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- proves existence of neutrons
-Showed nucleus also contained another subatomic neutral particle, the neutron
- Neutron is a subatomic particle that has a mass nearly equal to that of a proton
- neutron carries no electric charge.

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-Discovered the nucleus
- he studied how positively charged alpha particles interacted with solid matter (would alpha particles be deflected as they passed through thin gold foil and how much)
- noticed alpha particles were deflected at various angles when he didn't expect that to happen
- concluded atoms consist mostly of empty space which electrons move
- also concluded all of atom's positive charge and almost all the mass were contained in a tiny, dense region in the center of the atom, the nucleus.

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- Determined the charge of an electron
- Used oil-drop apparatus to figure out the charge
- Smallest common denominator was 1.602 x 10^-19 coulombs, this was the charge of the electron
- his discovery was equated to single unit of negative charge noted 1-.

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- Discovered the first subatomic particle, the electron
- conducted series of cathode-ray tube experiments to determine the ratio of a single cathode-ray particles to its mass
-Determined the charge to mass ratio of the charged
- The mass of the charged particle was less of a hydrogen atom, lightest known atom.
- surprising because it means there are particles smaller than an atom

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- discovered there is a negatively charged particles which would later be known as electrons
- discovered radiation going through a cathode-ray tube, led to creation of television
- concluded cathode rays were stream of charged particles that carried a negative charge but the exact value was not known yet
-his accidental discovery led to the conclusion the ray's negative particles were in all forms of matter

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-Matter is composed of extremely small particles called atoms
- atoms are indivisible and indestructible
-atoms of a given element are identical in size, mass, and chemical properties
-atoms of a specific element are different from those of another element
- different atoms combine in simple whole-number ratios to form compounds
- In a chemical reaction, atoms are separated, combined, or rearranged

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- Empty space cannot exist
- Matter is made of earth, fire, and water.
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- Matter is composed of atoms , which move through empty space
- Atoms are solid, homogeneous, indestructible, and invisible.
- Different kinds of atoms have different sizes and shapes
- Size, Shape, and movement of atoms determine the properties of matter.