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In 1951, a young mother of five named Henrietta Lacks visited The Johns Hopkins Hospital complaining of vaginal bleeding. Upon examination, renowned gynecologist Dr. Howard Jones discovered a large, malignant tumor on her cervix. At the time, The Johns Hopkins Hospital was one of only a few hospitals to treat poor African-Americans.

As medical records show, Mrs. Lacks began undergoing radium treatments for her cervical cancer. This was the best medical treatment available at the time for this terrible disease. A sample of her cancer cells retrieved during a biopsy were sent to Dr. George Gey's nearby tissue lab. For years, Dr. Gey, a prominent cancer and virus researcher, had been collecting cells from all patients - regardless of their race or socioeconomic status - who came to The Johns Hopkins Hospital with cervical cancer, but each sample quickly died in Dr. Gey's lab. What Dr. Gey would soon discover was that Mrs. Lacks' cells were unlike any of the others he had ever seen: where other cells would die, Mrs. Lacks' cells doubled every 20 to 24 hours.

Today, these incredible cells - nicknamed "HeLa" cells, from the first two letters of her first and last names - are used to study the effects of toxins, drugs, hormones and viruses on the growth of cancer cells without experimenting on humans. They have been used to test the effects of radiation and poisons, to study the human genome, to learn more about how viruses work, and played a crucial role in the development of the polio and COVID-19 vaccines.

Although Mrs. Lacks ultimately passed away on October 4, 1951, at the age of 31, her cells continue to impact the world.

Although these were the first cells that could be easily shared and multiplied in a lab setting, Johns Hopkins has never sold or profited from the discovery or distribution of HeLa cells and does not own the rights to the HeLa cell line. Rather, Johns Hopkins offered HeLa cells freely and widely for scientific research.

Johns Hopkins applauds and regularly participates in efforts to raise awareness of the life and story of Henrietta Lacks. Having reviewed our interactions with Henrietta Lacks and with the Lacks family over more than 50 years, we found that Johns Hopkins could have - and should have - done more to inform and work with members of Henrietta Lacks' family out of respect for them, their privacy and their personal interests. Though the collection and use of Henrietta Lacks' cells in research was an acceptable and legal practice in the 1950s, such a practice would not happen today without the patient's consent.

We are deeply committed to the ongoing efforts at our institutions and elsewhere to honor the contributions of Henrietta Lacks and to ensure the appropriate protection and care of the Lacks family's medical information.

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In 1951, a young mother of five named Henrietta Lacks visited The Johns Hopkins Hospital complaining of vaginal bleeding. Upon examination, renowned gynecologist Dr. Howard Jones discovered a large, malignant tumor on her cervix. At the time, The Johns Hopkins Hospital was one of only a few hospitals to treat poor African-Americans.

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Raoul Peck (born 9 September 1953) is a Haitian filmmaker, of both documentary and feature films, and a political activist. From March 1996 to September 1997, he was Haiti's Minister of Culture. His film I Am Not Your Negro (2016), about the life of James Baldwin and race relations in the United States, was nominated for an Oscar in January 2017.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raoul_Peck

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Négritude is a framework of critique and literary theory, developed mainly by francophone intellectuals, writers, and politicians of the African diaspora during the 1930s, aimed at raising and cultivating "Black consciousness" across Africa and its diaspora. Négritude was founded by Martinican poet Aimé Césaire, Léopold Sédar Senghor (the first President of Senegal), and Léon Damas.
en.wikipedia.org

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Since she was a little girl creating plays for all of her friends to perform in, Dr. Yamicia Connor has always been the type to go above and beyond. Especially if it makes people's lives a little bit better.

She knew she wanted to be a doctor, but at some point in high school she realized that she didn't actually know what doctors did. After landing a spot in a coveted program that brought students to MIT, a whole new world of possibilities opened up. And a whole new goal.

She discovered the scientific side of medicine, and a few years later, she became a student in that same program that inspired her.

Soon, she was asked to begin tutoring other students who could one day follow in her footsteps. True to her nature, this wasn't quite good enough. There was more need than she could fill, and rather than wait for someone else to do it, she created a program to hire and train a full team of tutors to support the kids. All the while, in her own classes, she was learning everything she could about science and medicine.

By graduate school, a new challenge had caught her attention: women's health.

She learned that some cancers specifically impact women's bodies, and many of these are very poorly studied. That means that the outcomes for the women who develop these cancers are much worse than they could be.

If she became a doctor, as she'd planned, she could treat the cancers, but would be limited by the lack of knowledge currently available. And if she became a scientist, she might be able to push our understanding forward, but science is slow, and it could take a very long time to see results.

Neither option was quite good enough on its own. So naturally, she chose both.

Today, Dr. Connor still goes above and beyond for the people in her life. Whether she's planning elaborate parties for her friends, continuing to mentor students, filling in the gaps in our knowledge of how women's cancers work, or helping patients to heal with the best tools available, one goal still drives her:

Don't give up until it's good enough.

Notable Accomplishments

MD & PhD in Medical Engineering and Medical Physics at Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology

AACR Woman in Cancer Research Scholar Award

Expertise: Women's Cancer Researcher

Title: Physician Scientist

Institution: Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center

What is medical research? Why does it matter?

Did you know that, back in the 1800s, doctors used to treat patients with fevers and some other ailments by letting leeches "suck the bad blood" out of their bodies? Thankfully, this practice is no longer common as we now understand more about how the immune system works to reduce fevers without getting rid of our blood. But where do our doctors get their updated knowledge on how to take care of us when we get sick? The recommendations taught in medical schools for how to treat illnesses, including cancer, are changing all the time. This is thanks to ongoing medical research, or experimental medicine.

Medical conditions are complex and need to be studied in both clinical and laboratory settings to truly understand what makes people sick so that we can help them get well. In a clinical setting, one way this happens might be by tracking the symptoms and conditions of many patients throughout the course of their illness to try to understand how one set of ailments leads to another, and which interventions helped. In the laboratory setting, this might mean collecting tissue samples from cancer patients and examining them under a microscope in the laboratory to better understand how the cells divide and multiply to create tumors, and what sorts of drugs or other treatments can stop or slow this uncontrolled growth. This medical research then feeds into pharmaceutical research that helps develop drug treatments to cure diseases.

These are all scientific methods that help our doctors know what to expect when we get sick and what to do to help us get better.

Lesson Plans & Classroom Resources
Want to bring a little of their science into your classroom? Here are some great resources to get you started!

Every scientist's path is unique, and the right resources can make all of the difference.
Below are a selection of resources that may be helpful for those who are interested in areas of science that are related to this researcher's work.

Want to support the program? You can make a donation, purchase a gift card, pre-order posters, or become a sponsor. Learn more .

Are you a parent/guardian, educator, or practitioner looking for more information about how to use these resources? Learn more .

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Since she was a little girl creating plays for all of her friends to perform in, Dr. Yamicia Connor has always been the type to go above and beyond. Especially if it makes people's lives a little bit better.

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"People can achieve great success in things, but that doesn't mean everything comes easily to them."

What does a young girl who spent most of her youth dancing, singing, and baking decide to do when she grows up? Well, in some cases, she becomes a dancing, singing, baking Biologist.

Dr. Cassandra Extavour didn't always want to be a scientist. Microscopes and whiteboards seemed to have little to do with the vibrant world she grew up in. Raised in the Caribbean community of Toronto, her childhood was filled with family, music, food, and social activism.

A born performer, it wasn't until high school that other parts of her personality demanded attention. She excelled in math and science, leading her to consider options outside of her comfort zone.

But realizing what you want doesn't mean it's going to be easy.

She worked full-time to pay her way through school, oscillating between satiating her curiosities and her passion for performance. When she stumbled across developmental genetics, the question of how we came to exist as we do became a compelling force. Of course, as a trailblazing queer woman of color in STEM, the challenges of finding elusive answers to scientific questions was - at times - eclipsed by the challenges of an institution that reflects the long-held biases of its society.

Today, she is living proof that we don't have to choose between the parts of ourselves that matter. She is a proud and celebrated scientist, an inspiring performer, and an advocate for dismantling the barriers that she overcame.

Notable Accomplishments

PhD in Genetics from Universidad Autonoma de Madrid

Ellison Medical Foundation New Scholar in Aging Award

Expertise: Developmental Biology; Genetics

Title: Professor

Institution: Harvard Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology; Harvard Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology

What is genetics? Why does it matter?

How did we come to be the way we are? What makes a cricket baby turn into a cricket? How do we develop successfully from mere bundles of cells into large, multi-functional organisms? How are traits, like hair color or height, passed on from parent to offspring? The study of genetics tackles these questions and more, and has become one of the most complex fields of science today. And it all started with a couple of pea plants.

In the 1800s, an Augustinian friar named Gregor Mendel kept a garden. By carefully planting new pea plants from specific parent seeds generation after generation, he noticed that traits like seed shape and flower color seemed to be passed down from the parent plants to the offspring plants in "units of inheritance," which we now understand as "genes". From his simple garden experiments, he even understood that some genes were "dominant" and some were "recessive" meaning that when plants inherited one of each type from each parent plant, the dominant gene would be the one that was displayed in the offspring. These ideas now form the basis of the field of genetics, which seeks to understand how thousands of genes - encoded in our DNA - in any given organism interact with influences from our environments to produce the plants and animals that we see all around us.

The applications of this very broad field are endless. Some geneticists study humans, some study plants, some study viruses. Some us computers, others use animal models, and others use samples from people. The impact of this work is just as far-reaching. The study of genetics can help us with everything from making improvements to our food to improving medical treatments to better understanding our bodies, behaviors, and even evolution as a species.

Lesson Plans & Classroom Resources
Want to bring a little of their science into your classroom? Here are some great resources to get you started!

Every scientist's path is unique, and the right resources can make all of the difference.
Below are a selection of resources that may be helpful for those who are interested in areas of science that are related to this researcher's work.

Want to support the program? You can make a donation, purchase a gift card, pre-order posters, or become a sponsor. Learn more .

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"People can achieve great success in things, but that doesn't mean everything comes easily to them." What does a young girl who spent most of her youth dancing, singing, and baking decide to do when she grows up? Well, in some cases, she becomes a dancing, singing, baking Biologist.

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"I don't see a distinction between art and science. In some ways, I align more with artists than scientists."

Dr. Scott Edwards was born in Hawaii, but it wasn't until he returned nearly two decades later that he would be able to truly appreciate its beauty.

He moved to Manhattan when he was young, but the urban setting didn't stop him from discovering pockets of nature's wonders. He started bird watching as a young boy, and it shaped the way he looked at the world. What seemed like just another bird to someone else, for example, to him was the lucky spotting of a beautiful, clown-faced Northern Flicker gracing his own backyard.

That being said, he had no expectation of turning his birdwatching hobby into a career.

His dad was a doctor, so he considered following in his footsteps and signed up to take pre-med science courses in college. After the stressful experience of an organic chemistry class made him reconsider his life choices, he took a year off from school and accepted a position doing fieldwork in Hawaii.

Only this time, he saw it through the eyes of someone who could tell the difference between a tree swallow and a purple martin.

He was in awe of the diversity of the plants and animals, the exquisite designs, and the many questions they inspired. His path had come full circle in more ways than one; back to Hawaii, back to nature, and shortly after, back to the birds.

He decided to pursue a PhD in Zoology, where he studied the DNA of songbirds to explore how they evolved. For him, the work was as much about appreciating nature as it was about understanding it, and as his career progressed, he saw the many ways that his science intersected with his other passions.

Today, Dr. Edwards lives a life that blurs lines: between art and nature, work and play, science and society, past and present. As the curator at the Harvard Museum of Comparative Zoology, he creates opportunities for the public to see the beauty of animals the way that he does. As an avid hiker, he can't help but bring a pair of binoculars along in case he spots a rare bird in its natural habitat. As an advocate, he works to support more diversity in science and increased conservation efforts. And as a scientist, he searches for clues to better understand how life came to be as it is.

Some people go into science to change the world, or even to save it. Dr. Edwards went into it to explore all of the incredible natural beauty that makes it worth saving in the first place.

Notable Accomplishments

PhD in Zoology, University of California, Berkeley

Elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences

Alfred P. Sloane Postdoctoral Fellow in Molecular Evolution, University of Florida, Gainesville

Expertise: Ornithology; Genetics; Evolutionary Biology

Title: Professor & Curator

Institution: Harvard University & Museum of Comparative Zoology

What is evolutionary science? Why does is matter?

Maybe you've heard that humans evolved from primates or that birds evolved from dinosaurs? But what does this mean? How does one animal just turn into something else? Well, it happens very slowly, in very small increments, over a very, very long time.

Evolutionary science is the study of the gradual development of something from one form, usually a simpler one, into another form, usually a more complex one. Evolution happens on the scale of generations. Each time a mother has babies, that is a chance for slight, random genetic differences between mother and child to result in very small changes to the form and abilities of a species. If those changes offer an advantage, they will be more likely to be passed on to the next generation and the species as a whole may slowly change to look more like that version. Therefore, species that have shorter generation times tend to evolve more quickly.

This is why many scientists who study evolution do so in fruit flies - they can put different fruit flies in different conditions and then look at changes that pop up in their children and grandchildren and great-grandchildren. Large animals like humans tend to evolve much more slowly, but scientists can study this using the fossil record, going backwards instead of forwards in time to look for patterns of change. Ancestors of modern humans, for example, were shorter and had proportionally longer arms than those alive today. Evolution is important for understanding how we are connected to our environment and how our way of interacting with it has changed over many thousands of years.

Lesson Plans & Classroom Resources
Want to bring a little of their science into your classroom? Here are some great resources to get you started!

Every scientist's path is unique, and the right resources can make all of the difference.
Below are a selection of resources that may be helpful for those who are interested in areas of science that are related to this researcher's work.

Want to support the program? You can make a donation, purchase a gift card, pre-order posters, or become a sponsor. Learn more .

Are you a parent/guardian, educator, or practitioner looking for more information about how to use these resources? Learn more .

Looking for ways to bring the posters and slides into your community, classroom, or learning center? Download materials or order posters .

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" I don't see a distinction between art and science . In some ways, I align more with artists than scientists." Dr. Scott Edwards was born in Hawaii, but it wasn't until he returned nearly two decades later that he would be able to truly appreciate its beauty.

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"With the casual sexism and casual racism that one encounters, recognize that it doesn't reflect on your intellect."

When is the last time you heard Edgar Allen Poe, traditional Japanese tattoos, and hippocampus in the same sentence?

Dr. Ayanna Thomas isn't too concerned with fitting a mold. She left Catholic School to attend the Bronx High School of Science, where she found a home among so-called misfits. To this day, she sandwiches science between horror movies and gaming - striking the balance of every nerd's dreams.

Her work, in many ways, aligns perfectly with her fascination of science fiction. She studies a psychological phenomenon known as "false memories", where she's added to our understanding of the many ways we can be completely wrong about the world. While we often think of memory as something that's true and real and ours, her work suggests that it's really not. Memory is unreliable and constantly being reconstructed, losing bits and pieces along the way. Entire memories can even be manufactured, with the individual having no idea that what they think they remember is closer to their imagination than reality.

These are the sorts of quirks of the brain that everyone should know about. Dr. Thomas does outreach work and believes that education should start talking about the way the self works at a very young age. We are far from perfect, and we have the science to better understand the roots of many shortcomings.

In her own career, she's faced the consequences of colleagues not recognizing their own shortcomings. As a woman of color, she has faced casual racism and sexism her entire career, actively reminding herself and young students who may potentially face similar challenges that - whether you're gaming, learning, or discovering - these encounters have nothing to do with what you're capable of.

Notable Accomplishments

PhD in Psychology from University of Washington

Dalmas A. Taylor Award for Distinguished Contributions

What is psychology? Why does it matter?

Have you ever noticed that what you perceive might be different from what another person perceives, even about the same situation? Our minds are incredibly complex, and psychology is one area of study focused on trying to understand how they function. Psychologists are not just the people who help you through therapy sessions, though that is also important. They can also be researchers who work to understand how mental processes influence how we think and understand our world. This can have to do with the emotions we feel when we experience something or think about a topic, how we interact with other people, our ability to pay attention or understand our surroundings, and aspects of our personality that control our behavior. All of these topics are part of the science of psychology.

Since they are working with humans and may have an impact on their lives, there are ethical considerations for how psychologists can conduct experiments. Psychologists use the scientific method to try to draw connections and make conclusions about how the mind and its perceptions influence our behavior, interactions, emotions and thought processes. In some ways, because the process is not as straightforward as with other branches of science, psychology is uniquely complex and challenging to study.

This work is particularly important to our understanding of social systems and our personal lives, and can impact everything from the justice system to education to policy to marketing!

Lesson Plans & Classroom Resources
Want to bring a little of their science into your classroom? Here are some great resources to get you started!

Every scientist's path is unique, and the right resources can make all of the difference.
Below are a selection of resources that may be helpful for those who are interested in areas of science that are related to this researcher's work.

Want to support the program? You can make a donation, purchase a gift card, pre-order posters, or become a sponsor. Learn more .

Are you a parent/guardian, educator, or practitioner looking for more information about how to use these resources? Learn more .

Looking for ways to bring the posters and slides into your community, classroom, or learning center? Download materials or order posters .

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"With the casual sexism and casual racism that one encounters, recognize that it doesn't reflect on your intellect. " When is the last time you heard Edgar Allen Poe, traditional Japanese tattoos, and hippocampus in the same sentence? Dr. Ayanna Thomas isn't too concerned with fitting a mold.

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Creola Katherine Johnson (née Coleman; August 26, 1918 – February 24, 2020) was an American mathematician whose calculations of orbital mechanics as a NASA employee were critical to the success of the first and subsequent U.S. crewed spaceflights. During her 35-year career at NASA and its predecessor, she earned a reputation for mastering complex manual calculations and helped pioneer the use of computers to perform the tasks. The space agency noted her "historical role as one of the first African-American women to work as a NASA scientist".
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine_Johnson

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Martha Euphemia Lofton Haynes (September 11, 1890 – July 25, 1980) was an American mathematician and educator. She was the first African-American woman to earn a PhD in mathematics, which she earned from the Catholic University of America in 1943.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphemia_Haynes

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Martha Euphemia Lofton Haynes (September 11, 1890 - July 25, 1980) was an American mathematician and educator. She was the first African-American woman to earn a PhD in mathematics, which she earned from the Catholic University of America in 1943.

Euphemia Lofton was the first child and only daughter of William S. Lofton, a dentist and financier, and Lavinia Day Lofton, a kindergarten teacher. She was the valedictorian of M Street High School in 1907 and then graduated from University of the District of Columbia with distinction and a degree in education in 1909. She went on to earn an undergraduate mathematics major (and psychology minor) from Smith College in 1914. In 1917 she married Harold Appo Haynes, a teacher. She gained a master's degree in education from the University of Chicago in 1930. In 1943 gained her PhD from The Catholic University of America with a dissertation, supervised by Aubrey Landrey, entitled The Determination of Sets of Independent Conditions Characterizing Certain Special Cases of Symmetric Correspondences.

Haynes "contributed quite grandly to the educational system of the District of Columbia." She taught in the public schools of Washington, D.C., for 47 years and in 1966 became the first woman to chair the DC Board of Education, on which she served through 1967. While on the DC Board of Education, she was an outspoken critic of the "track system", which she argued discriminated against African American Students by assigning them to tracks that left them unprepared for college. This work contributed towards the filing of Hobson v. Hansen (1967) which led to the end of the track system in DC. She taught first grade at Garrison and Garfield Schools, and mathematics at Armstrong High School. She taught mathematics and served as chair of the Math Department at Dunbar High School. Haynes was a professor of mathematics at University of the District of Columbia where she was chair of the Division of Mathematics and Business Education, a department she created dedicated to training African American teachers.

She retired in 1959 from the public school system, but went on to establish the mathematics department at University of the District of Columbia. She also occasionally taught part-time at Howard University. Haynes was involved in many community activities. She served as first vice president of the Archdiocesan Council of Catholic Women, chair of the Advisory Board of Fides Neighborhood House, on the Committee of International Social Welfare, on the Executive Committee of the National Social Welfare Assembly, secretary and member of the Executive Committee of the DC Health and Welfare Council, on the local and national committees of the United Service Organization, a member of the National Conference of Christians and Jews, Catholic Interracial Council of Washington, the Urban League, NAACP, League of Women Voters, and the American Association of University Women. In addition, Pope John XXIII awarded her the Papal decoration of honor, Pro Ecclesia et Pontifice, in 1959.

Haynes died of a heart attack on July 25, 1980 in her hometown, Washington, D.C. She had set up a trust fund to support a professorial chair and student loan fund in the School of Education, giving $700,000 to Catholic University. Her family papers are housed in the Catholic University archives.

In 2004, the E.L. Haynes Public Charter School in Washington, DC was named in her honor. The Catholic University of America established the Euphemia Lofton Haynes Award to recognize outstanding junior mathematics majors who have demonstrated excellence and promise in their study of mathematics.

Euphemia Lofton Haynes. The Historical Development of Tests in Elementary and Secondary Mathematics. University of Chicago, Department of Education (1930).

Euphemia Lofton Haynes. Determination of Sets of Independent Conditions Characterizing Certain Special Cases of Symmetric Correspondences. Catholic University of America Press (1943).

1. ^ Larry Riddle, Euphemia Lofton Haynes, Biographies of Women Mathematicians at Agnes Scott College

2. ^ Mazzenga, Maria (February 4, 2016). "The Archivist's Nook: African American History? You're Standing On It". The Catholic University of America.

3. ^ "Euphemia Lofton Haynes, first African American woman mathematician". www.math.buffalo.edu.

4. ^ Haynes, Euphemia Lofton (1930). The Historical Development of Tests in Elementary and Secondary Mathematics. University of Chicago, Department of Education, August.

5. ^ Haynes, Euphemia Lofton (1943). Determination of Sets of Independent Conditions Characterizing Certain Special Cases of Symmetric Correspondences. Catholic University of America Press.

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Martha Euphemia Lofton Haynes (September 11, 1890 - July 25, 1980) was an American mathematician and educator. She was the first African-American woman to earn a PhD in mathematics, which she earned from the Catholic University of America in 1943. Euphemia Lofton was the first child and only daughter of William S.

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Lonnie George Johnson (born October 6, 1949) is an African American inventor, aerospace engineer, and entrepreneur whose work includes a U.S. Air Force-term of service and a twelve-year stint at NASA, where he worked at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. He invented the Super Soaker water gun in 1990, which has been among the world's bestselling toys ever since.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonnie_Johnson_(inventor)

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Biography and Reddit Present: Super Soaker inventor Lonnie Johnson | Biography

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Elbert Frank Cox (5 December 1895 – 28 November 1969) was an American mathematician. He was the first African American to receive a PhD in Mathematics.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbert_Frank_Cox

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Elbert Frank Cox (5 December 1895 - 28 November 1969) was an American mathematician. He was the first African American to receive a PhD in Mathematics.

Besides mathematics, Cox also took courses in German, English, Latin, history, hygiene, chemistry, education, philosophy and physics. Cox's brother Avalon was at Indiana University as well. There were three other black students in his class. He received his bachelor's degree in 1917, at a time when the transcript of every black student had the word "Colored" printed across it. After he graduated in 1917, Cox joined the U.S. Army to fight in France during World War I. After he was discharged from the Army, he began his career as a high school math tutor.

After the war he returned to pursue a career in teaching, as an instructor of mathematics at a high school in Henderson, Kentucky. In December 1921 he applied for admission to Cornell University, one of seven American universities with a doctoral program in mathematics. One of his references wrote a positive letter followed by another letter anticipating difficulties for him because he was a "colored man". Cox was awarded his PhD by Cornell in 1925, for his dissertation, The polynomial solutions of the difference equation af(x+1) + bf(x) = φ(x).

On 16 September 1925, Cox began teaching mathematics and physics at the then all-black, poorly funded West Virginia State College. Professors with a PhD were rare there, and his international connections made him stand out as well. He received a salary of $1,800 (equivalent to $26,000 in 2019). His influence can be seen in the large number of changes in the curriculum between 1925 and 1928. In 1927, he married Beulah Kaufman, the daughter of a former slave. She was a teacher at an elementary school, and worked with Cox' brother Avalon. He and Beulah had met in 1921 and had courted for six years. Their first child, James, was born in 1928. In 1929, he joined Howard University and moved to Washington, D.C..

Cox started to teach at Howard University in September 1930. Despite his credentials, he was outranked by other professors such as William Bauduit and Charles Syphax. Both had published multiple papers; it was only now that Cox published his graduation paper. Williams, his supervisor, tried to pursue recognition for Cox from a university in another country, but had difficulties in doing so. Different universities in England and Germany refused to consider his thesis, but the Tohoku Imperial University in Sendai, Japan did recognize it. It was published in the Tôhoku Mathematical Journal in 1934. He was, however, very active in teaching: the university's president, James M. Nabrit, remarked that Cox had directed more Master's Degree students than any other professor at Howard University. His students also performed better than those of other professors, and he was a popular professor. Among his students was his son Elbert Lucien Cox, and William Schieffelin Claytor, the third African-American to get a PhD in mathematics. Cox was promoted to professor in 1947. In 1954 he became head of the Department of Mathematics, a position which he held until 1965, when he retired at the age of 70, three years before his death. He spent most of his life as a professor at Howard University. His portrait hangs in Howard University's common room.

During his life, Cox published two articles. He expanded on the work Niels Nörlund had done on Euler polynomials as a solution to a particular difference equation. Cox used generalised Euler polynomials and the generalised Boole summation formula to expand on the Boole summation formula. He also studied a number of specialised polynomials as solutions for certain differential equations. In his other paper, published in 1947, he mathematically compared three systems of grading.

The National Association of Mathematicians established the Cox-Talbot Address in his honor, which is annually delivered at the NAM's national meetings. The Elbert F. Cox Scholarship Fund, which is used to help black students pursue studies, is also named after him.

Mathematician Talitha Washington championed Cox leading to the November 2006 unveiling of a plaque in Evansville commemorating his pioneering achievement.

Elbert and Beulah Cox had four children: James born 1928, Eugene Kaufman born 1930, Elbert Lucien born 1933, and Kenneth, born 1935 but died at the age of 17 months.

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Elbert Frank Cox (5 December 1895 - 28 November 1969) was an American mathematician. He was the first African American to receive a PhD in Mathematics. Besides mathematics, Cox also took courses in German, English, Latin, history, hygiene, chemistry, education, philosophy and physics. Cox's brother Avalon was at Indiana University as well.

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Mark E. Dean (born March 3, 1957) is an inventor and computer engineer. He was part of the team that developed the ISA bus, and he led a design team for making a one-gigahertz computer processor chip. He holds three of nine PC patents for being the co-creator of the IBM personal computer released in 1981. In August 2011, writing in his blog, Dean stated that he now uses a tablet computer instead of a PC.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Dean_(computer_scientist)

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Fern Yvette Hunt (born 1948) is an American mathematician known for her work in applied mathematics and mathematical biology.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fern_Hunt

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Mathematician: The Beauty of Mathematics - Fern Hunt Career Girls Role Model

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Alice Augusta Ball (July 24, 1892 – December 31, 1916) was an American chemist who developed the "Ball Method", the most effective treatment for leprosy during the early 20th century.[1] She was the first woman and first African American to receive a master's degree from the University of Hawaii, and was also the university's first female and African American chemistry professor.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Ball

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Percy Lavon Julian (April 11, 1899 – April 19, 1975) was an American research chemist and a pioneer in the chemical synthesis of medicinal drugs from plants. He was the first to synthesize the natural product physostigmine, plus a pioneer in the industrial large-scale chemical synthesis of the human hormones progesterone and testosterone from plant sterols such as stigmasterol and sitosterol. His work laid the foundation for the steroid drug industry's production of cortisone, other corticosteroids, and birth control pills.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Lavon_Julian

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How "Forgotten Genius" Percy Julian Inspired These Two Students I NOVA I PBS

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Neil deGrasse Tyson (born October 5, 1958) is an American astrophysicist, planetary scientist, author, and science communicator.

Since 1996, he has been the Frederick P. Rose Director of the Hayden Planetarium at the Rose Center for Earth and Space in New York City. The center is part of the American Museum of Natural History, where Tyson founded the Department of Astrophysics in 1997 and has been a research associate in the department since 2003.

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The Secret Life of Scientists and Engineers | Neil deGrasse Tyson

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George Washington Carver (1860s – January 5, 1943) was an American agricultural scientist and inventor who promoted alternative crops to cotton and methods to prevent soil depletion. He was the most prominent black scientist of the early 20th century.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_Carver

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George Washington Carver "The Plant Doctor" Revolutionized Farming Industry | Biography

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Valerie L. Thomas (born February 8, 1943) is an American scientist and inventor. She invented the illusion transmitter, for which she received a patent in 1980. She was responsible for developing the digital media formats image processing systems used in the early years of the Landsat program.

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Otis Frank Boykin (August 29, 1920 – March 26, 1982) was an American inventor and engineer. His inventions include electrical resistors used in computing, missile guidance, and pacemakers.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otis_Boykin

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Mae Carol Jemison (born October 17, 1956) is an American engineer, physician, and former NASA astronaut. She became the first black woman to travel into space when she served as a mission specialist aboard the Space Shuttle Endeavour. Jemison joined NASA's astronaut corps in 1987 and was selected to serve for the STS-47 mission, during which she orbited the Earth for nearly eight days on September 12–20, 1992.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mae_Jemison

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NOVA's Secret Life of Scientists and Engineers

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Marie Maynard Daly (April 16, 1921 – October 28, 2003) was an American biochemist. She was the first Black American woman in the United States to earn a Ph.D. in chemistry (awarded by Columbia University in 1947).[3] Daly made important contributions in four areas of research: the chemistry of histones, protein synthesis, the relationships between cholesterol and hypertension, and creatine's uptake by muscle cells.

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Marie Maynard Daly (April 16, 1921 - October 28, 2003) was an American biochemist. She was the first African-American to receive a Ph.D. from Columbia University and the first African-American woman in the United States to earn a Ph.D. in chemistry. Daly made important contributions in four areas of research: the chemistry of histones, protein synthesis, the relationships between cholesterol and hypertension, and creatine's uptake by muscle cells.

Daly attended Hunter College High School, a laboratory high school for girls run by Hunter College faculty, where she was also encouraged to pursue chemistry. She then enrolled in Queens College, a small, fairly new school in Flushing, New York. She lived at home to save money and graduated magna cum laude from Queens College with her bachelor's degree in chemistry in 1942. Upon graduation, she was named a Queens College Scholar, an honor that is awarded to the top 2.5% of the graduating class.

Labor shortages and the need for scientists to support the war effort enabled Daly to garner fellowships to study at New York University and Columbia University for her master's and Ph.D. degrees, respectively.

Daly worked as a laboratory assistant at Queens College while studying at New York University for her master's degree in chemistry, which she completed in 1943. She became a chemistry tutor at Queens College and enrolled in the doctoral program at Columbia University, where she was supervised by Mary Letitia Caldwell, for a Ph.D. thesis titled, "A Study of the Products Formed By the Action of Pancreatic Amylase on Corn Starch" and received her Ph.D. in chemistry in 1947. She was the first African American to receive a Ph.D. from Columbia University and the first African American woman to receive a chemistry Ph.D. in the United States.

Daly worked as a physical science instructor at Howard University, from 1947 to 1948 while simultaneously conducting research under the direction of Herman Branson. After being awarded an American Cancer Society grant to support her postdoctoral research, she joined Alfred E. Mirsky's group at the Rockefeller Institute, which studied the cell nucleus and its constituents. This was the start of a seven-year research program at the Rockefeller Institute of Medicine, where Daly examined how proteins are constructed in the body. At the time, the structure and function of DNA were not yet understood.

Daly began working in the College of Physicians and Surgeons at Columbia University in 1955. In collaboration with Quentin B. Deming, she studied arterial metabolism. She continued this work as an assistant professor of biochemistry and of medicine at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine at Yeshiva University, where she and Deming moved in 1960. From 1958 to 1963, she also served as an investigator for the American Heart Association.

During her final years at Albert Einstein College, per Daly's efforts to increase minority enrollment in professional and graduate schools, she helped run the Martin Luther King -Robert F. Kennedy program to help prepare black students for admission. In 1971 she was promoted to associate professor.

In 1975, Daly was one of 30 minority women scientists to attend a conference examining the challenges facing minority women in STEM fields. The conference was held by the American Association for the Advancement of Science. This resulted in the publication of the report, The Double Bind: The Price of Being a Minority Woman in Science (1976) which made recommendations for recruiting and retaining minority women scientists.

Daly was a member of the board of governors of the New York Academy of Sciences for two years. She was a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and of the American Cancer Society. Daly was designated as a career scientist by the Health Research Council of the City of New York.

Daly retired in 1986 from the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, and in 1988 established a scholarship for African American chemistry and physics majors at Queens College in memory of her father. In 1999, she was recognized by the National Technical Association as one of the top 50 women in Science, Engineering and Technology.

Daly was particularly interested in nuclear proteins. She developed methods for the fractionation of nuclear material and the determination of its composition. It was essential to separate cellular material into all of its components, without destroying or losing any of them.

She studied histones, proteins found in cell nuclei, and was able to show the amino acid composition of various histone fractions. Her studies of histones with Mirsky provided evidence for lysine-rich histones, in contrast to the arginine-rich histones described by Albrecht Kossel. Histones have since been shown to be important in gene expression. Daly's work on histones is now considered fundamental.

Daly developed methods for separating out the nuclei of tissues and measuring the base composition of purines and pyrimidines in desoxypentose nucleic acids. She concluded, among other things, that "no bases other than adenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine were present in appreciable amounts."

She investigated protein synthesis, including the role of cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein in protein synthesis. Using radiolabeled amino acid glycine, she was able to measure how protein metabolism changed under feeding and fasting conditions in mice. This allowed her to monitor the activity of the cytoplasm as the radiolabeled glycine was taken up into the cell nucleus.

In 1953, Watson and Crick described the structure of DNA. Accepting the Nobel Prize for this work in 1962, Watson cited one of Daly's papers on "The role of ribonucleoprotein in protein synthesis" as contributing to his work. After 1953, the cell nucleus research field was flooded with funding opportunities.

Daly and her colleagues did some of the earliest work relating diet to the health of the cardiac and circulatory systems. They investigated the impact of cholesterol, sugar, and other nutrients. She was the first to establish that hypertension was a precursor to atherosclerosis, and the first to identify a relationship between cholesterol and clogged arteries, an important discovery in understanding how heart attacks occur.

She was especially interested in how hypertension affects the circulatory system. She showed that high cholesterol intake in diet led to clogged arteries, and that hypertension accelerated this effect. She studied the effects of diet on hypertension, and found that both cholesterol and sugar were related to hypertension. Investigating aging, she suggested that smooth muscle hypertrophy due to aging might have a causative role in hypertension and atherosclerosis. Daly was also an early investigator into the effects of cigarette smoke on the lungs and on hypertension.

In the 1970s Daly began studying the uptake of creatine by muscle cells, an important research topic in the energy recycling systems of muscle. Her "Uptake of Creatine by Cultured Cells" (1980) described the conditions under which muscle tissues best absorbed creatine.

There is limited information about her personal life and motivation for science. Daly's father, Ivan C. Daly, had immigrated from the British West Indies, found work as a postal clerk and eventually married Helen Page of Washington, D.C. They lived in New York City, and Daly was born and raised in Corona, Queens. She often visited her maternal grandparents in Washington, where she read about scientists and their achievements in her grandfather's extensive library. She was especially impressed by Paul de Kruif's The Microbe Hunters, a work which influenced her decision to become a scientist.

Daly's interest in science was also influenced by her father, who had attended Cornell University with the intention of becoming a chemist, but had been unable to complete his education due to a lack of funds. Daly would thus complete her father's ambition by majoring in chemistry. Years later, she started a Queens College scholarship fund in his honor to assist minority students majoring in chemistry or physics.

Daly married and took the name Marie Maynard Daly Clark. Her husband died before her and they did not have any children. She died on October 28, 2003.

On February 26, 2016, the founding principal of the new elementary school P.S.360Q, Mr. R. Emmanuel-Cooke, announced that the school would be named "The Dr. Marie M. Daly Academy of Excellence" in honor of the Queens resident. Additionally Einstein College also created an annual memorial lecture called The Marie M. Daly Memorial Celebration that is sponsored by the division of Biomedical Sciences and the Einstein Minority Scientist Association. Every year guest speakers are invited to give a lecture highlighting diversity and contribution of minorities to science.

Daly, Marie M.; Mirsky, A.E. (June 1949). "Chromatography of Purines and Pyrimidines on Starch Columns". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 179 (2): 981-982. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)51291-1. PMID 18150028.

Daly, Marie M.; Mirsky, A.E. (November 1952). "Formation of Protein in the Pancreas". Journal of General Physiology. 36 (2): 243-254. doi:10.1085/jgp.36.2.243. PMC . PMID 13011280.

Allfrey, V.; Daly, M.M.; Mirsky, A.E. (November 20, 1953). "Synthesis of protein in the pancreas. II. The role of ribonucleoprotein in protein synthesis". Journal of General Physiology. 37 (2): 157-175. doi:10.1085/jgp.37.2.157. PMC . PMID 13109153.

Mirsky, A.E.; Allfrey, V.G.; Daly, M.M. (September 1954). "The Uptake of N¹⁵-Labelled Glycine by Liver Proteins". Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry. 2 (5): 376-377. doi:10.1177/2.5.376. PMID 13192326. S2CID 40223958.

Daly, M.M.; Mirsky, A.E. (January 1955). "Histones With High Lysine Content". Journal of General Physiology. 38 (3): 405-413. doi:10.1085/jgp.38.3.405. PMC . PMID 13221780.

Adel, Harold; Daly, Marie M.; Deming, Quentin B.; Brun, Lili; Raeff, Victoria (1962). "Effect of Hypertension on Cholesterol Synthesis in Rats" (PDF). Journal of Clinical Investigation (Papers Presented / Proceedings of the Fifty-Fourth Annual Meeting of the American Society for Clinical Investigation, April 30, 1962. 41 (6): 1340.

Adel, H.N.; Deming, Q.B.; Daly, M.M.; Raeff, V.M.; Brun, L.M. (October 1965). "The Effect of Experimental Hypertension on Cholesterol Synthesis in the Rat". Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Medicine. 66 (4): 571-581. PMID 5843085.

Wolinsky, Harvey; Daly, Marie M. (November 1970). "A Method for the Isolation of Intima-Media Samples from Arteries". Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. 135 (2): 364-368. doi:10.3181/00379727-135-35052. PMID 4921030. S2CID 46610507.

Daly, M.M. (May 1971). "Biosynthesis of squalene and sterols by rat aorta" (PDF). Journal of Lipid Research. 12 (3): 367-375. doi:10.1016/S0022-2275(20)39518-3. PMID 5579265.

Daly, Marie M. (September 1972). "Effects of Hypertension on the Lipid Composition of Rat Aortic Intima-Media". Circulation Research. 31 (3): 410-416. doi:10.1161/01.res.31.3.410. PMID 5057020. S2CID 12008214.

Park, Sung Suh; Kikkawa, Yutaka; Goldring, Irene P.; Daly, Marie M.; Zelefsky, Melvin; Shim, Chang; Spierer, Morris; Morita, Toyohiko (June 1, 1977). "An Animal Model of Cigarette Smoking in Beagle Dogs Correlative Evaluation of Effects on Pulmonary Function, Defense, and Morphology". American Review of Respiratory Disease. 115 (6): 971-979. doi:10.1164/arrd.1977.115.6.971 (inactive 31 December 2022). PMID 262108.

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Marie Maynard Daly (April 16, 1921 - October 28, 2003) was an American biochemist. She was the first African-American to receive a Ph.D. from Columbia University and the first African-American woman in the United States to earn a Ph.D. in chemistry.

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Ernest Everett Just (August 14, 1883 – October 27, 1941) was a pioneering African-American biologist, academic and science writer. Just's primary legacy is his recognition of the fundamental role of the cell surface in the development of organisms. In his work within marine biology, cytology and parthenogenesis, he advocated the study of whole cells under normal conditions, rather than simply breaking them apart in a laboratory setting.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Everett_Just

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Benjamin Banneker (November 9, 1731 – October 19, 1806) was a free African-American almanac author, surveyor, landowner and farmer who had knowledge of mathematics and natural history. Born in Baltimore County, Maryland, to a free African-American woman and a former slave, Banneker had little or no formal education and was largely self-taught. He became known for assisting Major Andrew Ellicott in a survey that established the original borders of the District of Columbia, the federal capital district of the United States.

Banneker's knowledge of astronomy helped him author a commercially successful series of almanacs. He corresponded with Thomas Jefferson on the topics of slavery and racial equality, Jefferson having earlier drafted the United States Declaration of Independence. Abolitionists and advocates of racial equality promoted and praised Banneker's works.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker

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Benjamin Banneker, Astronomer | Biography

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Edward Alexander Bouchet (September 15, 1852 – October 28, 1918) was an American physicist and educator and was the first African American to earn a Ph.D. from any American university, completing his dissertation in physics at Yale in 1876. On the basis of his academic record he was elected to the Phi Beta Kappa Society. In 1874, he had become one of the first African Americans to graduate from Yale College.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bouchet

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Kitty Phetla is a South African Ballet dancer born in Soweto in 1983. She began dancing while in primary school and was chosen by her soon-to-be mentor Martin Schönberg, who saw her talent and coached her until she was 25. With Schönberg, she trained in ballet, Spanish dancing, contemporary dance, and Afro-fusion. She joined his Ballet Theatre Afrikan and was there until 2002 when she left to join the Joburg Ballet. She toured Russia with Anna Pavlova’s famous solo The Dying Swan, becoming the first Black ballerina to perform the role in Russia. This role is traditionally performed in a pink tutu and tights but Phetla made it her own performing in a black tutu and stockings. She presented her iconic performance of this solo to Nelson Mandela and the Dutch Royal Family in Amsterdam in 2002 as what she calls “the biggest day of her life.”
https://mobballet.org/index.php/2019/11/06/kitty-phetla/

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Robert Nesta Marley, OM (6 February 1945 – 11 May 1981) was a Jamaican singer, songwriter, and musician. Considered one of the pioneers of reggae, his musical career was marked by fusing elements of reggae, ska, and rocksteady, as well as his distinctive vocal and songwriting style.[2][3] Marley's contributions to music increased the visibility of Jamaican music worldwide, and made him a global figure in popular culture for over a decade. Over the course of his career Marley became known as a Rastafari icon, and he infused his music with a sense of spirituality. He is also considered a global symbol of Jamaican music and culture and identity, and was controversial in his outspoken support for the legalization of marijuana, while he also advocated for Pan-Africanism.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Marley

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Bob Marley - Get Up, Stand Up (Live at Munich, 1980)

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by Michelle Obama

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by Barack Obama

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A Promised Land by Barack Obama - Trailer

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by Cicely Tyson

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A novel by Ilyasah Shabazz with Tiffany D. Jackson

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Ilyasah Shabazz and Tiffany D. Jackson Discuss the Awakening of Malcolm X

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by Jacqueline Woodson

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Jacqueline Woodson Brown Girl Dreaming Author Video

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Read by Amanda Gorman

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Amanda Gorman | Change Sings Picture Book

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Read by Kamala Harris

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Kamala Harris reads from her children's book "Superheroes are Everywhere" | Children's Fairyland

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All Because You Matter by Tami Charles, illustrated by Bran Collier | Fall 2020 Online Preview

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Read by Aundrea Townsend

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Selma Hortense Burke (December 31, 1900 – August 29, 1995) was an American sculptor and a member of the Harlem Renaissance movement. Burke is best known for a bas relief portrait of President Franklin D. Roosevelt that inspired the profile found on the obverse of the dime.[2] She described herself as "a people's sculptor" and created many pieces of public art, often portraits of prominent African-American figures like Duke Ellington, Mary McLeod Bethune and Booker T. Washington. In 1979, she was awarded the Women's Caucus for Art Lifetime Achievement Award
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selma_Burke

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AJC | Black History Month 2020: Selma Burke

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Charleston, South Carolina native, Leroy Campbell’s art speaks of the contributions to humanity through the African American perspective. More than just art, each piece serves as Campbell’s tithe, as he uses his gifts and talents to teach others about the richness of the Gullah/ Geechee heritage and the beauty of his people.
https://www.leroycampbelloriginals.com/theartist

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Woodrow Nash builds a sense of mystery and charisma into each of his sculptures. Through his pieces, Nash achieves his goal of integrating expression, complex symbolism and sophisticated aesthetics to yield striking embodiments of the human soul and sensuality.

Born in Akron, Ohio in the late 40’s, Woodrow Nash is the product of sanctified churches, 1950s television images, and black inner city neighborhood schools run by predominantly white middle-class educators.
https://woodrownashstudios.com/the-artist/

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Internationally acclaimed artist Charles Bibbs, whose work is featured in museums, galleries, organizations, and homes of many collectors, displays a deep sense of Spirituality, Majesty, Dignity, Strength and Grace in his images, that is done in a combination of realistic and larger-than-life interpretations of contemporary subjects that are ethnically rooted.
https://www.cbibbs.com/pages/about-bibbs

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My Friend and World Famous African American Artist Charles Bibbs...  by GloZell

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As a kid, I started school at the age of six, and proceeded to Ghanatta College of Arts and Design (Ghana) where I acquired an in-depth knowledge of artistic designs that aided me in becoming what I longed and cherished to be as an artist.

My parents have been the inspiration towards my aspiration of becoming a unique artist. Since childhood, I have been painting images through my own imagination that enables me to create and portray how I see nature; from an illusion to reality and into a form of paintings to the admiration of mankind.

I am a full-time artist and a father blessed with a wife and two young kids. My household is supported with my love for acrylic paintings on either walls or canvas.

"I create to portray how I see nature and exhibit the artistic qualities in me."

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As a kid, I started school at the age of six, and proceeded to Ghanatta College of Arts and Design (Ghana) where I acquired an in-depth knowledge of artistic designs that aided me in becoming what I longed and cherished to be as an artist.

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Saya Woolfalk (born 1979, Gifu City, Japan) is a New York-based artist known for her multimedia exploration of hybridity, science, race and sex. Woolfalk uses science fiction and fantasy to reimagine the world in multiple dimensions.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saya_Woolfalk
https://articulateweb.wpengine.com/videos/saya-woolfalks-empathic-world/

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Artist Saya Woolfalk: ChimaTEK: Virtual Chimeric Space

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I feel sorry for anybody that could let hate wrap them up. Ain't no such thing as I can hate anybody and hope to see God's face.

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I feel sorry for anybody that could let hate wrap them up. Ain't no such thing as I can hate anybody and hope to see God's face.

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-Fannie Lou Hamer

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The price of hating other human beings is loving oneself less.

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The price of hating other human beings is loving oneself less.

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—Eldridge Cleaver

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One of the hardest things in life is having words in your heart that you can’t utter.

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One of the hardest things in life is having words in your heart that you can’t utter.

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—James Earl Jones

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Never underestimate the power of dreams and the influence of the human spirit. We are all the same in this notion: The potential for greatness lives within each of us.

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Never underestimate the power of dreams and the influence of the human spirit. We are all the same in this notion: The potential for greatness lives within each of us.

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—Wilma Rudolph

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True heroism is remarkably sober, very undramatic. It is not the urge to surpass all others at whatever cost, but the urge to serve others at whatever cost.

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True heroism is remarkably sober, very undramatic. It is not the urge to surpass all others at whatever cost, but the urge to serve others at whatever cost.

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—Arthur Ashe

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I had reasoned this out in my mind; there was one of two things I had a right to, liberty, or death; if I could not have one, I would have the other; for no man should take me alive; I should fight for my liberty as long as my strength lasted, and when the time came for me to go, the Lord would let them take me.

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I had reasoned this out in my mind; there was one of two things I had a right to, liberty, or death; if I could not have one, I would have the other; for no man should take me alive; I should fight for my liberty as long as my strength lasted, and when the time came for me to go, the Lord would let them take me.

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—Harriet Tubman

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The right way to right wrongs is to turn the light of truth upon them. 

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The right way to right wrongs is to turn the light of truth upon them. 

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—Ida B. Wells

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I had to make my own living and my own opportunity. But I made it!Don’t sit down and wait for the opportunities to come. Get up and make them

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I had to make my own living and my own opportunity. But I made it!Don’t sit down and wait for the opportunities to come. Get up and make them

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—Madam C.J. Walker

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Freedom is not something that one people can bestow on another as a gift. Thy claim it as their own and none can keep it from them.

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Freedom is not something that one people can bestow on another as a gift. Thy claim it as their own and none can keep it from them.

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—Kwame Nkrumah

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If everything was perfect, you would never learn and you would never grow. 

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If everything was perfect, you would never learn and you would never grow. 

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—Beyonce Knowles

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You are where you are today because you stand on somebody’s shoulders. And wherever you are heading, you cannot get there by yourself. If you stand on the shoulders of others, you have a reciprocal responsibility to live your life so that others may stand on your shoulders. It’s the quid pro quo of life. We exist temporarily through what we take, but we live forever through what we give. 

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You are where you are today because you stand on somebody’s shoulders. And wherever you are heading, you cannot get there by yourself. If you stand on the shoulders of others, you have a reciprocal responsibility to live your life so that others may stand on your shoulders. It’s the quid pro quo of life. We exist temporarily through what we take, but we live forever through what we give. 

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—Vernon Jordan

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 "The price we pay for being true to ourselves is worth it."

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 "The price we pay for being true to ourselves is worth it."

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—Eartha Kitt

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—Toni Morrison

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The most common way people give up their power is by thinking they don’t have any.

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The most common way people give up their power is by thinking they don’t have any.

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—Alice Walker

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We have a wonderful history behind us…and it is going to inspire us to greater achievements

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We have a wonderful history behind us…and it is going to inspire us to greater achievements

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—Carter G. Woodson

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If you know whence you came, there is really no limit to where you can go.

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If you know whence you came, there is really no limit to where you can go.

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—James Baldwin

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A man without knowledge of himself and his heritage is like a tree without roots

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A man without knowledge of himself and his heritage is like a tree without roots

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—Dick Gregory

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Be as you are and hope that it’s right. 

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Be as you are and hope that it’s right. 

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—Dizzy Gillespie

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Life has two rules: number 1, never quit! Number 2, always remember rule number one.

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Life has two rules: number 1, never quit! Number 2, always remember rule number one.

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—Duke Ellington

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Don’t let anything stop you. There will be times when you’ll be disappointed, but you can’t stop. 

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Don’t let anything stop you. There will be times when you’ll be disappointed, but you can’t stop. 

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—Sadie T. M. Alexander

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—Whitney M. Young Jr

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If you don’t have confidence, you’ll always find a way not to win.

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If you don’t have confidence, you’ll always find a way not to win.

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—Carl Lewis

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The impatient idealist says: ‘Give me a place to stand and I shall move the earth.’ But such a place does not exist. We all have to stand on the earth itself and go with her at her pace.” 

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The impatient idealist says: ‘Give me a place to stand and I shall move the earth.’ But such a place does not exist. We all have to stand on the earth itself and go with her at her pace.” 

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—Chinua Achebe

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If there is a book that you want to read, but it hasn’t been written yet, you must be the one to write it.

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If there is a book that you want to read, but it hasn’t been written yet, you must be the one to write it.

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—Toni Morrison

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Whatever is bringing you down, get rid of it. Because you’ll find that when you’re free . . . your true self comes out.

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Whatever is bringing you down, get rid of it. Because you’ll find that when you’re free . . . your true self comes out.

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—Tina Turner

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—Florynce Kennedy

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The thing about black history is that the truth is so much more complex than anything you could make up. 

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The thing about black history is that the truth is so much more complex than anything you could make up. 

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—Henry Louis Gates

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We all require and want respect, man or woman, black or white. It’s our basic human right.

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We all require and want respect, man or woman, black or white. It’s our basic human right.

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—Aretha Franklin

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I’m hungry for knowledge. The whole thing is to learn every day, to get brighter and brighter. That’s what this world is about. You look at someone like Gandhi, and he glowed. Martin Luther King glowed. Muhammad Ali glows. I think that’s from being bright all the time, and trying to be brighter.

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I’m hungry for knowledge. The whole thing is to learn every day, to get brighter and brighter. That’s what this world is about. You look at someone like Gandhi, and he glowed. Martin Luther King glowed. Muhammad Ali glows. I think that’s from being bright all the time, and trying to be brighter.

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—Jay-Z

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If they don’t give you a seat at the table, bring a folding chair. 

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If they don’t give you a seat at the table, bring a folding chair. 

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—Shirley Chisholm

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Life is not a spectator sport. If you’re going to spend your whole life in the grandstand just watching what goes on, in my opinion you’re wasting your life. 

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Life is not a spectator sport. If you’re going to spend your whole life in the grandstand just watching what goes on, in my opinion you’re wasting your life. 

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—Jackie Robinson

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As Black women, we’re always given these seemingly devastating experiences — experiences that could absolutely break us. But what the caterpillar calls the end of the world, the master calls the butterfly. What we do as black women is take the worst situations and create from that point. 

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As Black women, we’re always given these seemingly devastating experiences — experiences that could absolutely break us. But what the caterpillar calls the end of the world, the master calls the butterfly. What we do as black women is take the worst situations and create from that point. 

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—Viola Davis

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I am lucky that whatever fear I have inside me, my desire to win is always stronger.” 

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I am lucky that whatever fear I have inside me, my desire to win is always stronger.” 

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—Serena Williams

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When we’re talking about diversity, it’s not a box to check. It is a reality that should be deeply felt and held and valued by all of us. 

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When we’re talking about diversity, it’s not a box to check. It is a reality that should be deeply felt and held and valued by all of us. 

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—Ava DuVernay

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Every time you state what you want or believe, you’re the first to hear it. It’s a message to both you and others about what you think is possible. Don’t put a ceiling on yourself.

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Every time you state what you want or believe, you’re the first to hear it. It’s a message to both you and others about what you think is possible. Don’t put a ceiling on yourself.

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—Oprah Winfrey

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If you have no confidence in self, you are twice defeated in the race of life. 

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If you have no confidence in self, you are twice defeated in the race of life. 

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—Marcus Garvey

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“I had no idea that history was being made.  I was just tired of giving up.”

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“I had no idea that history was being made.  I was just tired of giving up.”

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—Rosa Parks

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“’We, the people.’  It is a very eloquent beginning.  But when that document was completed on the seventeenth of September in 1787 I was not included in that “We, the people.”  I felt somehow for many years that George Washington and Alexander Hamilton, just left me out by mistake. But through the process of amendment, interpretation and court decision I have finally been included in ‘We, the people.’” 

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“’We, the people.’  It is a very eloquent beginning.  But when that document was completed on the seventeenth of September in 1787 I was not included in that “We, the people.”  I felt somehow for many years that George Washington and Alexander Hamilton, just left me out by mistake. But through the process of amendment, interpretation and court decision I have finally been included in ‘We, the people.’” 

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—Barbara Jordan

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“Today we know with certainty that segregation is dead.  The only question remaining is how costly will be the funeral.” 

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“Today we know with certainty that segregation is dead.  The only question remaining is how costly will be the funeral.” 

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-Martin Luther King, Jr.

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“Have a vision of excellence, a dream of success, and work like hell.” 

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“Have a vision of excellence, a dream of success, and work like hell.” 

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— Dr. Samuel Dubois Cook

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I am America.  I am the part you won’t recognize.  But get used to me. Black, confident, cocky; my name, not yours; my religion, not yours; my goals, my own; get used to me.” 

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I am America.  I am the part you won’t recognize.  But get used to me. Black, confident, cocky; my name, not yours; my religion, not yours; my goals, my own; get used to me.” 

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—Muhammad Ali

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“The soul that is within me no man can degrade.” 

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“The soul that is within me no man can degrade.” 

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—Frederick Douglass

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“You’re not to be so blind with patriotism that you can’t face reality. Wrong is wrong, no matter who does it or says it.” 

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“You’re not to be so blind with patriotism that you can’t face reality. Wrong is wrong, no matter who does it or says it.” 

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—Malcolm X

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“One of the lessons that I grew up with was to always stay true to yourself and never let what somebody else says distract you from your goals. And so when I hear about negative and false attacks, I really don’t invest any energy in them, because I know who I am.” 

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“One of the lessons that I grew up with was to always stay true to yourself and never let what somebody else says distract you from your goals. And so when I hear about negative and false attacks, I really don’t invest any energy in them, because I know who I am.” 

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—Michelle Obama

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—Booker T. Washington

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“Diversity is not about how we differ. Diversity is about embracing one another’s uniqueness.” 

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“Diversity is not about how we differ. Diversity is about embracing one another’s uniqueness.” 

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—Ola Joseph

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“Bringing the gifts that my ancestors gave, I am the dream and the hope of the slave.  I rise. I rise. I rise.”

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“Bringing the gifts that my ancestors gave, I am the dream and the hope of the slave.  I rise. I rise. I rise.”

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—Dr. Maya Angelou

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“During Black History Month, I’m reminded yet again of the ways that the struggle for civil rights is interwoven with the struggle for workers’ rights.”

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“During Black History Month, I’m reminded yet again of the ways that the struggle for civil rights is interwoven with the struggle for workers’ rights.”

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—Tom Perez

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“I knew then and I know now, when it comes to justice, there is no easy way to get it.” 

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“I knew then and I know now, when it comes to justice, there is no easy way to get it.” 

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—-Claudette Colvin

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“I’m not quite sure what freedom is, but I know damn well what it ain’t. How have we gotten so silly, I wonder.” 

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“I’m not quite sure what freedom is, but I know damn well what it ain’t. How have we gotten so silly, I wonder.” 

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—Assata Shakur

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“I felt that one had better die fighting against injustice than to die like a dog or rat in a trap.  I had already determined to sell my life as early as possible if attacked. I felt if I could take one lyncher with me, this would even up the score a little bit.”

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“I felt that one had better die fighting against injustice than to die like a dog or rat in a trap.  I had already determined to sell my life as early as possible if attacked. I felt if I could take one lyncher with me, this would even up the score a little bit.”

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—Ida B. Wells

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”I swear to the Lord I still can’t see why democracy means everybody but me.” 

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”I swear to the Lord I still can’t see why democracy means everybody but me.” 

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—Langston Hughes

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Black Panthers: Vanguard of a Revolution

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Black Panthers: Vanguard of a Revolution

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Official Theatrical Trailer - THE BLACK PANTHERS: VANGUARD OF THE REVOLUTION

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Selma Official Trailer #1 (2015) - Oprah Winfrey, Cuba Gooding Jr. Movie HD

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Bomba is both a traditional dance and musical style of Puerto Rico. Its origins are rooted in the island's history of African slavery but today has evolved into a community expression of Puerto Rican culture. While Bomba can be used as the generic name for a number of rhythms, it is truly about a creative, interactive relationship between dancers, percussionists and singers. Today it's practiced as a communal activity in its centers of origin in Loíza, Santurce, Mayagüez and Ponce. Also, Puerto Rican migrants have brought the tradition to some parts of the US mainland.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomba_(Puerto_Rico)

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Puerto Rico's Bomba, A Dance of The African Diaspora | If Cities Could Dance

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Black Lives Matter (BLM) is a decentralized political and social movement protesting against incidents of police brutality and all racially motivated violence against black people. While there are specific organizations such as the Black Lives Matter Global Network that label themselves simply as "Black Lives Matter", the Black Lives Matter movement comprises a broad array of people and organizations. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter

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Stay Woke: The Black Lives Matter Movement documentary (2016)

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The Black Panther Party (BPP), originally the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense, was a Black Power political organization founded by college students Bobby Seale (Chairman) and Huey P. Newton in October 1966 in Oakland, California. The party was active in the United States from 1966 until 1982, with chapters in numerous major cities, and international chapters in the United Kingdom in the early 1970s,[8] and in Algeria from 1969 to 1972.[9] At its inception on October 15, 1966,[10] the Black Panther Party's core practice was its open carry armed citizens' patrols ("copwatching") to monitor the behavior of officers of the Oakland Police Department and challenge police brutality in the city.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Panther_Party

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Official Theatrical Trailer - THE BLACK PANTHERS: VANGUARD OF THE REVOLUTION

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Ella Josephine Baker (December 13, 1903 – December 13, 1986) was an African-American civil rights and human rights activist. She was a largely behind-the-scenes organizer whose career spanned more than five decades. In New York City and the South, she worked alongside some of the most noted civil rights leaders of the 20th century, including W. E. B. Du Bois, Thurgood Marshall, A. Philip Randolph, and Martin Luther King Jr. She also mentored many emerging activists, such as Diane Nash, Stokely Carmichael, Rosa Parks, and Bob Moses, whom she first mentored as leaders in the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Baker

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Ella Baker - 'The Mother of the Civil Rights Movement'