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Frank Gilbreth created photography to study the movement of workers. He would attach a small light to the workers hands and tools he used the open shutter of a camera to trace their movements.

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The lights indicated the length of time a motion would take and the photographs broke down every action into the smallest units. Photographs allowed him to analyze the efficiency and productive capacity of workers.

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He noticed that surgeons took more time looking for their tools than they doing the operation itself. He suggested a new procedure- the surgeon asks for the tool, holds his hand out, and the nurse gets it for him.

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George Eastman was the creator of the Kodak company and is best known for photographic film products. He introduced a camera that let everyone take pictures by just pressing a button in the late 17th century to year of 1900s.

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A brownie is a small box camera that was available and affordable to the public. They were sold in the United States for only a dollar and had a mass attribution in stores. A quarter of a million were sold in its first year.

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Here is a young girl taking a picture of her little, younger sister with the brownie camera, sitting on stone steps in front of a wooden door. 

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The brownie camera captured anything including family portraits at home

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Alfred Stieglitz started the Photo-Secessionist movement- meant "breaking away" from artless amateur photography. He experimented with different effects to make photography look like a hand made process like other art forms.

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1902- Pictorialism (Fine Art Photography)

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1902- Pictorialism (Fine Art Photography)

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Pictorialists would smear Vaseline on their lenses or in the darkroom afterwards by scratching the negative or painting chemicals on their prints.

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The Vaseline, painting chemicals, would stimulate, create, the brushstroke and sketchiness effect on the photographs, making them look like a form of art- paintings, drawings, and rich prints.

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The hands on process brought photography back to older traditions of handmade art and showed that it needed human intervention in order to truly become art.

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This is an image of a boy wearing an astronaut helmet showing the halftone coloring process. 

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A process called halftone was invented, making it possible to print photographs directly onto a page, and Gilbert Grosvenor used that process for the magazine company.

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Gilbert Grosvenor was the editor of the National Geographic magazine and the newspaper was losing money which led him to finding a way where it could become popular, known, again.

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Gilbert Grosvenor published pictures Lhasa in Tibet and the general public loved the colored pictures. From then on, he began to fill the magazine with photographs, making it a huge success.

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Edward Curtis was known for photographing Native Americans /Indians in the United States. He would capture portraits of them-men and women.

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He made it his enterprise to photograph people who he believed would disappear- Native Americans/Indians as a "vanishing race."

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His photographs left us a legacy of those people- the way they looked and the way they lived, including elements of their culture. His photographs were a reminder of the people who lived in America long before it was colonized.

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Lewis Hine was hired by the National Child Labor Committee and took photographs of children working in fields, factories, mines, and city streets. They addressed the need for social change towards child labor.

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This is a young boy who has been working in the mines, his face  and clothes being covered in dirt 

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The social reform photography reached a huge audience  and they became moved and outraged. The photography reached their hearts instead of just their heads.

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This is an innocent little boy who is a part of the child labor with his glazed eyes looking straight ahead, right at us, as if staring at/touching our soul

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The photographs raised the awareness about the abuses of child labor. The photographs sparked powerful support to their campaign to make child labor illegal. Set out to educate the American middle class public about the need for legislation

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This shows young girls being part of the child labor force

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His photos led to Congress enacting the national child labor legislation and became a powerful tool for social reform.

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The Kodak company created picture postcards where they provided printing of a photo on a strong paper base with an area on the back of it to write a message. It became a cheap way to send photographs to friends and family in the United States.

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It was cheap and fulfilled the function of newspaper photographs to friends and family that didn't live near you or lived in another state.

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The picture postcards would cover many different events including family events, mass events, social situations, community event, etc. to keep family and friends updated of what was going on in each other's lives.

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He pioneered a modernist movement called straight photography where the picture was supposed to look the way it looked in your viewfinder and the camera being clearly focused.

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He would use abstract form like shadows for his photographs. He would take the shadows made by a chair railing on the porch and a table and then would sometimes turn the picture on its side, so the audience wasn't sure what it was.

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You would take things the way they were and you did not manipulate them in the darkroom. Emphasize the election and framing of the picture and it depends on the eye of the photographer

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Photographs began replacing drawings in printed advertising for the business of selling the product. They could show the product in a direct and believable way making advertising known and bold- be seen and not just read.

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In 1917, the United States entered World War I. Many people believed it was senseless for Americans to die in the European conflict. Just one week after America's declaration of war, President Wilson established the country's first propaganda agency to unleash a massive media campaign and rally the country to the cause.

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Propaganda photography became an important weapon of war, sway people's opinion. In the First World War, photography of the troops was meant to only raise their morale and/or raise the morale of the people not in the war.

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Photographers were kept away from the front lines and most of the photographs were posed or or taken far from the action.  There was government censorship and newspaper or magazine were permitted to show the them.

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The photographs were eventually published by America's antiwar lobby. They showed the truth of what the war really looked like.

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1900- 1919: The (Illustrated) Daily News 

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1900- 1919: The (Illustrated) Daily News 

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The Illustrated Daily News was the oldest tabloid newspaper in the United States and it was the first paper to sell itself on the basis of pictures. It logo was a winged camera and it had a lot of photographs.

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The newspaper focuses on one story and they blow up the story with the maximum effect on the reader when they instantly look at it because they did six, seven editions a day.

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A tabloid front page is a kind of poster with a loud and large picture on the cover of the newspaper to get people to buy it. To get people to buy it, they use pictures to attract their attention.

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Some tabloid papers went all out, extreme, to get their hands on a scandal story or crazy photographs relating to the scandal. The photographs would be staged, fake, or get taken from a hidden camera.

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George Hurrell was known for his portraits of Hollywood movie stars. He photographed many celebrities for movie marketing, advertisements, and fashion magazines.

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The photographers didn't just photograph stars or capture their image, they created the stars and invented their image. They took pictures of them for their looks, their unusual lives, influence on marketing as a commodity, etc.

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Photographs of celebrities sell a belief that ordinary people can somehow enter into that world and inhabit that world through them/the photograph

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People were hungry for more stories about celebrities- wanted to connect with these people, know more about them, and their private life- what they did off camera

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President Roosevelt attempted to deal with the economic crisis of the Great Depression through proposing a multitude of new government programs and he knew he would need the support of the Congress and the public.

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President Roosevelt and the government established an organization, a propaganda agency, called Farm Security Administration (FSA) that would use the power of photographs to sell his programs for the war.

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Roy Stryker was an economist from Columbia University and was chosen to run the agency. He put together a team of photographers including Dorthea Lange and Arthur Rothstein. The pictures they took helped sell President Roosevelt's programs.

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Over six years, FSA photographers took a quarter of a million photographs. They were made available free of charge and were widely used in newspapers, magazines, exhibits, and books.

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Ansel Adams is a landscape photographer and took pictures of national parks and other protected areas in the American West. He became most commonly known for his photos of Yosemite National Park.

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He had this idea of photography of natural spaces being linked with an American vision. The landscape in America has a great history and legacy to it.

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When the world became concerned with ecological issues and people realized that the preservation of our place was important, then his work began to seem very relevant.

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Weegee was a street photographer known for his gruesome images documenting murders and turmoil of New York City.

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People wanted to see pictures of horrible things. People wanted to see the explosion, the murder, the carnage, and death. People wanted to see all the things in pictures that are too scary in life to deal with.

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Weegee gave what the people wanted- photographs of horrible things. His photographs let you see everything and lets you think about everything besides just the nice things.

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It was in Rockefeller Center, New York City. The daily paper was still a way most Americans got the news and the Associated Press decided that a process must be invented to transmit pictures as quickly as words. The system required a network of high, expensive fidelity telephone lines.

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Thousands of photographs would arrive through telephone lines and satellite links, minutes after they were taken. They’re selected and distributed to news organizations around the world. No matter where in the world they occurred, they would be pictured on the front page of everyone’s newspaper on the same day

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A dramatic photo of a plane crash and the news pictures flew back and forth across the country

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The rotating drum converted the photograph’s black and white tones into a wavering, high pitched sound. In 25 cities, 25 cylinders were rotating while recording the image on a photographic plate

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The life magazine would have politics, fashion, movies, advertising, cars, food. Homes, tragedy, and happiness. Newsstands overflowed with picture magazines.

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To introduce new magazine to the world, he wrote an essay which described the many powers of photography

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Just as the Hindenburg was coming in, he held up the camera, it exploded and he hit the trigger. He got the first puff of explosion on Hindenburg.

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He used a speed graphic camera and its a large camera held with two hands. The process of using the camera is putting a holder into the camera, full of film, taking out a slide that exposes the film to the shutter, putting the slide on the back of the camera, cocking the shutter, to then making the picture. The slide has to be taken back out, put in the holder, then take out the holder and turn the holder over because there's film on the other side. And then make another picture.

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The Hindenburg burned in forty-seven seconds, and Murray did that three times. Murray photographed this instant of explosion, and as the Hindenburg burned in those few seconds, he made two more pictures.

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Roy Stryker wanted to address and combat racial segregation through photographs. Gorden Parks was mentored by Roy Stryker and Roy Stryker told him to go to a restaurant across the street. Gorden Parks found out that African Americans still had to eat, get food, on the other side in the back and he couldn't go through the front.

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When everyone left the restaurant, there was only one African American woman there left who was sweeping and mopping the floor. Her name was Ella Watson.

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He took a picture of her with having the broom in one of her hands and a mop in her other hand. He told her to look directly at the camera, targeting the audience's humanity.

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1940s/1941- WWII- 1: Demonizing the Enemy

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1940s/1941- WWII- 1: Demonizing the Enemy

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To win WWII it wasn’t enough to tell the American public what they were fighting for, it was necessary to drive home what they were fighting against. The kind of intense hatred was necessary of what they were fighting against. It led to the racism, both conscious and unconscious in the treatment of the Japanese in America.

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One of the most famous photographs was of a young woman, Betty Grable, showing her back while wearing her bathing suit, high heels, and having her big "come hither" smile. The war created a fad for pin-ups of all kinds- barrack walls, in decals, in soldier’s wallets. 50,000 servicemen a month were asking for this picture. Life Magazine published a set of pictures of women and then conducted a poll among the troops.

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Return of allied forces to France, the ultimate crushing of Germany and the end of the war in Europe. Every magazine and newspaper editor in the country knew that D-Day would be their biggest story.

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Photo icon of Joe Rosenthal made of the flag raising on Iwo Jima on top of Mt. Suribachi

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People had READ descriptions of the concentration camps in Germany, but they were viewed as exaggerated, unbelievable, and eyewitnesses were met with suspicion. The idea that a whole people had been exterminated was unthinkable, and then, images  became visual proof of the grand, disturbing scale of the Nazi crimes. The photographs marked a turning point on human consciousness. A photographer, Margaret Bourke-White, wrote that a camera "... interposed a slight barrier between myself and the white horror in front of me...when I developed the negatives, I could not bring myself to look at the films."

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Robert Frank rejected the perfect lighting and composition of professional picture taking.

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This photography is about this mass of disconnections and people uncertain of where they’re going, people and cultures colliding, and people not seeing each other.

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He said, here’s your world, this is your world through his photos. They did not show the fantasy of it, but the reality of it- the real world. Not everyone fits in and there are lost souls.

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Richard Avedon photographed models out and about the city of Paris, posing in places like cafes and streetcars.

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The camera influences how people wished to look. The photograph can make the outfit look amazing and want people to try it on.

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Fashion photography has helped the fashion industry. It influenced fashion magazines like Vogue. Richard Avedon had the style of having movement either in the model or dress in the photograph.

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It was organized by photographer Edward Steichen and it was an exhibition and a fusion of carefully selected photographs and captions, all supporting the concept of mankind. The exhibit was in the Museum of Modern Art in New York City.

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It included five hundred photographs, from sixty-eight countries around the world. It featured groups of related pictures that moved the viewer from images of lovers meeting, to pictures of marriage, to birth, and finally to universal concerns of food and shelter.

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It made the point that people everywhere had the same needs and the same desires, that families were families wherever they existed, no matter what the people dressed like and what their surroundings looked like. It appealed to people on a very human level.

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Emmett Till, a fourteen-year-old boy, visiting Mississippi from Chicago, was accused of whistling at a white woman. He was beaten to death and his body was thrown into a nearby river.

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1955- The Black Press/Emmett Till Generation 

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1955- The Black Press/Emmett Till Generation 

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Emmett Till’s murder may have gone un-noticed, except for this photograph. Published only in the black press, it showed his young face beaten beyond recognition.

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Everyone was enraged and felt powerless at the same time. Everyone all over the world and it was pivotal moment for the civil rights movement.

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 1960s-Photography as Art: Robert Rauschenberg

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 1960s-Photography as Art: Robert Rauschenberg

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People like Robert Rauschenberg, and Andy Warhol reached out to the camera. They took images from the newspapers applied them or incorporated them within their canvasses. Robert douses it with lighter fluid, and slaps it down on a piece of paper, and the ink from that photographic image as is reproduced in the magazine transfers to the paper. They were trying to get direct overlays of the photographic interpretation of the world, which is how we see the world now, into the very substance of their art.

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Andy Warhol gets completely fascinated with photographic images and how they work. He used them in his paintings with vibrant colors, and one's a little bit different than the other, but he also was looking at the photographic images in the world as many people after him did, and realized, there's plenty of pictures in this world.

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Andy Warhol takes those pictures and he drops out the detailing, and makes them abstract and kind of spacey looking, and makes silk screens, and doesn't make a single painting, but makes 10 paintings. 20 paintings. 30 paintings. All based on the same image.

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1960s- Photography as Art: Richard Prince

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1960s- Photography as Art: Richard Prince

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And in the 70's, the residue from the tradition of painting, the sort of gesture of the hand, dropped away almost all together. Richard Prince investigated the role of masculinity in American life. He re-photographed the Marlboro ads and the he removed the text so you have this beautiful image of the West which had once been an advertisement and had now been turned into a work of art.

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Danny Lyon took photographs of the civil rights movement. He went to Albany, Georgia  and has heard about various things going down there, but hasn't seen the events himself until suddenly he saw the police turning police dogs loose on a crowd in Birmingham. The stories take on a new extra dimension of reality with the visual documentation.

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The use of dogs in that situation just turned public opinion dramatically against the authorities in the South. There were images of the water hose spraying on the people, on the children, and the water hoses knocking people down.

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​​Those photographs circulated internationally. The US had the problem with the wide reprinting of these photographs of police dogs in Birmingham or freedom riders being attacked. The growing civil rights struggle and the tensions around it began to impact American foreign policy.

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There was no censorship in Vietnam and photographers had greater access to the Vietnam war then they did either Korea or World War II.

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On June 10, 1963, Malcolm Browne noticed a huge crowd of Buddhist monks and nuns who had gathered in a pagoda, many of them weeping. Two young monks brought out a plastic can of gasoline, and poured it over the old monk, stepping back. Tic Quang Duc then lit a match that he had in his lap and set fire to himself. Malcolm Browne took the photo of the tragic scene.

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Eddie Adams took a picture of General Loan executing a suspect on the street of Saigon. It appeared first on television and the next morning in the front pages of the paper, people were stunned, because they had never before seen this moment of death. A bullet to the head. Suddenly it all came down to a policeman executing a suspect. At that very moment the bullet was entering this man's brain. He was dying in front of our eyes. And it struck home in some terribly fierce way. And became symbolic of everything that had happened in that long war.

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On May 4, 1970, there was a John Filo photograph of the murdered student at Kent State. The students at Kent State protested governmental action and they were slaughtered for it by the National Guard. Four of them died. This photograph shows a girl leaning over the prostrate body of one of the slain students with her arms out questioning what happened. The great image reached deeply into your emotional soul and showed you what had happened.

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There is a famous photograph of a young Vietnamese girl running down the road after having been napalmed by the American Army. It gives an emotional force of that girl coming towards you because she was photographed head on. It creates an affect as you are seeing her, you feel as if you were there, you were on that road.

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Stewart Brand took some LSD and sat around the roof of my apartment in San Francisco, and watched downtown San Francisco. He noticed that the buildings of San Francisco, apparently parallel, were actually diverging slightly, like a wide angle lens. He was looking at the curve of the earth from an altitude of three stories.

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The US had been in space and the Russians had been in space for ten years at that point and there were still no photographs of the earth as a whole from space, although we could have done it in the first year.

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Scientists said there was no use for images from space because they thought it was too far to see anything important. He started selling a button saying, "why haven't we seen a photograph of the whole earth yet?" Some of these buttons Stewart Brand sold got to NASA. He sent some on purpose to NASA, to a few Congress people in the US, and to Russia. A few years later, photographs were taken in space of the Earth.

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Astronaut William Anders was circling the moon along with other astronauts in Apollo 8 and he became one of the few human beings ever to see the moon's dark side. Anders saw and photographed the half-lit planet earth rising over the bleak landscape of the moon.

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It was the first real occasion where people saw earth, not as you see it on the globe you buy in the map store. All it was the oceans, continents, and clouds. People started calling our planet, "Space Ship Earth", because we're all in together, moving through space.

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The planet seeing itself from the outside was a major self-realization of its existence as a planet, as a beautiful thing, as a kind of fragile appearing thing. It is clearly alive. Photographs with the moon in the foreground are emotionally dramatizing the difference between a dead planet and a living planet.

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People started to imagine that a living planet can become a dead planet unless steps are taken. The photograph, this is spring 1969, a year later, spring 1970 you have the first Earth Day, and the real taking off of the ecology movement, which did not exist as a movement before that time.

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During the Vietnam war, Life Magazine covered the war endlessly, week after week after week and decided to run just the faces of a week's dead. Just the faces...It featured names and photos of more than 200 troops killed in just one week.