global conflict for colonial land in the Americas. The French lost against the British, and ended up with a lot of war debt as a result. This debt was one contributor to the French Revolution.

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The American Revolution was a war between Britain and its American colonies, who were working to achieve independence from Britain.  France aided the colonies with military aid and resources in order to get back at Britain for their loss in the Seven Years War.  After the war, the French were put into national debt and the colonies gained independence.  The American Revolution inspired French people to revolt against their own government.

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Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette contributed to their own selfish spending on lavish items such as parties, jewelry, estates, the Palace of Versailles, and more for their own personal use. Because of their political and economic power, they had all ability to take a money from the lower class. Marie Antoinette spent so much money which caused France to go into deeper debt.

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It was the political and social system in the kingdom of France from the late middle ages (15th century) until the French Revolution of 1789. The Revolution lead to the abolishment of the hereditary monarchy and the feudal system. This consisted of the monarchy on the top tier followed by the clergy, nobility, and the people.

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Those who were in the Bourgeoise were the people who supported merchants, store clerks, etc in this time. They were considered wealthy and had economic power over others. However, they did not have any political power at this time and were very angered by the acts of the upper class.  They were major contributors to the  French Revolution.

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The Estates General 1789 represented three estates of the realm (clergy, the nobility, and the people) come together and get practically nothing done and argue between each other. As a result the Estates General forms the list of grievances which sets off a chain of events eventually leading to the start of the revolution.

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All 3 Estates list the grievances they have with the French Monarchy. The 1st Estate was afraid to lose power, because people were questioning religion. The 2nd Estate didn't like the system, but didn't say anything because they wanted power. The 3rd Estate felt that they didn't have enough representation in the government. The 3rd Estate's grievances led to them breaking away and creating the National Assembly.

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Declaration of the Rights of Man & Of the Citizen (1789)

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Declaration of the Rights of Man & Of the Citizen (1789)

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The National Assembly makes a document that emphasizes ideas of liberty. The basic principle was that "men are born and remain free and equal in rights". It was intended to be used as a preamble to the French Constitution of 1791, which established a constitutional monarchy. (Very similar to the Declaration of Independence from the American Revolution)

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Third estate comprised of Bourgeoisie and rest of population below them, was fed up with the Ancient Regime system and their lack of political power, so they formed the National Assembly. The National Assembly met at an abandoned tennis court, and swore an oath to not stop meeting until they craft a Constitution that is adopted by the government so their estate gets rights and a voice.

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There was a growing a resentment towards the monarchy. Revolutionaries stormed the fortress to free prisoners and steal weapons. This is the starting point of the revolution because the people had legitimate power for the first time.

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Many people were panicking and it was absolute chaos. The Third Estate (bourgeoisie/the people) rioted. During Le Grande Peur, the Third Estate was able to attack the Bastille. In order to try and calm down the Third Estate, the government abolished feudalism.

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French constitution created by the National Assembly during the French Revolution. It retained the monarchy, but sovereignty effectively resided in the Legislative Assembly, which was elected by a system of indirect voting.

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Marie Antionette and Louis XVI thought that it would be easier to stop the revolution from outside of France. So they tried to leave France. While they were fleeing the country they got caught in Varennes. This made the revolutionaries very mad at Louis and Marie. This was the turning point in the revolution, it started to get very violent. The revolutionaries were not going to be stopped. This caused the king and the queen to lose all of their power. The national assembly took over the government of France. After the national assembly took over the government they declared war on Austria. Austria was previously an ally and it is where Marie Antoinette was from.

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Robespierre was a philosophe and a member of the Jacobin Club and Committee of Public Safety.  He had a vision of a "Virtuous Republic", a France where civic virtue and democracy flourish.  When the monarchy was abolished, Robespierre rose to power.  He created le Loi de la Grande Terreur, and the Cult of the Supreme Being.  He would execute anyone that threatened him or anyone not completely radical.  In 1794, he was arrested and executed.  This ended the Reign of Terror.

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A series of mass executions during The Reign of Terror.  Catholic priests that were in the area were arrested and drowned. During the Drowning of Nantes, people would be executed by being tied up and drowned. Up to 4,000 people were drowned. People who didn't support the Revolution or people who supported royals would be arrested.

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The Reign of Terror/Middle Revolution (1793-1795)

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The Reign of Terror/Middle Revolution (1793-1795)

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Robespierre, a radical philosophe was at the head of it. A series of executions took place due to Robespierre's Law of the Great Terror. The middle class and radicals had the power leaving the monarchy, the first estate and the second estate as well as any peasants who disagreed with the revolution to suffer. Started with the execution Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette. Robespierre accuses the government of conspiring against him which leads to his execution. Ends with the creation of The French Republic and the execution of the Jacobins, a restructured government and the rise of Catholicism to gain desired stability and success.

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The War of the First Coalition took place from 1793-1797 and during the French Revolution. During this time, great powers of Europe were trying to reverse the outcome of the revolution. King Louis XVI was forced to become a head of the constitutional monarchy, which provoked the war.

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The second constitution ratified for use during the French Revolution under the First Republic. It's designers (the Montagnards, Robespierre, and Saint-Just) intended for it to replace the constitutional monarchy of 1791.

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Passed by Robespierre, this law shortened trials and only allowed two options for the accused- execution or acquittal (which says that the accused is not guilty of the crime, but doesn't mean they're not innocent).

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This was a religion designed by Maximilien Robespierre. It was intended to become the first state religion of the Republic and was a form of Deism.

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Committee of Public Safety (Founded April 6 1793)

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Committee of Public Safety (Founded April 6 1793)

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It was a self-appointed provisional government during the Reign of Terror. It originally was in charge of foreign affairs and the military. When Robespierre got elected as the head it started to meddle with domestic affairs as well.

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Robespierre vision for France Republic where democracy and civic virtue would flourish instead of a monarchy. No one could really describe the Virtuous Republic besides Robespierre. Things like the Virtuous Republic have been seen in the American Revolution as well.

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Louis XVI was the last bourbon king of France. He was married to Marie Antoinette of Austria. In his early life, he was paid little attention to by his parents, thus being unprepared for the throne. Louis wanted to be a good king, but faced a large debt and resentment towards him and Marie. He had a policy of not raising tax and taking out external loans, including to fund the American Revolution which led to an increase in France's debt.

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The wife to Louis XVI and the queen of france during the french revolution. She and her family was blamed for the financial crisis that france was in. After her family was imprisoned at the Temple Prison, she was put on trial and found guilty two days later. She was executed by a guillotine in the Place de la Révolution.

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This saying means liberty, equality, and fraternity when translated from French. It is a legacy of the Age of Enlightenment, and it was more widespread during this time. Maximillian de Robespierre advocated for these words to be on uniforms and flags, but it was denied. This saying was used frequently during the French Revolution, which was from 1789 to 1799.

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refers to the world of Christians (church-state);
France was referred to as Christendom before the French Revolution, until the French people decided that didn't want religion associated with the government.

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French constitution created by the National Assembly during the French Revolution. It retained the monarchy, but sovereignty effectively resided in the Legislative Assembly, which was elected by a system of indirect voting.

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The very first legislative assembly without class divisions to gather in France. This was a big step in the opposite direction of the way things were before.

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The French Monarchy is completely abolished- France becomes a liberal republic. Representatives are democratically elected.

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In 1795, a new constitution was written that had established a democratic system with two legislative houses and the 1st Directory. This also created a  liberal republic with a franchise based on the payment of taxes, similar to that of the Constitution of 1791.

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purged royalists and conservatives out of France

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Napoleon was a military and political leader who rose to power and eventually became emperor of France in 1804. He overthrew the Directory (the government at the time) with two other leaders and became the first consul of France in 1799. While Consul, he agreed to the Concordat of 1801 which recognized Catholicism as the primary religion in France. It also validated the sale of church land and state payment of the clergymen. He became very popular with the people, was declared Consul for life, and eventually became Emperor. While Emperor, he supported and helped create a code of laws called the “Code Napoleon”. These laws became the standards for the laws of citizenship, family, and property. The laws removed rights from women as they were not entitled to their own property or wages even after they were married. The laws established men as the head of the family, minimized the rights of illegitimate children, and made colonial slavery legal again.

The Code Napoleon also contained laws that specifically targeted the economy. As a result, other institutions began opening higher education schools for engineering, science, and technology. Aside from Code Napoleon, Napoleon funded the creation of lycees (the French word for high school). Their legal education system was imitated by countries around the globe.

Using the funding gained from selling the Louisiana territory to the US, Napoleon fought the Napoleonic Wars (1803-1819) in an attempt to take control of all of Europe. He succeeded in doing so, but he became ambitious and attempted to take over Russia. He marched 600,000 men into the country and when he returned in defeat he had only 40,000 men. Using this weakness in the French army, European powers formed a coalition and defeated him in Leipzig. Since he refused to accept the allies' terms he was forced into exile on the island Elba. He escaped returned to France, amassed an army and confronted the powers again only to be defeated at Waterloo on July 15, 1815. In order to pay for these wars he sold the Louisiana territory to the United States. After his third defeat he was sent to exile on the island St. Helena when he died on May 5, 1821. 32 years after the meeting of the Estates general which started the French revolution.

Sources:

"Napoleon Bonaparte: Crash Course European History"

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Napoleon and two others overthrew the Directory and took power for themselves. This was the rise of a new empire in France that was going to be led by Napoleon.

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It was a five member committee that controlled elections and riots that they didn't agree the outcome of. They were eventually overthrown by Napoleon and Coup of 18 Brumaire and turned into Consulate. They had executive powers over the Republic.

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The First Directory lost power and the Jacobins from earlier in the Revolution took control, creating the Second Directory. They pushed radical ideas and wanted to continue the Revolution. They were eventually overthrown by Napoleon as he seized power.

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The War of the 2nd Coalition was the second attempt of the European monarchs to eliminate Revolutionary France. Many European countries were involved in this war, such as: Austria, France, Germany, Italy, and more.

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The consulate is a government by consuls, or an official designated to look after the welfare of his people by the government of one country. This was in France from 1799 to 1804.

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Hannah & Angelina
Napoleon crowned himself the first Emperor of France in 1804. In an attempt to prove that he knew how to govern, he launched reforms and built new structures, reviving the economy in doing so. Although he was not very religious, he used religion to help gain popularity ad power. After losing many battles, he stepped down from the thrown in 1814.

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The Napoleonic Wars started right after the French Revolution ended. Napoleon had taken over in France and fought against Russia, England, Spain, and Austria (not all at the same time, and some countries more than once). In the beginning, Napoleon was a brilliant strategist, but over time, his stubbornness ended up causing the death of hundreds of thousands of soldiers. When Napoleon was trying to invade Russia, he had the support of what felt like all of Europe. He was in command of over 600,000 soldiers from all different nations. Unfortunately, Napoleon refused to concede, which caused 150,000 deaths, even before the battle!

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Quinn & Jocelyn
Also known as the Battle of three emperors, this was one of Napoleons greatest victory's. Napoleons army defeated the large Russia and Austrian Army. After this win against Russia and Austria the Treaty of Pressburg was created for the third French cohilition.

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Miranda & Laura
Spanish Guerra de la Independencia (“War of Independence”) was fought in the Iberian Peninsula against the British, Spanish, and Portuguese. Napoleon decided to invade Spain in hopes of controlling the Iberian Peninsula since it was dominated by "clergy who were illiterate, ignorant, and fanatical." The Spanish revolted against Napoleon's brother Joseph who was King of Spain. The French were eventually defeated and the war in Spain depleted the French military. This weakness was seen as an opportunity for the Russians, Austrians, and Prussians to successfully defeat Napoleon.

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Napoleon gathered 600,000 men and marched them into Russia. Knowing that the Russians could not possibly win to an army of that magnitude they retreated and burnt everything the French could use. This tactic proved successful since many French soldiers died of starvation and disease spread rapidly. With a tired and sick army he marched on. Winter came and Napoleon was low on options so he started marching back home. While he was doing this the Russians attacked the army  being already tired and week the army could not defend themselves. These attacks continued until they reached home. By the time they did the army had only 90,000 men left.

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Gabriella & Avery
In 1814, Napoleon Bonaparte had been exiled to the island of Elba, in the Mediterranean Sea. The united forces of England, Prussia, Russia, and Austria broke into Paris and forced Napoleon to sign a treaty.

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Tanner & Ross

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Taylor & Jaydon
The British and the Prussians fought against Napoleon after he seized control of the French government. The battle was fought in a village called Waterloo and lasted 23 years and in the end, Napoleon was removed as emperor and exiled.

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Blythe & Gwen
Napoleon was exiled for the second time after his defeat at Waterloo. He was sent to the island of St. Helena in the South Atlantic Ocean. Napoleon remained there for six years until his death in 1821.

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The Estates General 1789 represented three estates of the realm (clergy, the nobility, and the people) come together and get practically nothing done and argue between each other. As a result the Estates General forms the list of grievances which sets off a chain of events eventually leading to the start of the revolution.