# data[].attributes.body
Ed Dwight was the first African-American to be trained as an astronaut. He was hand-picked by president John F. Kennedy but never made it to space.

# data[].attributes.body
She was one of the earliest and most notable African-American female chemist. She earned her bachelors degree at VSU, and furthered her graduate studies at UPenn. With her husband, the duo used Grignard reagant to develop synthesis of ketenes. In addition, she used spectroscopic methods to analyze various chemical reactions. Hill developed momometric ketenes that could undergo polymerization, which is critical to developing plastics.

# data[].attributes.body
This inventor created many driving-safety devices, such as mechanical traffic signals. He also created a breathing device that assisted the user with breathing under harmful conditions. It was effective against smoke and other gaseous substances that might be found in the air. Despite all of his important creations, he faced a lot of discrimination for being African American. A huge explosion in a Cleveland Tunnel caused many workers at the time to be trapped. When Morgan heard of the incident, he ran to the rescue, and used his breathing device. He rescued several lives, but his momentary fame only caused sales of his device to go down. Being African American proved to be a curse for this great inventor.

# data[].attributes.body
Born- August 14, 1883 (Charleston, South Carolina) Died- October 27, 1941 (Washington, DC)

Just was a biologist, academic and science writer that is best known for his work on the cell surface, and its role in the development of an organism. He was one of the first who observed whole cells in normal conditions, rather than individual parts of a cell. He specialized in marine biology, cytology (structure/function of cells), and parthenogenesis (a form of reproduction without fertilization) and received the Spingarn Medal in 1815. Just lost both of his parents at an early age and graduated from Dartmouth College in 1907, and was a magna 🤬 laude recipient.

# data[].attributes.body
Garrett Morgan was born to two former enslaved people in 1877. He worked as a handyman, repairman, owned a garment shop, and even went on to start a newspaper, the Cleveland Call. His work allowed him the chance to own a car but his experience  bore witness to an accident on the streets. The manual traffic lights only had "Stop" and "Go" with no position in between to cue drivers to slow down. So in 1923, the US Patent Office granted a patent to Garrett Morgan for the first 3-position traffic signal, offering a safer driving experience.

# data[].attributes.body
George Washington Carver was an agricultural scientist who invented hundreds of products using peanuts. He was born into slavery just one year before it was outlawed. He earned a masters degree at the university of Iowa and became the first African-American to earn a bachelor's degree in science.

# data[].attributes.body
Samuel P. Massie was an American chemist that studied various chemicals that led to the development of numerous therapeutic drugs, including phenothiazine.  He also worked on uranium isotopes for the Manhattan Project.  He graduated with a bachelor of science in chemistry in 1937 from the Arkansas Agricultural, Mechanical, and Normal College (AM&M).  He then gained a Master's in chemistry in Fisk University, then taught for a year at AM&M, where he then got his Phd at Iowa State University.  He faced a lot of discrimination when applying to colleges and places of work, but still persevered and was essential to the Manhattan Project.  In his later life, he was the third President of North Carolina College at Durham, and the first African-American professor at the U.S. Naval Academy.

# data[].attributes.body
The son of a barber, Dr. Williams was born in Pennsylvania in 1858. After deciding that cutting hair wasn't the job for him, he went to develop his education further, little did he know that he would be cutting into things besides hair. Fascinated by medical concepts he graduated with an M.D degree at the Chicago Medical College. Working as both an activist for black rights and as a skilled surgeon he is known for founding the Provident Hospital of Cook County, which trained African Americans in the sciences. His major accomplishment and what he most known for is that he was the first man to perform a successful open heart surgery. Although there was no antibiotics, or x-rays close to modern surgery tools of today, he gave many hope that surgeries like these can be successful, inspiring many to investigate, leading to what surgeries are today. He was the jump start to researching ways that surgeries like these can be performed.

# data[].attributes.body
He was a self taught mathematician and astronomer, and was best known for creating America's first clock at age 24, and was he able to accurately forecast lunar and solar eclipses. He also created several almanacs, and collaborated with Thomas Jefferson to write many works on slavery and racial equality.

# data[].attributes.body
Roger Aliner Young was the first black woman to receive a doctorates degree in the field of zoology. She initially enrolled in college for music, but later changed her major after attending a biology course taught by a black man named Everett Just. She earned her bachelor's degree from Howard University, her masters degree from the University of Chicago, and her PH.D. from the University of Pennsylvania in 1940. Young's scientific publication, “On the Excretory Apparatus in Paramecium,” was the first paper to ever be published by a black woman in the field of zoology. In 1944, Young joined the NAACP and  worked for the Tobacco Workers International Union in North Carolina. She later worked at a few black colleges and lectured at Southern University until her death in 1964.

# data[].attributes.body
In 1987, she became the first Black American women to be admitted into the NASA astronaut training program. This led to her becoming the first Black  women in space in 1992.
She holds numerous doctorate degrees and has been inducted into the National Women’s Hall of Fame and the International Space Hall of Fame.
She received her bachelors in chemical engineering from Stanford University and went on the get her M.D. from Cornell University Medical College.
After moving on from NASA, she founded a consulting firm that incorporates socio-cultural considerations into the design of advanced medical technology.
She is currently the director of a nonprofit project named the "100 Year Starship Project" who's aim is to ensure the developments needed for humans to travel beyond our solar system to another star within the next 100 years.

# data[].attributes.body
Mae Jemison was the first African American woman to travel to space. As a young woman, she attended Stanford University and got a bachelors degree in chemical engineering and one in African American studies. She also went on to graduate from Cornell Medical School with a Doctorate in Medicine.
in 1987, Jemison applied and was accepted into NASA's space program, one of the 15 people that were accepted out of 2,000. on September 12, 1992,  Jemison, who was Mission Specialist, and 6 other astronauts entered orbit in the space shuttle Endeavor. after returning on September 20, Jemison worked at NASA for another year.
After having left NASA, Jemison began a consulting company called "The Jemison Group" which encouraged scientific, technological, and social change within society.

# data[].attributes.body
He was a physicist and inventor who worked with both NASA and IBM. He attended Occidental College in Los Angeles to receive his bachelors degree, as well as receiving a masters degree in Nuclear Physics from Howard University. His main contribution was the creation of the X-ray Spectrometer in 1986. This device is used to detect radio signals more accurately and faster than ever before. This impacted and revolutionized the future of imaging devices. It is used for the search for new planets and mapping out the solar system, and the creation of more accurate and relevant star charts. He also founded the Saturday Academy, a program for middle schools students in the city, revolving around honors math and science.

# data[].attributes.body
Marie Daly was the first African American woman to receive a PhD in chemistry. She conducted important studies on cholesterol, sugars, and proteins. In addition to her research, she was also committed to developing programs to increase the enrollment of minority students in medical school and graduate science programs.

# data[].attributes.body
An agricultural scientist who promoted the alternate crops method to prevent soil depletion. He also popularized peanuts and created 300 uses for them. By popularizing crop rotation he improved black lives who were dependent on only farming cotton. Some of these uses include; milk, oils, cooking oils, paper, cosmetics, soaps and many other uses. He also graduated from Iowa State Agricultural College earning his masters and bachelors in science

# data[].attributes.body
Bath was the first ever African American woman to be a patent holder. She graduated with a scholarship which allowed her to study in Yeshive University  and Harlem Hospital Center; where she focused on the correlations of cancer, stress, and nutrition. Bath was a professional in
ophthalmology, and was the developer of the laserphaco probe, which improved the removal of cataracts. Not only did she found the Ophthalmic Assistant Training Program, she was able to raise awareness and create inventions to help the blind. She hold 5 patents in total which all relate to this invention, such as a patent that features the combination of the ultrasound and laser (to remove cataracts). She has also won many awards, and can even be seen in "Time Magazine" for being 'one of the women who changed the world'. Her death in 2019 inspired many African American women to persue careers in the stem/medical field.

# data[].attributes.body
She was one of the first female black workers to gain a role in the National Institute of Health (NIH), and eventually, the FDA. Hayden came to lead the spectrophotometer within the FDA's division of Pharmaceutical chemistry. One of her most notable achievements is discovering the falsehood of Krebiozen, a supposed cancer-solving drug, which turned out to be creatine.

# data[].attributes.body
Patricia Bath was an ophthalmologist who developed laser technology used for treating cataracts. She graduated from Howard University and co-founded The American Institute for the Prevention of Blindness. She established that "eyesight is a basic human right" and helped create the Ophthalmology Residency Training program at UCLA-Drew. She died on May 30, 2019.

# data[].attributes.body
A brilliant inventor who holds over 250 patents; The inventor of both nerf guns and super soakers.
-Saverio Paradiso

# data[].attributes.body
Julian was a research chemist who received a PhD from Vienna and had spent much of his career in DePauw University. He pioneered the chemical synthesis of medicinal drugs from plants such as birth control and steroids. He was inducted National Academy of the Sciences, National Inventors Hall of Fame and the American Chemical Society for his works.
Percy developed a way to inexpensively develop male and female hormones from soy beans. These hormones would help to prevent miscarriages in pregnant women and would be used to fight cancer and other ailments. He next set out to provide a synthetic version of cortisone, a product which greatly relieved the pain of sufferers of rheumatoid arthritis. The real cortisone was extremely expensive and only rich people could afford it.

# data[].attributes.body
Katherine Johnson was a mathematician who worked for NACA (later called NASA) and was part of the team that brought the first US astronaut into space. Katherine started highschool at age 10 and began attending school on West Virgina State college campus at 13. At 18, she graduated from theat same college with the highest honors in 1937. Two years later, she was one of three black students and the only female to be offered a spot at the previously all-white West Virginia University. There, she enrolled in the graduate math program but wasn't able to finish her degree. A little while later, however, she'd heard about human computing jobs at the National Advisory Commitee for Aeronautics and fought extremely hard to get a job there. Soon, she was assigned to a project in the Flight Research Division and her position at NASA became permanent. Johnson did the trajectory analysis for Alan Sheperd's mission Freedom 7, the first American human spaceflight. She also was asked by John Glenn himself before his mission to check the computer's numbers and decide whether he was good to fly or not. His flight was a success, which changed the course of the fight over space between the US and the Soviet Union.

# data[].attributes.body
Her invaluable legacy can be seen in so many different facets of our life which we do not fully realize.